Ultimate Motor Learning Quiz: Psychology Trivia!
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What is the most correct definition of Demonstration?
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A form of teaching that encourages individuals to examine a skill from an observers point of view
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A common method for providing information
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Another way of explaining modeling, or observational learning
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All of the above
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A) & b)
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B) & c)
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What do you know about motor learning? Would you like to try this quiz? Motor learning refers to changes in an organism's movements that incite alterations in the nervous system's structure and function. Motor learning occurs over varying time scales and degrees of complexity. Humans learn a variety of useful skills throughout their years, but things like height and weight See morechange. If you would like to discover additional information about motor learning, try this quiz.
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- 2.
Which of the following principles of Demonstration for skill acquisition is FALSE:
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Demonstrators should perform the skill correctly, however make small skill errors in order to allow the novice observer to engage in more active problem solving
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The observer perceives the invariant movement patterns correctly, the more likely these patterns will promote the quality from the demonstration
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Observer perceives information about the strategy used by the model to solve movement problems.
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Demonstration leads to better skill learning than other instruction forms
Correct Answer
A. Demonstrators should perform the skill correctly, however make small skill errors in order to allow the novice observer to engage in more active problem solvingExplanation
The Demonstrator should always perform the skill correctlyRate this question:
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- 3.
Novices should observe other novices as part of the demonstration.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Reasons why novices should observe other novices: - beginners can derive learning benefits from unskilled demonstrators - discourages the imitation of a skilled model's performance - encourages the observer to engage in more active problem-solving.Rate this question:
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- 4.
How frequently should a demonstration be given?
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At the start of practice only
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Only once the learners have attempted the skill on their own
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At the start of practice and then immediately after every attempt
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At the start of practice and then at the end of practice
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At the start of practice and then intermittently as frequently as necerssary
Correct Answer
A. At the start of practice and then intermittently as frequently as necerssaryExplanation
A demonstration should be given at the start of practice to provide an initial understanding of the skill. However, it is also important to give demonstrations intermittently throughout the practice session to reinforce the learning, provide reminders, and make any necessary adjustments or corrections. The frequency of these intermittent demonstrations should be determined based on the needs of the learners and the complexity of the skill being taught.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The ________________ (Bandura 186) states that when a person observes a model, they translate the observed movement information into a symbolic memory code the forms the basis of a stored representation in memory and uses it when the observer performs the skill:
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Central Resource Capacity Theory
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Cognitive Medation Theory
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Dynamic View of Modeling
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Filter Theory
Correct Answer
A. Cognitive Medation TheoryExplanation
The Cognitive Mediation Theory (Bandura, 186) suggests that when individuals observe someone performing a skill, they convert the observed movement information into a symbolic memory code. This code is then stored in their memory and serves as the foundation for their own performance of the skill. In other words, individuals use the stored representation in memory to guide their own actions when they attempt to perform the skill they observed.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Verbal Instructions rank with a demonstration as a commonly used means of communicating how to perform skills. Which of the following factors about developing effective verbal instructions is FALSE:
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You need to focus on the movement outcomes ie. action effect hypothesis
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Focus attention on invariant environmental context and regulatory conditions
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They should be descriptive and long so that the observer understand what is required
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Give verbal instructions the influence goal achievement strategies
Correct Answer
A. They should be descriptive and long so that the observer understand what is requiredExplanation
Verbal cues should be short, concise phrases that can direct attention to: 1. Environmental regulatory conditions 2. Key Movement ComponentsRate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following statements about Performance is FALSE:
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Largely due to practice
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Temporary
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Observable behaviour
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May be influences by performance variables
Correct Answer
A. Largely due to practiceExplanation
Although practice must be done in order to achieve greater total performance, all performances may not be due to practiceRate this question:
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- 8.
Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE:
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Temporary outcome of practice
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Due to practice
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Largely influence by performance variables
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Indicates a mostly stable performance outcome
Correct Answer
A. Due to practiceExplanation
The statement "due to practice" is true because learning is a process that occurs as a result of practice. When we engage in repeated practice of a skill or concept, our understanding and ability to perform it improves over time. Practice allows us to reinforce neural connections in our brain, leading to the acquisition and retention of knowledge or skills. Therefore, learning is directly influenced by the amount and quality of practice we engage in.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following is not a general performance characteristic of skill learning?
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Improvement in skill performance
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Varied results of performance
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Persistance
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Adaptability
Correct Answer
A. Varied results of performanceExplanation
Level of Performance is relatively stable
Persistance relates to being able to continue to perform the skill after not performing it for many years (ie. riding a bike)
Adaptability relates to adapting the skill to any given scenario, a different context (ie. throwing a ball in softball then throwing a cricket ball)Rate this question:
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- 10.
A novice who is beginning to learn how to play chess, will generally display which sort of learning curve?
