Anatomy - Term 2

The right splenius capitis muscle is responsible for rotating the head to the right side.

The correct order of the thoracic paraspinals from medial to lateral is Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis. The given answer "Spilalis longissimus iliocostalis" is incorrect as it does not follow the correct order.

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The rotatores muscles are the deepest muscles in the lamina groove. These muscles are part of the transversospinalis group, which also includes the semispinalis and multifidus muscles. The rotatores muscles are small and short, and they are located deep within the lamina groove. Their main function is to rotate and stabilize the vertebral column.

The suboccipital muscles are a group of muscles located at the base of the skull. These muscles play a crucial role in providing proprioceptive information to the brain. Proprioception refers to the body's ability to sense its position, movement, and spatial orientation. The suboccipital muscles are rich in proprioceptive receptors, which send signals to the brain about the position and movement of the head and neck. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement "The suboccipital muscles provide a lot of proprioceptive information to the brain" is true.

The suboccipital muscles are located immediately deep to the semispinalis muscle.

The borders of the suboccipital triangle are formed by the Rectus capitis posterior major, Obliquus capitis superior, and Obliquus capitis inferior muscles.

The action of the anterior scalene muscle, when the superior attachment is fixed, is to elevate the first rib.

When you want to rotate your trunk to the right, you will contract your left external oblique and your right internal oblique. The external oblique muscles are responsible for rotating the trunk to the opposite side, so in this case, the left external oblique will contract to rotate the trunk to the right. The internal oblique muscles, on the other hand, are responsible for rotating the trunk to the same side, so the right internal oblique will contract to assist in rotating the trunk to the right. Therefore, the correct answer is left, right, left right.

The temporal bone is a cranial bone that houses the structures related to hearing and balance, including the inner ear and the auditory ossicles. It is located on the sides and base of the skull, and it plays a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations and maintaining balance.

The bone that forms the skeleton of the lower jaw is called the mandible. The mandible is the largest and strongest bone in the face and it connects to the skull through the temporomandibular joint. It plays a crucial role in various functions such as chewing, speaking, and facial expression.

A normal skull contains two parietal bones. These bones are located on the sides and top of the skull, forming the majority of the cranial vault. They are paired and symmetrically positioned, contributing to the overall structure and protection of the brain.

The mastoid process is a bony prominence located behind the ear, and it is a part of the temporal bone. The temporal bone is one of the bones that make up the skull, and it is situated on the sides and base of the skull. It houses important structures such as the middle and inner ear, as well as the temporomandibular joint. The mastoid process serves as an attachment site for various muscles and provides protection for delicate structures within the ear.

The pituitary gland is located in a bony structure called the sella turcica, which is part of the sphenoid bone.

The large opening in the bottom of your skull is called the foramen magnum and is part of the occipital bone.

The angle of the mandible refers to the point where the ramus (upward extension) and the body (horizontal part) of the mandible meet. It is an important anatomical landmark that can be palpated externally and is used as a reference point in various dental and medical procedures.

The joints between the bones of the skull are called sutures. Sutures are fibrous connections that hold the bones of the skull together. They are immovable joints that provide stability and protection to the brain. Sutures allow the skull to grow and develop during infancy, and then gradually fuse as a person reaches adulthood. These joints are important for maintaining the shape and structure of the skull, as well as for providing support and protection to the brain.

The crista galli is a bony ridge located in the ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone is a small, delicate bone located between the eye sockets, forming part of the nasal cavity and separating the brain from the nasal cavity. The crista galli is a prominent projection of the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment point for the protective covering of the brain.

The ethmoid bone is a complex bone located in the skull. It is responsible for forming the upper portion of the nasal cavity and contains several important structures, including the cribiform plate. The cribiform plate is a thin, sieve-like structure that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is perforated by numerous small holes through which the olfactory nerves pass, allowing for the sense of smell. Therefore, the correct answer is ethmoid.

