Anatomy Final Exam 2 Review
In this Anatomy Final Exam 2 Review, we’ll be testing your recently acquired knowledge on a whole host of topics related to anatomy and the processes that go on to keep our bodies ticking. From muscles to hormones and blood pressure to fluid production, let’s find out exactly what you’ve learned.
- 1.
The ____ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory and motor pathways
- A.
Pons
- B.
Midbrain
- C.
Cerebellum
- D.
Diencephalon
- E.
Medulla
Correct Answer
E. MedullaExplanation
The medulla is responsible for integrating conscious and unconscious sensory and motor pathways. It acts as a switching and relay center, allowing communication between different parts of the brain and spinal cord. It plays a crucial role in regulating vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Additionally, the medulla is involved in coordinating reflexes and maintaining balance and posture.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The "layers" of meninges: 1. Subarachnoid space, 2: pia meter, 3. Arachnoid, 4. subdural space, 5. dura mater. The correct order, from superficial to deep is...
- A.
5,3,1,4,2
- B.
5,4,3,1,2
- C.
5,4,3,2,1
- D.
5,3,4,1,2
- E.
2,4,1,3,5
Correct Answer
B. 5,4,3,1,2Explanation
The correct order of the layers of meninges, from superficial to deep, is dura mater (5), subdural space (4), arachnoid (3), subarachnoid space (1), and pia mater (2).Rate this question:
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- 3.
As you move your light pencil smoothly over a paper to sign your name, you___
- A.
Generate APs at low rates from relatively few motor neurons
- B.
Generate APs at low rates from reltatively many motor neurons
- C.
Generate APs at high rates from relatively few motor neurons
- D.
Generate APs at high rates from relatively many motor neurons
- E.
Use telekinesis
Correct Answer
C. Generate APs at high rates from relatively few motor neuronsExplanation
When you move your light pencil smoothly over a paper to sign your name, you generate action potentials (APs) at high rates from relatively few motor neurons. This is because the movement requires precise control and fine motor skills, which are achieved by activating a specific group of motor neurons to control the muscles involved in the movement. The high rate of APs is necessary to ensure smooth and continuous movement of the pencil.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Complete tetanus, in regards to normal contraction at a muscle, involves
- A.
Generate Aps at low rates form many motor neurons for that muscle
- B.
Generate APs at low rates from essentially all motor neurons for that muscle
- C.
Generate APs at high rates from many motor neurons for that muscle
- D.
Generate APs at high rates from essentially all motor neurons for that muscle
- E.
Generate APs at low rates from only a few motor neurons for that muscle
Correct Answer
D. Generate APs at high rates from essentially all motor neurons for that muscleExplanation
Complete tetanus refers to a sustained and maximal contraction of a muscle. This is achieved by generating action potentials (APs) at high rates from essentially all motor neurons that innervate the muscle. By activating a large number of motor neurons and causing them to fire APs rapidly, the muscle fibers are stimulated continuously, leading to a sustained contraction. This is in contrast to generating APs at low rates or from only a few motor neurons, which would not be sufficient to achieve complete tetanus.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following is the site for cerebrospinal fluid production
- A.
Choroid plexus
- B.
Dural sinus
- C.
Pia sinus
- D.
Ventral sinus
- E.
Sagittal fissure
Correct Answer
A. Choroid plexusExplanation
The choroid plexus is the site for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production. CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. The choroid plexus is located in the ventricles of the brain and consists of a network of blood vessels covered by a layer of specialized cells called ependymal cells. These cells produce CSF by filtering blood plasma and secreting it into the ventricles. CSF then circulates through the brain and spinal cord, providing nutrients, removing waste products, and cushioning the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the
- A.
Medulla Oblongata
- B.
Pons
- C.
Midbrain
- D.
Diencephalons
- E.
