Anatomy Exam 2 - Part 1

the correct answer is 6, j/k j/k

During diastole, the ventricles of the heart relax and fill with blood. This is the phase of the cardiac cycle where the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. The ventricular filling and elongation occur during this phase as the blood flows from the atria into the ventricles, stretching the ventricular walls and increasing their volume. This allows for the ventricles to be filled with an adequate amount of blood before the next contraction during systole.

The correct answer is "important muscle for facial expression" because the platysma is a thin, broad muscle that covers the front of the neck and extends into the lower face. It is responsible for various facial expressions, such as pulling down the corners of the mouth and tightening the skin of the neck. It is not found in the thorax or related to cranial nerve IV, nor is it an extinct amphibian.

The statement is true because the visceral pleura is a thin membrane that covers the surface of the lungs and is tightly adhered to it. It cannot be easily separated or dissected from the lungs without causing damage. The visceral pleura and the lungs are closely connected and function together to protect and support the lungs during breathing.

The choroid plexus is responsible for the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Located in the ventricles of the brain, the choroid plexus consists of specialized cells that produce CSF by filtering blood plasma and secreting it into the ventricles. CSF then circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrients to the nervous system. Therefore, the choroid plexus is the site where CSF is formed.

The statement is true because the mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs. It contains various organs and structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and major blood vessels. The lungs, on the other hand, are not located in the mediastinum but rather on either side of it. Therefore, all thoracic viscera and structures except the lungs can be found in the mediastinum.

The statement is true because pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, while veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. This is the opposite of what happens in the systemic circulation, where arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

The correct answer is SA - AV- Bundle Branches-Purkinje fibers. This sequence represents the conduction pathway of the heart. The electrical signal originates from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. From there, the signal travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node, which acts as a relay station. Next, the signal is conducted through the bundle branches, which divide into the left and right branches and distribute the electrical impulse to the ventricles. Finally, the signal spreads through the Purkinje fibers, which stimulate the contraction of the ventricles, causing them to pump blood.

The correct answer is the brachiocephalic trunk. The brachiocephalic trunk is a major artery that arises from the aortic arch and gives rise to the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery. It is responsible for supplying blood to the right side of the head, neck, and upper limb. The brachiocephalic vein, left common carotid, and none of the above options are not involved in the formation of the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.

The zygomatic bone is most likely to be involved in trauma to the prominence of the cheeks. This bone is commonly referred to as the cheekbone and is located on the lateral aspect of the face. It forms the prominence of the cheeks and contributes to the structure of the eye socket. Trauma to this area can result in fractures or other injuries to the zygomatic bone.

Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is the most likely cause of a hoarse voice after surgery of the neck. The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the muscles responsible for vocal cord movement. Injury to this nerve can result in vocal cord paralysis or dysfunction, leading to hoarseness. The other options, such as injury of the hypoglossal nerve, trauma of the vagus nerve, or impairment of the phrenic nerve, do not directly affect the vocal cords and are less likely to cause hoarseness.

right has 3 left has 2

allow atria and ventricles to contract seperately

The SA node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is located at the junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the right atrium. This is where the electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat originate. The SA node is not deep within the myocardium, but rather positioned at this specific junction in the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "at SVC & right atrium junction."

The falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater, a tough membrane, that extends vertically in the midline of the skull. It separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain, helping to provide structural support and prevent excessive movement between them. This division allows for specialization and coordination of different functions in each hemisphere.

The philtrum is the vertical groove located between the base of the nose and the upper lip, while the vermillion border is the distinct boundary between the red-colored portion of the lips and the surrounding skin. Both the philtrum and vermillion border are found between the epithelium of the lips and the mucosa of the mouth.

there are digestive and respiratory functions

During puberty, female breasts enlarge due to glandular development and fat deposition. Glandular development refers to the growth and development of the milk-producing glands in the breasts, which is stimulated by hormonal changes. At the same time, fat deposition occurs in the breasts, leading to an increase in size. Both processes contribute to the enlargement of female breasts during puberty, making the answer "all of the above" correct.

The right coronary artery (RCA) is responsible for supplying the majority of blood to the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. These nodes play a crucial role in regulating the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm. The RCA is one of the main coronary arteries and is located on the right side of the heart. It supplies blood to various regions of the heart, including the SA and AV nodes, ensuring their proper functioning.

The ligamentum arteriosum is a small fibrous band that connects the pulmonary artery to the surface of the aortic arch. In fetal development, it is a crucial structure that diverts blood away from the non-functioning lungs and towards the systemic circulation. After birth, the ligamentum arteriosum typically closes and becomes a non-functional remnant. Therefore, the correct answer is that the ligamentum arteriosum connects the pulmonary artery and the surface of the aortic arch.

The retropharyngeal space is a potential space located behind the pharynx and in front of the cervical vertebrae. It is a primary pathway for the spread of infection because it is in close proximity to the pharynx, which is a common site for infections such as tonsillitis or pharyngitis. Infections can easily spread from the pharynx to the retropharyngeal space, leading to complications such as abscess formation.

The suspensory ligament of Cooper is responsible for connecting the breast to the skin. This ligament provides support and helps maintain the shape and position of the breast. It attaches the breast tissue to the overlying skin, preventing excessive movement and sagging. This ligament is particularly important in providing stability and maintaining the overall appearance of the breast.

The apex of the heart can be found posterior to the left 5th intercostal space. This is because the apex of the heart is the lowermost part of the heart and is located towards the left side of the chest. The left 5th intercostal space is the area between the 5th and 6th ribs on the left side of the chest. Therefore, the apex of the heart is posterior to this space.