The hole in the back of the eyesocket through which the optic nerve passes is called the optic canal. This canal serves as a pathway for the optic nerve to transmit visual information from the eye to the brain. It is a small, bony tunnel located at the base of the skull, specifically in the sphenoid bone. The optic canal is essential for maintaining proper vision and facilitating communication between the eyes and the brain.

The sagittal suture is the articulation between the two parietal bones. The parietal bones are paired bones located on the sides and top of the skull. They form the majority of the cranial vault and are connected at the midline by the sagittal suture. This suture runs from the frontal bone to the occipital bone and helps to provide structural support and protection to the brain.

The meeting point between the coronal suture and the sagittal suture is called the bregma.

The mentalis muscle is responsible for raising and protruding the lower lip. This muscle is located in the chin area and helps in various facial expressions, such as pouting or showing doubt. When the mentalis muscle contracts, it pulls the skin and tissues of the lower lip upward, causing it to raise and protrude.

The buccinator muscle is responsible for keeping food between your teeth. This muscle is located in the cheeks and helps to compress the cheeks against the teeth, preventing food from falling out while chewing and aiding in the process of mastication.

The basilar sinuses are large veins that drain blood from the brain.

The two vertebral arteries and the two internal carotid arteries provide most of the blood supply to the brain.

The orbicularis oris muscle is responsible for puckering and closing the lips, which is essential for a kiss to happen. This muscle surrounds the mouth and allows for precise movements of the lips, enabling the necessary contact and pressure required for a kiss. Without the orbicularis oris muscle, it would be impossible to achieve the desired lip movement and coordination needed for a kiss.

The erector spinae muscles are a group of muscles that run along the spine and help to maintain posture and facilitate movement. The most lateral muscle in this group is the Iliocostalis. It is located on the lateral side of the spine and extends from the pelvis up to the ribcage. The Longissimus and Spinalis muscles are more medial, while the Latissimus dorsi is a large muscle located on the back and the QL (quadratus lumborum) is a muscle of the lower back. Therefore, the Iliocostalis is the correct answer as it is the most lateral muscle among the options given.

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. It is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and forcing air out of the lungs. Its contraction and relaxation play a crucial role in the process of breathing.

During respiration, the bucket handle movement refers to the movement of the ribs. The ribs move laterally, which means they expand outward to the sides. This movement allows for an increase in the size of the thoracic cavity, enabling the lungs to expand and fill with air.

The PLL (Posterior Longitudinal Ligament) is responsible for preventing posterior protrusion of the intervertebral disc. It is a strong ligament that runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies and discs, helping to maintain the stability of the spine and preventing excessive movement or displacement of the intervertebral discs.

The larynx is commonly known as the voice box and is responsible for voice production. It contains various structures such as the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound, and the epiglottis, which prevents food and liquid from entering the airway during swallowing. The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is responsible for air passage to and from the lungs. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck that supports the tongue and other structures, but it does not directly play a role in voice production. The esophagus is the tube that carries food and liquid from the throat to the stomach. The pharynx is the throat, which serves as a passage for both food and air.

If the client is unable to rotate her head to the right, it suggests that multiple muscles on both sides of her neck could be short and tight. The right SCM (sternocleidomastoid) muscle is responsible for rotating the head to the opposite side, so if it is short and tight, it can restrict the range of motion in that direction. The left splenius capitis muscle, right upper traps (trapezius), and left levator scapula muscles also contribute to head rotation and could be short and tight, further limiting the client's ability to rotate her head to the right. Therefore, all of the mentioned muscles could be involved in this restriction.

The action(s) of QL include ipsilateral lateral flexion, fixation of the 12th rib, lumbar extension, and hip hike. This means that the quadratus lumborum muscle is responsible for all of these movements. Ipsilateral lateral flexion refers to bending the trunk sideways towards the same side. Fixation of the 12th rib means stabilizing the rib to provide support for the trunk. Lumbar extension involves arching the lower back. Hip hike refers to lifting one side of the pelvis to elevate the hip. Therefore, all of these actions are performed by the quadratus lumborum muscle.