Cerebellum
Correct Answer
A. Medulla OblongataExplanation
The major centers concerned with autonomic control of breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestive activities are located in the Medulla Oblongata. The medulla oblongata is a part of the brainstem and plays a crucial role in regulating vital functions such as respiration, cardiovascular activity, and digestion. It contains various nuclei that control the autonomic functions of the body, including the respiratory center, which regulates breathing, and the cardiovascular center, which controls blood pressure and heart rate. Additionally, the medulla oblongata also influences digestive activities through its connections with the gastrointestinal system.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which part of the brain is normally associated with the ability to produce speech
- A.
The cerebellum
- B.
The diencephalon
- C.
Both halves (sides) of the cerebral cortex
- D.
The right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
- E.
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
Correct Answer
E. The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortexExplanation
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is normally associated with the ability to produce speech. This is because the left hemisphere contains the language centers, such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area, which are responsible for speech production and comprehension. Studies have shown that damage to the left hemisphere can result in speech difficulties, known as aphasia.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What cause is most directly responsible for hydroencephaly
- A.
Build up water pressure in the ventricles
- B.
Build up of cerebral spinal fluid in the brain
- C.
Build up of too much Na in the ventricles
- D.
Build up of to much K in the ventricles
- E.
Build up of too much Na in the brain itself
Correct Answer
B. Build up of cerebral spinal fluid in the brainExplanation
The correct answer is the build-up of cerebral spinal fluid in the brain. Hydroencephaly, also known as hydrocephalus, is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This build-up of CSF can lead to increased pressure on the brain, causing various symptoms such as headaches, cognitive impairments, and neurological deficits. It is often caused by an imbalance between the production and absorption of CSF or a blockage in its flow, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Nerve fibers that are considered cholinergic secrete ____ as the neurotransmitter
- A.
Dopamine
- B.
Norepinephrine
- C.
Epinephrine
- D.
Serotonin
- E.
Acetylocholine
Correct Answer
E. AcetylocholineExplanation
Cholinergic nerve fibers secrete acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals between nerve cells. It is involved in various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, memory, and attention. Cholinergic nerve fibers are found in the autonomic nervous system and the neuromuscular junction, where they transmit signals to activate muscle contraction. Acetylcholine is also involved in the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls rest and digestion.Rate this question:
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- 10.
What structure has overall control of the ANS
- A.
Medulla oblongata
- B.
Pons
- C.
Cerebrum
- D.
Hypothalamus
- E.
Cerebellum
Correct Answer
D. HypothalamusExplanation
The hypothalamus is the structure that has overall control of the ANS (Autonomic Nervous System). It plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining various bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and hormone release. The hypothalamus receives information from different parts of the body and sends signals to the ANS to adjust and balance these functions. This control is essential for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the body functions properly.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which is a characteristic of white muscle fibers ( compared with red m. fibers)
- A.
Aerobic
- B.
Great resistance to fatigue
- C.
Fast contraction times
- D.
More myoglobin
- E.
More mitochondria
Correct Answer
C. Fast contraction timesExplanation
White muscle fibers are characterized by fast contraction times compared to red muscle fibers. This means that white muscle fibers are able to contract and relax more quickly, allowing for rapid movements and actions. This characteristic is important for activities that require quick bursts of strength and speed, such as sprinting or weightlifting. In contrast, red muscle fibers are more aerobic, have greater resistance to fatigue, and contain more myoglobin and mitochondria, which support endurance activities.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Which is a characteristic of smooth (compared with skeletal muscle)
- A.
Automaticity
- B.
Actin and myosin myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres
- C.
Strong contraction speeds
- D.
Striated
- E.
All of the above
Correct Answer
A. AutomaticityExplanation
Smooth muscle is characterized by automaticity, which means that it can contract without external stimulation. Unlike skeletal muscle, which requires nerve signals to initiate contraction, smooth muscle can generate its own electrical signals and contract spontaneously. This allows smooth muscle to perform involuntary movements and maintain continuous contractions, such as those in the digestive system or blood vessels. The other options listed (actin and myosin myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres, strong contraction speeds, and striated) are characteristics of skeletal muscle, not smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 13.
The _____neuron runs from the CNS and the autonomic ganglion
- A.
Somatic motor
- B.
Preganlionic
- C.
Postganglionic
- D.
Sensory
- E.
Enteric
Correct Answer
B. PreganlionicExplanation
The preganglionic neuron refers to a neuron that originates in the central nervous system (CNS) and extends to the autonomic ganglion. This type of neuron is responsible for transmitting signals from the CNS to the autonomic ganglion, which then relays the signals to the postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic neuron, on the other hand, extends from the autonomic ganglion to the target organ or tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is preganglionic.Rate this question:
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- 14.
In general, the parasympathetic division will
- A.
Decreased salivary flow rate
- B.
Increased respiratory rate
- C.
Increased cardiac rate
- D.
Increased blood coagulation
- E.
Increased digestive functions
Correct Answer
E. Increased digestive functionsExplanation
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and digestion. When activated, it increases digestive functions such as the secretion of digestive enzymes and the movement of food through the digestive tract. This is achieved by stimulating the release of acetylcholine, which enhances the activity of the gastrointestinal system. Therefore, the correct answer is increased digestive functions.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The soma of the stretch receptors are contained in the:
- A.
Grey area of the spinal cord
- B.
White area of the spinal cord
- C.
Dorsal root ganglia
- D.
Ventral root ganglia
- E.
Muscles themselves
Correct Answer
C. Dorsal root gangliaExplanation
The stretch receptors, which detect changes in muscle length, are located in the muscles themselves. However, the soma, or cell bodies, of these stretch receptors are contained in the dorsal root ganglia. The dorsal root ganglia are located just outside the spinal cord and contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. These sensory neurons receive information from the stretch receptors and transmit it to the spinal cord for processing. Therefore, the correct answer is dorsal root ganglia.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which transmitter below is most closely associated with the sympathetic ANS
- A.
Serotonin
- B.
Dopamine
- C.
Epinephrine
- D.
Octopamine
- E.
Substance P
Correct Answer
C. EpinephrineExplanation
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is the transmitter most closely associated with the sympathetic ANS. The sympathetic ANS is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for intense physical activity or stress. Epinephrine is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or danger, and it increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels. This helps to provide the body with the energy and resources it needs to respond to a perceived threat.Rate this question:
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- 17.
A nerve that has been cut through is likely ot lead to permanent paralysis because
- A.
Axons cannot repair themselves
- B.
Axons do not regenerate
- C.
Their soma die
- D.
Schwann cells wrap around axons
- E.
Axons often become misdirected
Correct Answer
E. Axons often become misdirectedExplanation
When a nerve is cut through, axons, which are responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system, are often severed. Axons have limited ability to repair themselves or regenerate, which means that once they are damaged, they are unlikely to be able to reconnect with their target cells. This can lead to misdirection of axons, preventing them from properly transmitting signals and resulting in permanent paralysis. The death of soma, the cell bodies of neurons, may also occur as a result of the injury, further contributing to the loss of function. Schwann cells, which wrap around axons, play a role in supporting their regeneration, but this process is often insufficient to restore normal function.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a resting neuron results in
- A.
Repolarization
- B.
Depolarization
- C.
Hyperpolarization
- D.
Increased negative charge inside the membrane
- E.
None of these
Correct Answer
B. DepolarizationExplanation
The opening of sodium channels in the membrane of a resting neuron results in depolarization. This is because sodium ions rush into the neuron, causing the inside of the membrane to become less negative and more positive. Depolarization is an important step in the generation of an action potential, which allows the neuron to transmit signals.Rate this question:
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- 19.
What type of membrane channels are non gated and responsible for the permeability of the membrane at rest
- A.
Na/K ion pump
- B.
Leak channels
- C.
Ligand- gated ions channels
- D.
Voltage gated ion channels
- E.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Leak channelsExplanation
Leak channels are non-gated membrane channels that are responsible for the permeability of the membrane at rest. Unlike other types of channels, leak channels are always open, allowing ions to passively move across the membrane according to their concentration gradient. This continuous leakage of ions helps maintain the resting membrane potential and is essential for various cellular processes. The Na/K ion pump, ligand-gated ion channels, and voltage-gated ion channels are not responsible for the permeability of the membrane at rest.Rate this question:
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- 20.
According to your instructor, which of the following cannot be theoretically explained through future neuro-physiological research studies
- A.
Volition
- B.
Creativity
- C.
Imagination
- D.
Emotion, such as love
- E.
None of the above ( they can all be theoretically explained)
Correct Answer
E. None of the above ( they can all be theoretically explained)Explanation
All the given options - volition, creativity, imagination, and emotion (such as love) - can be theoretically explained through future neuro-physiological research studies. This implies that scientific research has the potential to uncover the underlying neural mechanisms and processes associated with these cognitive and emotional functions. Therefore, none of the options are exempt from being explained through future neuro-physiological research studies.Rate this question:
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- 21.
The Na/K ion pump responsible for maintaining the NA adn K gradients
- A.
Pumps out 2 na for every 3 k in
- B.
Pumps out 3 Na for every 2 K in
- C.
Pumps in 2 Na for every 3 K out
- D.
Pumps in 3 Na for every 2K out
- E.
Pumps out 2 NA for every 3 K out
Correct Answer
B. Pumps out 3 Na for every 2 K inExplanation
The Na/K ion pump is responsible for maintaining the Na and K gradients by pumping out 3 Na ions for every 2 K ions that it takes in. This ensures that there is a higher concentration of Na ions outside the cell and a higher concentration of K ions inside the cell, which is necessary for various cellular processes such as nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles is provided by the
- A.
Somantic nervous system
- B.
Parasympathetic nervous system
- C.
Afferent nervous system
- D.
Sympathetic nervous system
- E.
Autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer
A. Somantic nervous systemExplanation
The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles. This system is part of the peripheral nervous system and consists of motor neurons that transmit signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles, allowing conscious control over movement. The somatic nervous system is involved in activities such as walking, talking, and writing. It is distinct from the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, while the afferent nervous system refers to sensory neurons that transmit signals towards the central nervous system.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is
- A.
Sodium
- B.
Potassium
- C.
Chloride
- D.
Calcium
- E.
Zinc
Correct Answer
D. CalciumExplanation
Calcium ions are required for the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open, allowing calcium ions to enter the terminal. The influx of calcium ions triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine with the presynaptic membrane, leading to the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. This process is essential for the transmission of signals between neurons at the synapse.Rate this question:
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- 24.
The standard Action Potential happens by __ entering followed by __ leaving
- A.
Na; K
- B.
K, NA
- C.
Na; Na
- D.
K;K
- E.
K; Ca
Correct Answer
A. Na; KExplanation
During the standard action potential, sodium (Na) ions enter the cell, causing depolarization and the initiation of the action potential. This is followed by potassium (K) ions leaving the cell, leading to repolarization and the restoration of the resting membrane potential. Therefore, the correct answer is Na; K.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following is not a general characteristic of every action Potential
- A.
It is regenerative
- B.
It has a threshold
- C.
It has a refactory period
- D.
It jumps from one location to another
- E.
It is all- or- none amplitude
Correct Answer
D. It jumps from one location to anotherExplanation
The action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential that occurs in neurons and muscle cells. It is regenerative because it can propagate along the entire length of the axon. It has a threshold, which is the minimum depolarization required to trigger an action potential. It has a refractory period, which is a brief period of time after an action potential where the membrane cannot be stimulated to generate another action potential. It is all-or-none amplitude, meaning that once the threshold is reached, the action potential will occur with a consistent amplitude. However, it does not jump from one location to another. Instead, it propagates along the axon in a continuous manner.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Creatine Phosphate
- A.
Acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
- B.
Can replace ATP in binding to myosin molecules during contraction
- C.
Is produced by the process of anaerobic exercise
- D.
Is only formed during strenuous exercise
- E.
Cannot transfer its phosphate group to ADP
Correct Answer
A. Acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissueExplanation
Creatine phosphate acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue. It is a high-energy molecule that can quickly donate its phosphate group to ADP, converting it back into ATP, which is the primary source of energy for muscle contractions. This allows muscles to sustain high-intensity activities for short periods of time. Creatine phosphate is replenished during rest and is an important component of the phosphagen system, which provides immediate energy for muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 27.
The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the
- A.
Sarcolemma
- B.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- C.
Sarcomere
- D.
Myofibril
- E.
Myofilament
Correct Answer
C. SarcomereExplanation
The sarcomere is the correct answer because it is the functional unit of skeletal muscle. It is the segment of a muscle fiber that lies between two Z lines and contains the contractile proteins actin and myosin. When a muscle contracts, the sarcomeres shorten, causing the muscle to generate force and produce movement. The sarcomere is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle and plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and function.Rate this question:
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- 28.
If one fully stretches out a partially contracted skeletal muscle, the ____
- A.
I band- stays the same length
- B.
A band stay s the same length
- C.
H band gets longer
- D.
A band gets longer
- E.
The i band gets smaller or shorter
Correct Answer
C. H band gets longerExplanation
When a skeletal muscle is partially contracted, the H band (also known as the H zone) represents the region within the A band where there are no overlapping thin filaments. As the muscle is fully stretched out, the sarcomeres within the muscle lengthen, causing the H band to increase in size. This occurs because the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments, resulting in a greater distance between the ends of the thick filaments and therefore elongating the H band.Rate this question:
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- 29.
___ is caused from an autoimmune response that attacks ACh receptors
- A.
Muscular dystrophy
- B.
Botulism
- C.
Rigor mortis
- D.
Tetanus
- E.
Myasthenia gravis
Correct Answer
E. Myasthenia gravisExplanation
Myasthenia gravis is caused by an autoimmune response that attacks ACh receptors. In this condition, the body's immune system mistakenly targets and destroys the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, which are responsible for transmitting signals from nerves to muscles. As a result, the communication between nerves and muscles is disrupted, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle
- A.
Smooth muscle fibers are uninucleate
- B.
Smooth muscles may be tetanized
- C.
Smooth muscles are not straited
- D.
Smooth muscles do not contain sarcomeres
- E.
Neurons that innervates smooth muscles are under voluntary control
Correct Answer
E. Neurons that innervates smooth muscles are under voluntary controlExplanation
Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles, meaning that they are not under conscious control. Neurons that innervate smooth muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which operates without conscious effort. Therefore, the statement that neurons that innervate smooth muscles are under voluntary control is not characteristic of smooth muscle.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Active sites on actin become availabel for binding wen
- A.
Actin binds to troponin
- B.
Troponin binds to tropomysin
- C.
Calcium binds to troponin
- D.
Calcium binds to tropomysin
- E.
Myosin binds to troponin
Correct Answer
C. Calcium binds to troponinExplanation
When calcium binds to troponin, it causes a conformational change in the troponin-tropomyosin complex. This change exposes the active sites on actin, allowing myosin to bind to actin and initiate muscle contraction. Therefore, calcium binding to troponin is a crucial step in the regulation of muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 32.
The "cross bridge" between the actin and myosin myofilaments is the ___
- A.
Troponin T molecules
- B.
Myosin head
- C.
Troponin C molecule
- D.
Tropomyosin
- E.
Tropinin I molecule
Correct Answer
B. Myosin headExplanation
The "cross bridge" between the actin and myosin myofilaments is formed by the myosin head. The myosin head attaches to the actin filament during muscle contraction and undergoes a conformational change, pulling the actin filament towards the center of the sarcomere. This interaction between the myosin head and actin is essential for muscle contraction and the generation of force.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Calcium ions cause ___ to move and thereby exposing active sites on____
- A.
Tropomyosin; F- actin
- B.
Tropomyosin; Troponin C
- C.
Troponin C; Tropomyosin
- D.
F actin; Troponin C
- E.
Myosin; Troponin C
Correct Answer
A. Tropomyosin; F- actinExplanation
Calcium ions cause tropomyosin to move and thereby expose active sites on F-actin.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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