Human Body Quiz: Anatomy L3 Mock Exam

Insulin is the correct answer because when the body is over-exposed to fat and sugar through a poor diet, it can lead to insulin resistance. Insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, but when the body becomes resistant to its effects, it becomes less effective in controlling blood sugar. This can eventually lead to the development of type 2 diabetes.

The correct answer is "Sliding filament theory". The sliding filament theory explains the process of muscle contraction involving the interaction between myosin and actin filaments. According to this theory, during muscle contraction, the myosin filaments slide along the actin filaments, causing the sarcomeres (basic units of muscle contraction) to shorten. This results in the overall shortening of the muscle fibers, leading to muscle contraction.

Hyperlordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower spine, causing the lower back to arch excessively. This condition can increase the risk of low back pain. The exaggerated curvature puts additional stress on the structures of the lower back, including the muscles, ligaments, and discs. This increased stress can lead to discomfort and pain in the lower back region. Therefore, hyperlordosis is associated with an increased risk of low back pain.

For optimum results in training the creatine phosphate system, the client should have planned interval sessions that last 5-10 seconds. This system provides immediate energy for short bursts of intense activity, such as weightlifting or sprinting. By training within this time frame, the client can effectively target and improve their creatine phosphate system, leading to increased power and strength during explosive movements.

If exercise intensity and volume are progressed rapidly, it can lead to increased DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness). DOMS is the muscle pain and stiffness that occurs after engaging in unfamiliar or intense physical activity. Rapidly increasing the intensity and volume of exercise can cause muscle tissue damage, resulting in inflammation and soreness. This is why increased DOMS is a likely outcome in this scenario.

The valves that prevent backflow of blood between the heart chambers are called atrioventricular valves. These valves are located between the atria and ventricles and include the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart and the mitral valve on the left side of the heart. They open to allow blood to flow from the atria to the ventricles and close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.

Mastication refers to the process of chewing food in the mouth. It is an important role in digestion as it helps break down food into smaller pieces, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon. This process also mixes saliva with the food, which contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of carbohydrates. Mastication ultimately makes it easier for the food to be swallowed and further digested in the stomach and intestines.

The action of the levator scapulae is scapular elevation. This means that the levator scapulae muscle is responsible for lifting or raising the scapula (shoulder blade) upwards towards the ear. This action is important for various movements of the shoulder and neck, such as shrugging the shoulders or tilting the head to the side.

Long slow distance training improves the efficiency of the aerobic system. This type of training involves low to moderate intensity exercises performed for an extended period of time, typically lasting more than 30 minutes. During this type of training, the body primarily relies on oxygen to produce energy, which is supplied by the aerobic system. By consistently training the aerobic system, it becomes more efficient at utilizing oxygen and converting it into energy, allowing individuals to perform endurance activities for longer durations without fatigue.

Elastin is the correct answer because it is a protein found in connective tissues such as ligaments and tendons. It is responsible for providing elasticity and flexibility to these tissues, allowing them to stretch and recoil without tearing or breaking. Elastin works in conjunction with collagen, another protein, to provide strength and support to these structures. Relaxin is a hormone that helps with the relaxation and stretching of ligaments during pregnancy, while haemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

When the rectus abdominis is the agonist, the antagonist is the erector spinae. The rectus abdominis is responsible for flexing the spine, while the erector spinae is responsible for extending the spine. These two muscles work in opposition to each other to create movement and stability in the spine.

An explosive and uncontrolled change in direction can put excessive stress on the knee joint, leading to a cruciate ligament sprain. The cruciate ligaments, which are located inside the knee joint, help to stabilize the joint and prevent excessive forward and backward movement of the shin bone. When there is a sudden change in direction, such as during explosive movements or sports activities, the cruciate ligaments can become stretched or torn, resulting in a sprain. This is why a cruciate ligament sprain is the most likely injury to be caused by an explosive and uncontrolled change in direction.

The endocrine system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis by using chemical messengers called hormones to create the desired response in target cells. Hormones are released into the bloodstream by various glands in the endocrine system and travel to specific target cells where they bind to receptors and initiate a response. This system regulates many bodily functions such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and response to stress. Unlike the nervous system, which uses electrical signals, the endocrine system relies on hormones to communicate and coordinate the body's internal environment.

Endurance exercise would help a moderate hypertensive individual normalize their blood pressure over time. Endurance exercises such as jogging, swimming, or cycling can improve cardiovascular health, increase heart and lung function, and lower blood pressure. These exercises involve sustained, rhythmic movements that improve the efficiency of the cardiovascular system and promote overall cardiovascular fitness. Regular endurance exercise can lead to long-term reductions in blood pressure, making it an effective choice for managing hypertension.

Golgi tendon organs detect tension in the muscles and initiate the process of autogenic inhibition. Autogenic inhibition is a protective mechanism that prevents excessive force and potential damage to the muscles. When the Golgi tendon organs detect high tension, they send inhibitory signals to the muscles, causing them to relax and reduce the force being exerted. This helps to prevent injury and maintain the integrity of the muscles and tendons.

During increased aerobic exercise intensity, the body requires more oxygen and nutrients to be delivered to the muscles. To meet this demand, the blood vessels in the muscles dilate, allowing more blood to flow through them. This vasodilation helps to decrease the resistance to blood flow and prevent an increase in diastolic blood pressure. It allows for efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the muscles, while also promoting the removal of waste products, such as carbon dioxide. Therefore, vasodilation is the correct answer as it helps to maintain a stable diastolic blood pressure during increased exercise intensity.

Muscular endurance training would help to develop the recruitment of motor units in an alternating sequence for an extended length of time. Muscular endurance refers to the ability of muscles to repeatedly exert force over a prolonged period. This type of training involves performing exercises with low to moderate intensity and high repetitions. By consistently challenging the muscles with prolonged contractions, the recruitment of motor units in an alternating sequence is enhanced, leading to improved muscular endurance.

When the hand position is narrowed in a press-up, the triceps brachii muscle increases its synergistic action. This means that the triceps brachii works more effectively with other muscles to perform the press-up movement. The triceps brachii is responsible for extending the elbow joint, and when the hands are closer together, it requires more activation of the triceps brachii to push the body up from the ground.

Hormones are transported via the circulatory system because they are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, hormones can travel throughout the body to reach their target organs or tissues. The circulatory system, which consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, acts as a transportation network for hormones to be delivered to their specific destinations. This allows hormones to exert their effects on various physiological processes and maintain homeostasis in the body.

Golgi tendon organs detect changes in muscle tension above a certain threshold level. These sensory receptors are located in the tendons and are sensitive to the tension produced by muscle contraction. When the tension exceeds a certain level, Golgi tendon organs send signals to the central nervous system, which then regulates muscle contraction to prevent damage. They play a crucial role in maintaining muscle integrity and preventing excessive force generation.

Blood flow into the coronary arteries comes from the aorta. The coronary arteries branch off from the aorta, which is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The coronary arteries supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself, allowing it to function properly. Therefore, blood flowing from the aorta into the coronary arteries is essential for maintaining a healthy heart.

The serratus anterior attaches the medial border of the scapula to the upper ribs.

Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to their narrowing. Plaques are made up of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances that accumulate on the inner walls of the arteries. As these plaques grow, they cause the arteries to become narrower, reducing blood flow. Therefore, the development of plaques is responsible for the narrowing of arteries associated with atherosclerosis.

The atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood between the lower and upper chambers of the heart. These valves are located between the atria and ventricles and include the tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart and the mitral valve on the left side of the heart. When the ventricles contract, these valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria, ensuring that blood flows in one direction through the heart.

Creatine phosphate is a high-energy molecule that is used as a rapid source of energy during short bursts of intense physical activity. It is able to quickly regenerate ATP, the primary energy source for cells, without producing any by-products. This means that the fuel, creatine phosphate, is completely recycled and no waste products are left behind. In contrast, the other energy systems mentioned (lactate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic) all produce by-products such as lactate or carbon dioxide as a result of energy production.

The cell body and nucleus in a neuron play a crucial role in regulating cell activity. They are responsible for maintaining the overall functioning and health of the neuron. The nucleus contains the genetic material and controls the synthesis of proteins necessary for cell activity. The cell body, also known as the soma, integrates and processes incoming signals from other neurons. It also houses various organelles that support cell metabolism and energy production. Therefore, the cell body and nucleus work together to ensure the proper functioning and regulation of the neuron.

Physical activity can benefit the health of the digestive system by reducing the risk of gastrointestinal cancers. Regular exercise has been shown to have a protective effect against various types of cancers, including those affecting the digestive system. It helps to maintain a healthy weight, improve digestion, and enhance the immune system, all of which contribute to reducing the risk of developing gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, exercise promotes regular bowel movements, which can prevent constipation and other digestive issues that may increase the risk of developing cancer in the gastrointestinal tract.

Glycogen can be used to re-synthesize ATP when using the anaerobic lactate energy system. Glycogen is a stored form of glucose in the muscles and liver, and it can be broken down through a process called glycogenolysis to release glucose molecules. These glucose molecules can then enter the anaerobic lactate energy system and undergo glycolysis to produce ATP. Therefore, glycogen serves as a fuel source for ATP production during anaerobic exercise.

The inverse stretch reflex initiates relaxation and lengthening in a muscle. This reflex is activated when a muscle is stretched beyond its normal range, causing the muscle to relax and lengthen in order to prevent injury. This reflex helps to maintain muscle tone and prevent muscles from becoming overly contracted or strained.

Reciprocal inhibition is the process that enables the full contraction of an agonist by inhibiting the antagonist. This process involves the simultaneous relaxation of the antagonist muscle when the agonist muscle contracts. It allows for smooth and coordinated movement by preventing the antagonist muscle from interfering with the contraction of the agonist muscle.

The left and right coronary arteries branch from the base of the aorta to supply blood to the heart. These arteries are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, ensuring its proper functioning.

Extension is the joint action that occurs in the sagittal plane. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves, and extension refers to the movement that increases the angle between two body parts. In this case, extension would involve the straightening or opening up of a joint in the sagittal plane. Lateral flexion, abduction, and medial rotation are movements that occur in different planes and are not specific to the sagittal plane.

During a bent-over row, the longissimus muscle is playing the role of a fixator. A fixator muscle helps to stabilize a joint or body part during movement, preventing unwanted motion or rotation. In this exercise, the longissimus muscle helps to stabilize the spine and maintain proper posture while the primary muscles involved in the rowing movement, such as the latissimus dorsi and rhomboids, perform the main work.

Physical activity can benefit the health of the digestive system by providing muscular assistance with peristalsis. Peristalsis is the process of muscle contractions that helps move food through the digestive system. Regular physical activity can help strengthen the muscles involved in peristalsis, making the process more efficient and aiding in digestion.

During the later stages of atherosclerosis, the artery wall becomes narrowed due to the buildup of connective tissue and cholesterol. When this narrowed artery wall ruptures, the connective tissue and cholesterol become exposed, leading to the formation of lesions. Lesions are areas of damage or abnormal tissue, and in the context of atherosclerosis, they refer to the rupture of the artery wall. This can further contribute to the progression of the disease and increase the risk of complications such as blood clots and thrombosis.

Maximal strength training would be most effective at improving the rate of simultaneous motor unit recruitment. This type of training focuses on lifting heavy weights for a low number of repetitions, which helps to increase the strength and power of the muscles. By increasing maximal strength, the body becomes better equipped to recruit and activate more motor units simultaneously, leading to improved overall muscle performance and coordination.

After leaving the pulmonary arteries, blood flows into the pulmonary arterioles. The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood is oxygenated and then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. However, before reaching the pulmonary veins, the blood passes through the pulmonary arterioles, which are small branches of the pulmonary arteries. Therefore, the correct answer is pulmonary arterioles.

During autogenic inhibition, the agonist muscle is inhibited. Autogenic inhibition is a protective mechanism that prevents excessive force generation and potential injury. When the agonist muscle contracts forcefully, the Golgi tendon organs within the muscle detect the tension and send inhibitory signals to the agonist muscle, causing it to relax and prevent further contraction. This helps to regulate and control the amount of force generated by the muscle, ensuring that it does not exceed safe limits.

After gaseous exchange takes place in the systemic capillaries, oxygenated blood flows through the venules. This is because oxygen diffuses from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the capillaries. As a result, the blood in the capillaries becomes oxygenated, and this oxygenated blood then flows into the venules, which are small veins that carry blood back to the heart.

The intensity of sensory feedback received determines whether a contraction occurs in the muscle fibers of a motor unit. Sensory feedback is important for providing information about the state of the muscle, such as its length, tension, and position. This feedback is received by sensory receptors in the muscle and is transmitted to the central nervous system. Based on the intensity of this sensory feedback, the central nervous system determines whether to send action potentials to the muscle fibers, leading to a contraction. Therefore, the intensity of sensory feedback plays a crucial role in determining muscle contraction.