Motor Learning Exam 1

A taxonomy is indeed a classification system. It is a way of organizing and categorizing things based on their characteristics and relationships. It helps in grouping similar items together and providing a structure for organizing and understanding information. A taxonomy can be used in various fields such as biology, library science, and information technology to classify and organize data, concepts, or objects in a systematic manner.

Motor control refers to the process by which the brain and nervous system coordinate and regulate the movements of muscles. It involves the interaction between the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that connect the central nervous system to the muscles. The neuromuscular system, which consists of the nerves and muscles working together, plays a crucial role in motor control. Therefore, the statement that motor control has to do with the neuromuscular system is true.

A motor skill is a learned ability to perform a specific action or movement using body, head, and/or limb coordination. It involves the use of muscles and requires physical movement to achieve a specific goal or outcome. Therefore, the statement that a motor skill requires body, head, and/or limb movement to achieve its goal is true.

The statement is true because response time is indeed equal to the sum of reaction time and movement time. Reaction time refers to the time it takes for a person to perceive a stimulus and initiate a response, while movement time is the time it takes for the person to physically execute the response. Therefore, the total response time includes both the mental processing and physical execution components.

Turning on a light switch is considered a discrete skill because it involves a single, specific action that has a clear beginning and end. It is a simple and self-contained task that does not require ongoing or continuous effort.

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of the results obtained from a test or experiment when it is repeated. If a test or experiment is reliable, it means that it consistently produces the same or similar results when conducted multiple times. Therefore, the statement "Reliability is the tendency of a repeated test or experiment to produce the same results" is true.

A choice reaction time refers to a situation where multiple signals or stimuli are presented, and each signal requires a specific response. In such cases, individuals must quickly identify each signal and select the appropriate response based on the specific signal they perceive. This contrasts with a simple reaction time, where only one signal is presented, and the response is straightforward. Therefore, the given statement is true as it accurately describes the concept of choice reaction time.

Interneurons are a type of neuron that connect sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. They play a crucial role in transmitting signals between these two areas, allowing for communication and coordination of various bodily functions. Therefore, the statement that interneurons connect the brain and spinal cord by transmitting signals to and from them is true.

Walking on a crowded sidewalk is an example of an open system because it involves interaction and exchange with the environment. In this scenario, individuals are not isolated but rather influenced by the people and surroundings around them. They can freely move, change direction, and engage in communication or interaction with others. The sidewalk is not a controlled or isolated environment, but rather a dynamic and interconnected system where various factors can affect the movement and behavior of individuals.

A discrimination reaction time refers to a situation where multiple signals or stimuli are presented, but the individual is required to respond to only one specific signal. In this case, there is a single response that needs to be made, despite the presence of multiple signals. Therefore, the statement "A discrimination reaction time is when there is more than one signal but only one response" is true.

This statement is true because finding the dependent variable mean involves adding up all the scores (x) and then dividing by the total number of scores (n). This calculation allows us to determine the average or mean value of the dependent variable.

Playing a violin requires fine motor skills, as it involves precise finger movements and coordination. Gross motor skills, on the other hand, involve larger muscle groups and are related to activities like running or jumping. Therefore, playing a violin is not an example of gross motor skills.

Displacement is the correct answer because it refers to the measure of distance from an initial position to the final position. It takes into account both the magnitude and direction of the movement, making it a vector quantity. Velocity is the rate of change of displacement over time, magnitude refers to the size or quantity of a vector, and none of the above does not accurately describe the measure of distance from an initial position to the final position.

The occipital lobe is involved with vision. It is located at the back of the brain and is responsible for processing visual information received from the eyes. This lobe contains the primary visual cortex, which interprets and makes sense of the visual stimuli. Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual impairments and difficulties in perceiving and recognizing objects and colors.

Closed motor skills are not characterized by supporting surfaces, objects, and/or people being in motion. Closed motor skills refer to skills that are performed in a predictable and stable environment, where the performer has control over the situation and there are no external factors affecting the skill execution. In closed motor skills, the supporting surfaces, objects, and/or people are typically stationary, allowing the performer to focus on executing the skill without the interference of external variables. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Walking in a hallway crowded with moving people is an example of an in-motion regulatory condition because the individual is required to adjust their movements continuously in response to the changing environment. Additionally, it is also an example of a condition with intertrial variability because each trial or instance of walking in the hallway will present different obstacles and challenges due to the unpredictable movements of other people.

Acceleration is the correct answer because it represents the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time. When an object is in motion, its velocity is constantly changing, either by speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction. Acceleration is directly related to the force acting on the object, according to Newton's second law of motion. Therefore, acceleration is the most appropriate term to describe the change in velocity during movement.

The receptive region of the neuron is called the dendrites. Dendrites are the branch-like extensions of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. They play a crucial role in receiving and integrating incoming signals, allowing the neuron to process information and generate an appropriate response. The axon hillock is the region where the axon originates from the cell body. The soma, also known as the cell body, contains the nucleus and other cellular organelles. While the nucleus is responsible for controlling the cell's activities and contains genetic information.

The statement is true because the dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment. It is the outcome or response variable that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the independent variable. In order to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, the dependent variable must be measured and analyzed. Therefore, the dependent variable is what is being measured in an experiment.

The correct answer is acceleration. Velocity divided by time gives us the rate of change of velocity, which is acceleration. Acceleration measures how quickly an object's velocity is changing over time. It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

The control group is the group that does not receive any treatment or intervention, serving as a baseline for comparison. It remains unchanged throughout the experiment, allowing researchers to determine the effects of the independent variable on the experimental group. By comparing the experimental group to the control group, any differences in the dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable.

The supplementary motor area is a region of the brain that is involved in the planning and execution of movements. It plays a role in controlling sequential movements, such as those involved in complex motor tasks or in the execution of a series of movements in a specific order. Additionally, it is responsible for the preparation and initiation of movements, coordinating the timing and sequencing of muscle contractions. Therefore, the statement that the supplementary motor area controls sequential movement as well as preparation and execution is true.

The hypothalamus is responsible for controlling the release of hormones in the body. It acts as the control center for the endocrine system, regulating various bodily functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual behavior. It receives signals from other parts of the brain and sends out appropriate signals to the pituitary gland, which then releases hormones into the bloodstream. Therefore, the hypothalamus is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in hormone regulation and control.

An EEG (electroencephalogram) is a device used to measure electrical activity in the brain. It records the brain's electrical signals through electrodes placed on the scalp. This allows for the detection and analysis of brainwave patterns, which can provide insights into brain function and activity. Unlike other options such as fMRI, EMG, and PET, which measure different aspects of brain activity or physiological responses, an EEG specifically focuses on electrical activity in the brain.

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It is a medical imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the internal structures of the body. Unlike other imaging techniques, MRI does not use ionizing radiation, making it a safer option for patients. MRI can provide high-resolution images of organs, tissues, and bones, allowing doctors to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions. Therefore, the correct answer is MRI as it produces a detailed view of the internal bodily structures.

The parietal lobe is indeed involved in the integration of movement preparation and execution. This lobe plays a crucial role in processing sensory information, such as touch, temperature, and spatial awareness. It helps in coordinating motor functions and translating sensory inputs into appropriate motor responses. The parietal lobe also aids in the planning and execution of movements by integrating sensory information with motor commands from other brain regions. Therefore, the statement is true.

The medulla is a part of the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating various involuntary functions of the body, including breathing. It contains specialized neurons that detect changes in the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and signals the respiratory muscles to adjust the breathing rate accordingly. Therefore, it is correct to say that the medulla regulates breathing.

The experimental group is the group that performs the action or receives the treatment being tested in an experiment. It is the group that is exposed to the independent variable, which is the variable being manipulated by the researcher. The response or outcome that the researcher is searching for is measured in the dependent variable. Therefore, the experimental group is the group that does the action (exposed to the independent variable) and gets the response (measured in the dependent variable) that the researcher is looking for.

The statement is true because radial error refers to the overall accuracy or deviation in two dimensions, typically measured from a central point or axis. It is commonly used in fields such as engineering and surveying to assess the precision of measurements or the accuracy of circular or radial features. Therefore, the given statement accurately describes the concept of radial error.

The statement "Movement and actions are one in the same" is false. Movement refers to the physical act of changing position or location, while actions refer to the specific behaviors or activities performed by an individual. While movement is a type of action, not all actions involve movement. For example, someone can perform actions such as speaking, thinking, or making decisions without physically moving. Therefore, movement and actions are not synonymous.

Regulatory conditions refer to the rules, regulations, and constraints imposed by the environment that determine the movement characteristics needed to perform an action. These conditions may include legal requirements, safety standards, or specific guidelines that need to be followed in order to successfully perform the action. In other words, regulatory conditions dictate the parameters within which the action must be executed, ensuring compliance and efficiency. Stationary conditions and functional conditions do not specifically address the regulatory aspect of the environment, making them incorrect options.

RT is commonly used as an abbreviation for "Retweet" on social media platforms like Twitter. In this context, retweeting can be seen as a means for individuals to share information or content from others with their own followers. By retweeting, a person is essentially identifying and sharing the environment context information they used to prepare and perform the action of sharing the tweet. Therefore, the statement is true.

Shooting a free throw in basketball is an example of a closed motor skill, not an open motor skill. Open motor skills involve performing a skill in an unpredictable or changing environment, where the execution of the skill needs to be adapted to the changing conditions. Shooting a free throw, on the other hand, is a closed motor skill because the environment is relatively stable and predictable, with no interference or opposition from other players.

The statement is false because in a round of golf, the regulatory conditions do not stay the same for every putt. The conditions can vary depending on factors such as weather, course layout, and position of the ball. Golfers need to adapt to these changing conditions and adjust their strategies accordingly.

EMG records electrical activity in the muscles. Determines when a muscle begins and ends activation

The statement "The constant error is biased" is true. This means that there is a consistent and systematic error present in the measurement or observation, which is not due to random chance. This bias can lead to inaccurate or skewed results, as the error consistently shifts the measurements or observations in a particular direction. Identifying and accounting for this bias is essential in order to obtain accurate and reliable data.

The correct answer is speed because the formula for displacement divided by time is a measure of how quickly an object is moving, which is commonly referred to as speed. Displacement refers to the change in position of an object, and time is the duration it takes for that change to occur. Therefore, dividing displacement by time gives us the rate at which the object is moving, or its speed.

The statement is true because absolute error is a measure of the magnitude or size of the difference between the actual value and the estimated value. It disregards the direction of the error and only focuses on the absolute value of the difference. By calculating the absolute error, one can understand how far off their estimate is from the true value, regardless of whether it is an overestimate or an underestimate.

The statement is false because walking in an uncluttered hallway does not involve intertrial variability. Intertrial variability refers to the variation in performance between different trials of the same task or condition. In this case, since the hallway is uncluttered, there is no variability in the conditions that could affect walking.

The performance environment refers to the external factors that can impact motor skill performance. These factors include the physical surroundings, such as the terrain or weather conditions, as well as the social and psychological aspects, such as the presence of an audience or the pressure to perform well. The performance environment can greatly influence an individual's ability to execute motor skills effectively, as it can either enhance or hinder their performance. Therefore, besides skill, the performance environment is another crucial factor that influences motor skill performance.

Movement time refers to the duration it takes to complete a movement, from the initiation of the movement until its completion. It measures the time it takes for an individual to perform a specific action or movement. This includes all the stages involved in the movement, such as reaction time, decision-making, and execution. Movement time is an important measure in various fields, including sports, ergonomics, and psychology, as it provides insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of movements.

The statement is false because the three most common brain imaging devices involved in motor learning are actually the EEG (electroencephalography), fNIRS (functional near-infrared spectroscopy), and fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). The NIDS is not a commonly used brain imaging device in motor learning research.

reaction time

Motor learning refers to the process of acquiring and refining motor skills through practice and experience, resulting in relatively permanent changes in behavior. This contrasts with temporary improvements that might occur from short-term practice but disappear after rest. Motor learning is critical for skill development in sports, physical therapy, and everyday activities that require coordination and control. Thus, the correct answer is B because motor learning results in lasting changes, not just temporary improvements.

Only pre motor and motor time

The primary motor cortex is responsible for initiating movement. It is located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex and plays a crucial role in planning, executing, and coordinating voluntary movements. This region receives input from other areas of the brain and sends signals to the muscles, allowing for the initiation of movement.

The question is asking for a term that describes a general trial of an individual's capacity. The term "ability" fits this description as it refers to a person's capability or skill in performing a task or achieving a goal. It is a broad term that encompasses various aspects of an individual's capacity, making it the most suitable answer among the given options.

Interneurons are a type of neuron that are found entirely within the brain or spinal cord. They connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and are responsible for processing and integrating information within the central nervous system. