AP Bio Final Exam

Determinate cleavage is a characteristic of protostome development. In protostomes, the fate of each cell is determined early on during embryonic development. This means that each cell is already predetermined to become a specific part of the body, and if a cell is removed or damaged, it cannot develop into a complete organism. This is in contrast to indeterminate cleavage, which is characteristic of deuterostome development, where each cell has the potential to develop into a complete organism even if separated from the rest of the embryo.

When leaves wilt, the stomata, which are small openings on the surface of the leaf, close. This closure prevents the entry of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the leaf. CO2 is necessary for the process of photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight, water, and CO2 into glucose and oxygen. When the stomata are closed, the availability of CO2 decreases, causing photosynthesis to decline.

In green algae, embryos are not retained within parental tissues, which means that once fertilization occurs, the embryos are released into the environment. This is in contrast to plants, where embryos are retained within the parent plant and are nourished and protected until they are mature enough to survive on their own. This distinction is significant because it highlights a key difference in the reproductive strategies of plants and green algae.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that in the life cycles of all land plants, there is a process called alternation of generations. This means that plants alternate between two distinct phases in their life cycle: the sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase. During the sporophyte phase, meiosis occurs in the sporophytes, which are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes) organisms. This meiosis produces haploid spores, which then develop into the gametophyte phase. So, the statement that meiosis in sporophytes produces haploid spores is correct in the context of the alternation of generations in land plants.

Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule are responsible for the cohesion of water molecules. These hydrogen bonds occur due to the polarity of water molecules, where the oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive. This polarity allows the oxygen atom of one water molecule to attract the hydrogen atom of another water molecule, forming a weak bond. These hydrogen bonds contribute to the high surface tension and cohesive properties of water, allowing it to stick to itself and form droplets.

The most recent common ancestors of all land plants were most likely charophycea. This is because charophycea, a group of green algae, share many characteristics with land plants such as the presence of chlorophyll, cellulose cell walls, and similar reproductive structures. Additionally, charophycea are believed to have evolved adaptations that allowed them to survive in shallow water and eventually transition onto land, making them the most probable ancestors of land plants.

Plant spores are reproductive structures that are produced by plants. These spores can develop directly into gametophytes, which are the sexual reproductive structures of plants. Gametophytes produce gametes, which are necessary for sexual reproduction in plants. Therefore, the correct answer is gametophytes.

The important distinction between a coelomate animal and a pseudocoelomate animal is that a coelomate has a body cavity that is completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas a pseudocoelomate's body cavity is not lined by mesodermal tissue. This means that in coelomates, the mesoderm surrounds the body cavity completely, providing support and protection for the internal organs. In pseudocoelomates, the body cavity is only partially lined by mesoderm, leaving some organs suspended in the pseudocoelom. This structural difference has implications for the development and function of the body cavity in these two types of animals.

A fluid-filled body cavity cannot serve as a storage compartment for food because it lacks the necessary structures and mechanisms for digestion, absorption, and storage of nutrients. In organisms with fluid-filled body cavities, such as coelomates, the cavity primarily functions to provide support and protection to internal organs, facilitate movement, and enable circulation of nutrients and waste products. Digestion and storage of food typically occur in specialized organs such as the stomach or digestive system, which are separate from the fluid-filled body cavity.

Echinoderms are not protostomes because they belong to a different category of animal development called deuterostomes. Protostomes are characterized by a specific pattern of embryonic development where the mouth is formed before the anus, while deuterostomes develop in the opposite direction, with the anus forming before the mouth. Echinoderms, such as starfish and sea urchins, exhibit deuterostome development, making them distinct from protostomes.

Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water through their leaves. It is primarily driven by the evaporation of water from the leaves and the subsequent movement of water through the plant's xylem tissue. Active transport through xylem cells is not involved in transpiration. Instead, transpiration relies on passive transport mechanisms, such as cohesion and adhesion, to pull water up through the plant. Active transport is responsible for the uptake of minerals and nutrients by the roots, but it is not directly involved in the process of transpiration.

The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland because it secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) directly into the bloodstream. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. Endocrine glands are responsible for producing and releasing hormones that travel through the bloodstream to target specific organs or tissues, thereby regulating various bodily functions.

The presence of apical meristem in an unidentified green plant indicates that it has the ability to grow in length and produce new cells at its tips. Apical meristem is responsible for primary growth in plants, allowing them to develop new leaves, stems, and roots. This characteristic suggests that the plant is actively growing and has the potential for further development and differentiation.

The given association of mesoderm with the nervous system is incorrect. The mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos, and it gives rise to various structures including muscles, bones, and connective tissues. The nervous system, on the other hand, originates from the ectoderm, which is a different germ layer. Thus, the correct association would be ectoderm-nervous system.

Aspirin and ibuprofen affect the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a crucial role in inflammation, pain, and fever. Aspirin and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is responsible for the production of prostaglandins. By reducing the production of prostaglandins, these drugs help to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever.

Bryophytes are a group of non-vascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are characterized by lacking lignified vascular tissue, which means they do not have specialized tissues for conducting water and nutrients throughout the plant. Instead, they rely on diffusion and osmosis for transportation. This is one of the fundamental differences between bryophytes and vascular plants, such as ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms, which possess lignified vascular tissue to support their growth and survival.

Plants obtain water and minerals from the soil through their roots. They also absorb oxygen from the soil, which is used in cellular respiration. However, carbon dioxide is primarily absorbed by plants through tiny openings called stomata on the surface of their leaves. These stomata allow carbon dioxide to enter the plant and participate in photosynthesis, where it is converted into glucose. Therefore, carbon dioxide does not enter the plant through the roots.

Receptor molecules for chemical signals are typically found on the surface of target cells or within the cytoplasm of target cells. These receptor molecules are responsible for binding to specific chemical signals and initiating a cellular response. The interstitial fluid, which is the fluid that surrounds cells in tissues, does not typically contain receptor molecules. Instead, these molecules are located on the cell membrane or inside the cell, allowing them to directly interact with chemical signals and transmit the signal to the cell's interior.

Hormones are able to control homeostasis because they are subject to negative feedback. Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain a stable internal environment. When hormone levels deviate from the desired set point, negative feedback signals are activated to counteract the deviation and restore balance. This ensures that hormone levels do not reach excessive or deficient levels, allowing hormones to effectively regulate various physiological processes and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms, and they come together to form tissues. Similarly, tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function. Therefore, the relationship between cells and tissues is that cells make up tissues. Following this pattern, organs are composed of different types of tissues working together to carry out specific functions. Hence, the correct answer is organs.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in the human body. It is a firm and flexible tissue that provides support and structure to various parts of the body, such as the nose, ears, and joints. Connective tissue is a broad category that includes various types of tissues that connect and support different organs and structures in the body. Therefore, cartilage is an example of connective tissue.

In a typical multicellular animal, the circulatory system interacts with the muscle. The circulatory system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the muscles, allowing them to function properly. It also helps in removing waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the muscles. Additionally, the circulatory system plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, which is important for muscle function. Therefore, the interaction between the circulatory system and muscles is essential for the overall functioning and health of the animal.

Ligaments are the correct answer because they are strong bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at joints. They help to stabilize the joints and prevent excessive movement or dislocation. Tendons, on the other hand, connect muscles to bones, while cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that cushions the ends of bones and allows for smooth movement at the joints.

Hormones are chemical messengers that are used to communicate within an organism, not between different organisms. They are produced by specialized cells and travel through the bloodstream to target cells, where they elicit specific biological responses. Therefore, the statement "they are used to communicate between different organisms" is incorrect.

Tendons join muscles to bones. Tendons are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to bones, allowing for movement and transmitting the force generated by the muscles to the bones. They are essential for the functioning of the musculoskeletal system, enabling us to perform various physical activities. Unlike ligaments, which connect bones to other bones, tendons specifically connect muscles to bones.

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of several layers of boxlike cells. This type of epithelium is found in certain regions of the body where protection and secretion are required, such as the sweat glands and mammary glands. The multiple layers of cells provide strength and durability, while the boxlike shape allows for more space and volume within the tissue. This arrangement helps in the functioning of these glands and provides a barrier against mechanical stress and pathogens.

Connective tissue is a group of tissues characterized by relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. This matrix contains fibers that provide structural support and flexibility to the tissue. The presence of a substantial amount of extracellular matrix and fewer cells distinguishes connective tissue from other types of tissues in the body.