AP Human Geo Unit 3

Explanation
An isogloss is a geographical boundary that separates linguistically varied areas. It is an imaginary line on a map that represents the change in pronunciation of a specific linguistic feature, such as a vowel. This term is commonly used in linguistics to describe the distribution of different dialects or language variations within a region.

Explanation
The given answer, Hajj (Hadj), is the correct answer because it aligns with the information provided in the question. The question mentions a pilgrimage that every healthy Muslim with adequate financial resources is expected to undertake to Makka (Mecca), which is known as Hajj. The question also mentions that this pilgrimage emphasizes loyalty to Islam and equality of people in the eyes of Allah. Additionally, the question states that the Middle East and Northern Africa celebrate it, further indicating that the answer is Hajj.

Explanation
Sharia Law is a legal system derived from the religious teachings of Islam. It is based on the Quran and the Hadith and is considered the divine law of Islam. Sharia Law has a significant influence on the government and legal systems in countries with a predominantly Muslim population. It covers various aspects of life, including personal conduct, family matters, and criminal justice. Therefore, the statement that "Religion affects the government" is supported by the example of Sharia Law, as it demonstrates how religious laws can shape and determine the legal framework of a society.

Explanation
An exclave refers to a territory or region that is geographically separated from the main part of a country, but is still culturally similar to it. In this case, Alaska is an exclave as it is separated from the rest of the United States and shares borders with Canada. Despite being physically detached, Alaska still shares cultural similarities with the US.

Explanation
The answer "Sacred Space" is correct because it refers to the arrangement of human activities on the landscape that holds religious significance. Examples like Jerusalem and Christianity, Judaism and the Western Wall, and Islam and Mecca demonstrate how certain places or spaces are infused with religious meaning by people. These locations are considered sacred and hold great importance for the respective religious communities.

Explanation
Theocracy is a form of government where religious leaders hold the highest positions of power and religious law is the ultimate authority. In this type of government, religion plays a significant role in shaping and influencing the government's decisions and policies. The statement suggests that Islam controls some governments in the Middle East, indicating that these governments are based on the principles of theocracy, where Islamic religious leaders have control over the government and its determinations.

Explanation
The term "Lingua Franca" refers to a language that is widely used as a means of communication between people from different linguistic backgrounds. It serves as a common language for individuals who do not share a native language. In this context, Swahili in East Africa can be considered a Lingua Franca as it is used by people from various ethnic groups in the region to communicate with each other.

Explanation
A language family refers to a collection of languages that share a common ancestral language that existed before recorded history. These languages have similarities in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation, indicating their shared origins. Over time, a main language in the family can evolve and split into different branches, giving rise to new languages. For example, English is part of the Indo-European language family, which includes other languages such as German, French, and Spanish. These languages share a common ancestor and have similarities due to their historical connection.

Explanation
Creole is a language that emerges from the blending of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the dominated people. It is a result of cultural and linguistic interactions between different groups. An example of this is the French creole spoken in Haiti, where French mixed with African languages spoken by the enslaved population to create a distinct creole language. Creole languages often develop as a means of communication among diverse communities and serve as a symbol of identity and resistance against colonization.

Explanation
A dialect is a regional variation of a language that is characterized by unique vocabulary, spelling, or pronunciation. Different groups of people may use the same language in slightly different ways, resulting in distinct dialects. For example, one dialect of English is the form of British speaking, which has its own specific vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling conventions.

Explanation
This answer refers to the term "Official Language" which is used to describe the language designated by a government for use in laws, reports, and public objects. It states that countries have at least one language that is officially designated for these purposes, and gives an example of English being designated as the official language in some British countries.

Explanation
This answer suggests that the concept of core and periphery can explain the expansion of borders as the population grows. The core refers to the central area or region where the majority of the population and economic activities are concentrated. As the population grows, the core expands and extends its influence to the periphery, which refers to the outer regions or areas that are less developed or have fewer resources. The example of Mormons in Utah illustrates this concept, as their presence and influence in Utah have contributed to the expansion of the state's borders and its development.

Explanation
Assimilation refers to the process in which a less dominant culture loses its distinct identity and adopts the cultural practices, values, and norms of a more dominant culture. This can occur when a powerful country or group takes over a weaker one, as seen in the example of Hitler's takeover of the Jews. Through assimilation, the dominant culture imposes its language, customs, and beliefs on the less dominant culture, leading to the loss of their own cultural heritage.

Explanation
Acculturation refers to the process of adopting certain customs or practices that are advantageous to a particular group or individual. It involves the blending or merging of different cultures as a result of contact between them. In this context, the answer suggests that the process of getting modernized while still preserving generational cultures is an example of acculturation. It implies that individuals or communities are selectively adopting modern practices while still maintaining their traditional cultural values and beliefs.

Explanation
The given explanation suggests that Pidgin is a simplified form of another lingua franca language. It implies that people learn a few grammar rules and words of the lingua franca, while also mixing in their own language. The example of the European Union teaching English as a second language further supports the idea that Pidgin is a simplified language used for communication between different groups with different native languages.

Explanation
Animism is the belief that objects and natural events possess a spirit and conscious life. This belief is commonly found in traditional ethnic religions, such as African and Native American religions. Animism is not limited to a specific culture or region, but rather is a widespread belief system that acknowledges the spiritual essence of all things in nature.

Explanation
Secularism is the correct answer because it refers to the principle of separating religion from government and public affairs. It promotes the idea that individuals should be free to practice any religion or no religion at all. The given example of an atheist fits within the concept of secularism as it represents someone who does not have a religion.

Explanation
The correct answer is Ethnic Religion. An ethnic religion is a religion that is closely tied to a particular ethnic group or culture. It typically appeals primarily to one group living in one place and its principles are often based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. Islam, however, is not a religion used mostly in the Western Hemisphere.