The statement is true because the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus. This anatomical difference makes the right main bronchus more prone to obstruction by foreign objects or mucus, leading to conditions like aspiration pneumonia. On the other hand, the left main bronchus is narrower and more horizontal, making it less likely to be obstructed. However, it is important to note that both main bronchi can be sites of obstruction, but the right main bronchus is more commonly affected.

The sella turcica is not found in the posterior fossa of the cranial base. The posterior fossa is the space at the back of the skull and it contains structures such as the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, and internal acoustic meatus. The sella turcica, on the other hand, is a bony structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a different compartment of the cranial base. It houses the pituitary gland and is not part of the posterior fossa.

there are 20 deciduous teeth, and 32 permanent,

temporal lobe and sella turcica are found in the middle fossa

Trigeminal nerve (CN V ) is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and is the motor nerve for muscles of mastication

The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes deep to the digastric muscle and enters the submandibular region. This nerve is responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue, including swallowing and speech. It also provides sensory information from the tongue. The phrenic nerve is not relevant to the submandibular region, as it innervates the diaphragm. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is responsible for sensory information from the face, but it does not pass deep to the digastric muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is hypoglossal (CN XII).

The aorta passing anteriorly to the bifurcation of the trachea means that it is positioned in front of the point where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi. This anatomical relationship is accurate, as the aorta is located in the midline of the body and runs just in front of the trachea.

common carotid branches into middle and anterior cerebral arteries

the vocal found control sound, the vestibular folds play little or no part in sound production

The main bronchi, also known as primary bronchi, are the first branches of the trachea that enter the lungs. They further divide into smaller bronchi called lobar bronchi. Lobar bronchi are responsible for supplying air to each lobe of the lungs. On the other hand, segmental bronchi are the smaller branches that arise from the lobar bronchi and supply air to specific segments within each lobe. Therefore, the correct answer is lobar bronchi.

A patient with pain in the lateral cervical region may have impaired function of CN XI. The question mentions that the lateral cervical region is bordered by the SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle) and the border of the trapezius. CN XI, also known as the accessory nerve, innervates both of these muscles. Therefore, if there is pain in this region, it could potentially affect the function of CN XI and lead to impaired movement of the SCM and trapezius muscles.

The arch of the aorta is found in the superior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum is the upper part of the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. The arch of the aorta is a curved part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and it is located at the superior portion of the mediastinum.

After passing through the interventricular foramen of Monro, CSF initially drains into the third ventricle. The interventricular foramen of Monro connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through this pathway. Therefore, the correct answer is the third ventricle.

pharyngeal tonsils are in the nasopharynx and the palantine tonsils are in the oropharynx

formed by joining of manubrium and body

During diastole, the coronary arteries fill the most. Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is relaxed and the chambers are filling with blood. During this phase, the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle itself, receive the most blood flow. This is because the pressure in the heart is lower during diastole, allowing for adequate perfusion of the coronary arteries and ensuring that the heart muscle receives the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly.

The thoracic duct and azygous vein follow the thoracic aorta. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and it drains lymph from the lower limbs, abdomen, left side of the thorax, left upper limb, and left side of the head and neck. The azygous vein is a major vein that drains blood from the thoracic wall and empties into the superior vena cava. Both of these structures run parallel to the thoracic aorta, making it the correct answer.

latissimus is not an accessory muscle of respiration

The cerebellar tentorium is a structure in the brain that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum. It is a fold of the dura mater, the outermost layer of the meninges, and it helps to provide support and protection to the brain. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, reasoning, and memory, while the cerebellum is involved in coordination, balance, and motor control. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrum and cerebellum.

Patients with lacrimal gland problems may present with tenderness in the superolateral part of each orbit. The lacrimal gland is located in the superolateral part of the orbit, near the outer corner of the eye. If there is inflammation or infection in the lacrimal gland, it can cause tenderness in this area.

The submental triangle is the only unpaired triangle in the anterior cervical region. The submandibular triangle, carotid triangle, and muscular triangle are all paired structures. The submental triangle is located below the chin and is bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the two hyoid muscles.

Damage to the oropharynx is the most compatible finding with trauma to Zone III of the neck. Zone III is located between the cricoid cartilage and the angle of the mandible, and it includes the oropharynx. Trauma to this zone can result in damage to the oropharynx, such as lacerations or perforations. This can be caused by penetrating injuries or blunt force trauma to the neck. Damage to the other structures listed (cervical pleura, thyroid, and cartilages of the neck) would not be expected in Zone III trauma.

the superior atypical ribs are 1 and 2 , the closest structure would be the subclavian vessels which run along the superior surface of the 1st rib

The correct answer is "none of the above." This is because the question is asking about the involvement of certain structures in problems related to the external ear, and none of the options listed (vestibulocochlear organ, endolymph, tympanic plexus of nerves, malleus, incus, stapes) are directly associated with the external ear. The vestibulocochlear organ is responsible for hearing and balance, the endolymph is a fluid found in the inner ear, the tympanic plexus of nerves is associated with the middle ear, and the malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones in the middle ear. Therefore, none of these options are involved in problems related to the external ear.

Injury to the obicularis oculi, the muscle responsible for closing the eyelids, can affect the normal functioning of tear production and drainage. The obicularis oculi muscle plays a crucial role in the lacrimal pump mechanism, which helps in the flow of tears. If this muscle is injured, it can lead to a decreased ability to close the eyelids properly, resulting in decreased flow of tears.

The correct answer is "lateral and anterior". The prevertebral muscles are located on the sides (lateral) and towards the front (anterior) of the vertebrae. These muscles are responsible for supporting and stabilizing the neck and spine.

The left subclavian artery passes posterior to the left sterno clavicular joint. This means that it is located behind the joint between the sternum and the clavicle on the left side of the body. This is an important anatomical landmark to be aware of when performing procedures or surgeries in this area.