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Linear
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Negatively Accelerated
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Positively Accelerated
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S-Shaped
Correct Answer
A. Positively AcceleratedExplanation
Chess, as a cognitive skill, will display a slight gain early but a great improvement later (once all the rules have been learnt and strategy becomes important)Rate this question:
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- 11.
A skill that displays an early improvement in learning that then slows during latter practice experiences what sort of learning curve?
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Linear
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Negatively Accelerated
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Positively Accelerated
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S-Shaped
Correct Answer
A. Negatively AcceleratedExplanation
A skill that displays an early improvement in learning that then slows during later practice experiences a negatively accelerated learning curve. This means that the rate of improvement decreases over time, indicating that the initial progress is faster but gradually tapers off. This type of learning curve is commonly observed when individuals first start learning a new skill and make rapid progress in the beginning, but as they become more proficient, the rate of improvement slows down.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Learning can be assessed using various means. _________ Tests determing the permanence of the performance level achieved during practice, having a period of time without practice.
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Transfer
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Kinematic
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Retention
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Performance
Correct Answer
A. RetentionExplanation
Retention tests are used to determine the permanence of the performance level achieved during practice, after a period of time without practice. These tests assess the ability of an individual to retain and recall the learned information or skills over time. By conducting retention tests, educators and researchers can evaluate the effectiveness of the learning process and identify areas that may require further reinforcement or improvement.Rate this question:
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- 13.
A Transfer test determines if learning has occured by:
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Testing the adaptability of the skill
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Testing the skill in a different context to the practice context
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Altering the skill context so adaptation occurs
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Observing a skill performance the is difference to the skill practiced
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All of the aboce
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A), b) and c)
Correct Answer
A. All of the aboceExplanation
A Transfer test is a test in which the person performs a skill that is different from the skill they practiced, OR performs the skill in a context or situation different from the practice context.
Novel Context characteristics:
- Availability of augmented feedback
- Physical Environment
- Personal Characteristics
Novel skill variations:
- Alter skill to alter performance context so adaptation occurs
- Learning Assessment focus is the differenceRate this question:
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- 14.
What are some of the reasons why practice performance may misrepresent learning?
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Practice may involve a performance variable that could artificially inflate or depress performance
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Performance during practice will not allow for retention or possible transfer
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Practice may be misleading if it involves performance plateaus
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A) & b)
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A) & c)
Correct Answer
A. A) & c)Explanation
Practice performance may misrepresent learning for several reasons. Firstly, practice may involve a performance variable that artificially inflates or depresses performance. This means that the practice itself may not accurately reflect the actual learning that has taken place. Secondly, performance during practice may not allow for retention or possible transfer. In other words, just because someone performs well during practice does not necessarily mean that they have truly learned and can apply that knowledge in other contexts. Lastly, practice may be misleading if it involves performance plateaus. This means that even if someone is consistently performing at a certain level during practice, it does not necessarily mean that they are actually improving or learning.Rate this question:
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- 15.
According the Fitts and Posner (1967), an individual who thinks about what they have to do in order to correctly perform a skill is in the _______ Stage of Learning:
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Autonomous
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Cognitive
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Associative
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Middle
Correct Answer
A. CognitiveExplanation
Cognitive Stage:
Beginners/Novices focus on cognitively oriented problems:
- what is my objective?
- how far should I move this arm?
Performance is characterised by a large number of errors (also large in quantity)
Highly Variable PerformanceRate this question:
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- 16.
A person who has learnt to self correct their own performance, has low performance variability and is able to perform the skill without thinking of the performance characteristics of the skill is in the ______________ Stage of Learning:
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Associative
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Expert
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Autonomous
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Habitual
Correct Answer
A. AutonomousExplanation
A person who has reached the autonomous stage of learning has developed a high level of skill and proficiency in performing a task. They have internalized the skill to the point where they can perform it without consciously thinking about the specific performance characteristics. This stage is characterized by low performance variability, indicating that the person is able to consistently perform the skill at a high level.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following statements about the Associative Stage of Learning as propsed by Fitts and Posner (1967) is FALSE:
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The person has learnt to associate specific environmental cues with movements required to achieve the goal of the skill
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Few errors (that are small in size)
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Ability to identify errors and self correct
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Performance variability begins to decrease as skill is refined
Correct Answer
A. Ability to identify errors and self correctExplanation
Individuals are only able to detect their own errors and make adjustments to correct them once they have reached to Autonomous Stage of Learning, once the skill has become automatic or habitual.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Gentiles 2 Stage Model (1972, 1987, 2000) viewed motor learning through two stages. These are known as:
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First, Second
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Cognitive, Associative
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Beginner, Expert
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Initial, Later
Correct Answer
A. Initial, LaterExplanation
Initial Stage involves:
- movement coordination pattern acquirement
- learn to discriminate between regulatory and non regulatory conditions (eg. taking a mark during a GF at the MCG you would want to focus on the size, shape and weight of the ball and not on the crowd)
Later Stage involves:
- adapting
- consistency
- economy of effort (achieving the goal in a much more efficient way - taking less effort)Rate this question:
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- 19.
A novice performing a skill will often have various characteristics used to simplify the skill. One of these includes:
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Freeing the Degrees of Freedom
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Opening the Degrees of Freedom of the skill
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Freezing the Degrees of Freedom
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Closing the Degrees of Freedom of the skill
Correct Answer
A. Freezing the Degrees of FreedomExplanation
Freezing the Degrees of Freedom (movement coordination) simplifies the work for the brain, by creating less options and focussing on the important parts of the skill. Once the beginner becomes more confident and proficient at the skill they will begin the Free the Degrees of Freedom, in order to greater develop the skill.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following performer characteristics about an expert is generally FALSE:
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Becomes more efficient at performing the skill
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Increased capacity to detect errors
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An increased rate of improvement
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Greater ability to selectively pay attention to the correct sensory sources
Correct Answer
A. An increased rate of improvementExplanation
Novices generally have a greater rate of improvement than expertsRate this question:
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- 21.
One performer characteristic that does not change across learning stages is:
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Dependency on feedback
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Movement coordination proficiency
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Conscious attention when performing the skill
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The use of visual feedback
Correct Answer
A. The use of visual feedbackExplanation
If we use visual feedback during practice in the first stage of learning, we will continue to use this even once we become more skillful later on. Proteua (1988) hypothesised that dependency develops since sensory component of memory representation of the skill: *not only movement dependent but becomes dependent on the feedback provided: can impact competition as feedback given during practice is not provide*Rate this question:
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- 22.
Highly organised activities that: - have a structured set of rules - requires effort and are not particularly enjoyable - are specifcally designed to improve current level of performance; and - involve delayed gratification (promise of return effort) are classified as what sort of practice?
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Part
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Whole
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Deliberate
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Efficient
Correct Answer
A. DeliberateExplanation
Deliberate practice refers to highly organized activities that have a structured set of rules and require effort, but may not be particularly enjoyable. These activities are specifically designed to improve one's current level of performance and often involve delayed gratification, meaning that the promise of return effort is expected. This type of practice is intentional and focused, aiming to push individuals outside of their comfort zones and continuously challenge themselves in order to achieve mastery in a specific skill or domain.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Ericsson et al. (1993) propsed that a particular number of years and hours of practice were needed before expertise of a skill was atttained. How many years and hours did he recommend?
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5 year;5,000 hours
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10 years; 10,000 hours
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15 years; 10,000 hours
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10 years; 15,000 hours
Correct Answer
A. 10 years; 10,000 hoursExplanation
Ericsson et al. (1993) recommended that it takes 10 years and 10,000 hours of practice to attain expertise in a skill.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Transfer of learning is most correctly defined as:
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Learning a skill in one context and being able to perform is in another context
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The influence of previous experience on performing an old skill in a new context or a new skill in the same context
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A negative, positive or neutral influence on skill performance
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A test of whether learning of a skill has occired and been retained or not
Correct Answer
A. The influence of previous experience on performing an old skill in a new context or a new skill in the same contextExplanation
Transfer of learning can also be referred to as the gain (or loss) of proficiency in one skill as the result of practice on some other skillRate this question:
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- 25.
When there is a similarity in skill and context components, and a similarity in the processing requirements of the skill, what sort of learning can occur?
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Negative Transfer
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Positive Transfer
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Neutral Transfer
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Bilateral Transfer
Correct Answer
A. Positive TransferExplanation
Positive Transfer of Learning can occur when there is:
- Similarity of and context components: transfer is due to the similarity between the components of the two skills or performance situations
- Similarity of processing requirements: transfer occurs because of the similarity of the cognitive processes required by the two skills or two performance situationsRate this question:
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- 26.
Negative Transfer of Learning is defined as:
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The learning of a new task bit with contra-lateral limb
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Transferring knowledge of sport or skill into the actual performance
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When learning a new skill or creating new experiences affects the performance of a past skill
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When previous experience inhibits or negatively affects performance of a skill in a new context or the learning of a new skill
Correct Answer
A. When previous experience inhibits or negatively affects performance of a skill in a new context or the learning of a new skillExplanation
Negative Transfer:
- considered rare and temporary in motor skill learning
- occurs when an old stimulus requires a new but similar response
- negative effects do not continue through all stages of learningRate this question:
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- 27.
Which of the following statements about Bilateral Transfer of Learning is FALSE:
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It relates to learning the same task but with the contra-lateral limb
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Also known as cross-transfer or cross-education
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Asymmetric transfer occurs when there is a greater amount of transfer from one limb then from the other
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It is very important to develop proficiency for all motor skills using both limbs
Correct Answer
A. It is very important to develop proficiency for all motor skills using both limbsExplanation
Although developing skills using both the non-preferred and preferred limbs is important in many motor skills (ie. throwing, kicking) in other skills it is very important to develop a single proficient limb (ie. handwriting)Rate this question:
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Nov 09, 2012Quiz Created by
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