The term "upper cervical spine" refers to the levels C1-2. The C1 vertebra, also known as the atlas, is the first cervical vertebra and sits directly below the skull. The C2 vertebra, known as the axis, is the second cervical vertebra and articulates with the atlas. Together, these two vertebrae make up the upper cervical spine.

The corrugator supercilii is a muscle located between the eyebrows. When this muscle contracts, it causes the eyebrows to come together and creates a furrowed or wrinkled appearance on the forehead. This action is commonly associated with frowning or expressing negative emotions such as anger, sadness, or frustration. Therefore, the corrugator supercilii helps you frown.

The right SCM (sternocleidomastoid) muscle is responsible for several actions on the head and neck. It allows for flexion (forward bending) of the head, extension (backward bending) of the head, rotation to the left, and lateral flexion to the right. Therefore, the correct answer is I, II, IV, V.

The inferior attachment of the rectus abdominis is the pubic symphysis and pubic crest. This means that the rectus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic bone at the front of the pelvis. This attachment allows the muscle to help flex the trunk and stabilize the pelvis during movements such as sit-ups or lifting heavy objects. The other options listed do not accurately describe the inferior attachment of the rectus abdominis.

The correct answer suggests that the subluxation of the 7th rib at its articulations with the spine will directly affect the T7 superior costal facet, T7 transverse costal facet, and T6 inferior costal facet. This means that the misalignment of the rib will impact the specific joints and surfaces where these facets are located in the spine.

The multifidus muscle attaches from the transverse process of one vertebra to the spinous process of a more superior vertebra. This muscle is located deep in the back and plays a role in stabilizing and supporting the spine. It helps to maintain proper posture and control movements of the spine.

To rotate your trunk to the left, you would need to activate your right external obliques, and your left internal obliques. The external obliques on the right side of your body help rotate the trunk to the opposite side, while the internal obliques on the left side assist in the rotation to the left.

The correct answer is "Thyroid cartilages." The Adam's apple is a prominent feature in the neck, and it is formed by the two thyroid cartilages. These cartilages are part of the larynx, also known as the voice box, and they help to protect the vocal cords and support the structure of the throat. The other options listed are not directly involved in the formation of the Adam's apple.

The majority of rotation occurs in the cervical spine between the first and second vertebrae, known as C1 and C2. These two vertebrae have a unique structure that allows for a greater range of motion compared to the other vertebrae in the cervical spine. This rotational movement is important for various activities such as turning the head and neck to look around.

When the client lowers her left ear toward her left shoulder, the scalene muscles on the right side are contracting eccentrically. This means that the muscles are lengthening while generating force, which helps control the movement and prevent excessive stretching or damage to the muscles.

The suprahyoid muscles are a group of muscles located above the hyoid bone in the neck. They are responsible for various movements of the hyoid bone and the tongue during swallowing and speaking. The stylohyoid muscle is one of the suprahyoid muscles. It originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone and inserts into the hyoid bone. It helps in elevating the hyoid bone and the tongue during swallowing and speaking. Therefore, the correct answer is Stylohyoid.

There are six articular facets on T11.

When the diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly. This is because the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the chest cavity. When it contracts, it flattens out, causing it to move downward towards the abdominal cavity. This movement creates more space in the thoracic cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and fill with air. Therefore, the correct answer is "moves inferiorly."

During slow, controlled forward flexion of the trunk, the muscles that are contracting are the lumbar paraspinal muscles. These muscles are located on either side of the spine in the lower back and are responsible for extending and stabilizing the spine. They work to control the movement of the trunk during flexion, helping to maintain balance and support the weight of the upper body. The rectus abdominis and external obliques are not directly involved in this movement and do not contract during slow, controlled forward flexion of the trunk.