Anatomic Pathology General Anatomy Post Test

In the context of pathology, the term "etiology" refers to the cause or origin of a disease or injury. It specifically addresses the agents or factors that lead to the development of tissue or cellular damage. This could include various factors such as infections, trauma, genetic abnormalities, or environmental exposures. Understanding the etiology of a disease or injury is crucial in diagnosing and treating the condition effectively.

The correct answer is metaplasia. Metaplasia refers to the reversible change in which one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type. In this case, the continuous exposure to motor vehicle smoke has caused the epithelial cells in the bronchus to change their form and adapt to the new environment. This change in cell type is known as metaplasia.

Cairan yang keluar dari vaskular ke interstitiel karena perubahan permeabilitas disebut eksudat.

The most likely adaptation that occurs in Amir's muscle cells due to protein deficiency is the shrinking of the nucleus due to the denaturation process of muscle cells.

Neovaskularisasi refers to the formation of new blood vessels. In the context of chronic inflammation, neovascularization occurs as a result of the body's response to the ongoing tissue damage and inflammation. The formation of new blood vessels helps to supply oxygen and nutrients to the inflamed area, aiding in the healing process. Therefore, the presence of neovascularization in the microscopic image suggests that chronic inflammation is occurring.

Dilatasi vaskuler adalah peningkatan diameter pembuluh darah yang terjadi selama radang akut. Hal ini terjadi sebagai respons terhadap pelepasan mediator inflamasi seperti histamin dan prostaglandin. Dilatasi vaskuler ini memungkinkan aliran darah yang lebih banyak ke daerah yang terkena, sehingga menyebabkan eritema atau kemerahan pada kulit.

TNF (tumor necrosis factor) is a mediator chemical that can cause fever and leukocytosis. TNF is produced by immune cells in response to infection or inflammation. It acts on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, leading to fever. TNF also stimulates the production of white blood cells (leukocytes) in the bone marrow, resulting in leukocytosis. Therefore, the presence of TNF can explain the occurrence of both fever and leukocytosis.

Opsonisasi adalah proses di mana antigen (seperti bakteri) diikat oleh antibodi atau komplemen C3b, yang kemudian memfasilitasi pengenalan dan fagositosis oleh sel fagositik seperti makrofag. Dalam proses ini, antigen yang diopsonisasi menjadi lebih mudah dikenali oleh sel fagositik, yang membantu dalam penghancuran bakteri. Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang benar adalah "Penggabungan antigen dengan Immunoglobulin atau Komplemen C3b".

The given scenario describes a 48-year-old woman with breast cancer who undergoes chemotherapy, resulting in the reduction of tumor size through individual fragmentation of the nucleus and cytoplasm of tumor cells. This process is known as apoptosis, which is a programmed cell death mechanism. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells, including cancer cells, from the body. It is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Therefore, apoptosis is the most suitable explanation for the given scenario.

In this case, the most likely irreversible damage that occurs in the heart muscle cells due to hypoxia and ischemia is the nucleus undergoing karyorrhexis. Karyorrhexis refers to the fragmentation of the nucleus, which is a characteristic feature of cell death. When the heart muscle cells do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, they undergo irreversible damage, leading to the fragmentation of the nucleus. This can be seen as a result of the severe blockage in the coronary artery, causing prolonged chest pain and elevated troponin levels.

Inflamasi purulen atau radang suppuratif disebabkan oleh bakteri pyogenik. This means that the presence of pus or the formation of pus is caused by certain bacteria that have the ability to induce a purulent inflammatory response in the body. These bacteria are commonly referred to as pyogenic bacteria, and they can cause infections such as abscesses, cellulitis, and certain types of pneumonia.

The correct answer is "Demam ringan, lymphocytosis, anemia." This is because in chronic inflammation, there is usually a mild fever (demam ringan) due to the body's immune response. Lymphocytosis refers to an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood, which is a characteristic finding in chronic inflammation. Anemia can also be present in chronic inflammation due to the release of inflammatory cytokines that can suppress the production of red blood cells.

The correct answer is Komplemen Faktor C5a dan C3a. The emigration of neutrophils from acute inflammatory sites towards the stimulus of inflammation is caused by the chemotactic factors, which include complement factors C5a and C3a. These factors attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation, promoting their migration and recruitment to the area in order to combat the inflammatory response.

The correct answer is "Akumulasi ROS intrasel" which means intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species. This refers to the build-up of harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species within the cells. These reactive oxygen species can cause damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to irreversible cell damage and dysfunction.

Leprosy is a disease that presents with chronic granulomatous inflammation. It is characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are aggregates of immune cells that surround and isolate the infectious agent. Leprosy is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. The chronic nature of the disease means that the inflammation persists over a long period of time, leading to the characteristic granulomatous appearance.

Apabila pada radang akut didapatkan nekrosis jaringan, maka sequelae yang akan terjadi adalah repair dengan bentukan cicatrik. Ketika jaringan mengalami nekrosis, sel-sel mati akan digantikan oleh jaringan parut atau cicatrik. Ini adalah proses alami tubuh untuk memperbaiki kerusakan jaringan. Jaringan parut biasanya memiliki tekstur yang berbeda dan tidak memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan jaringan normal.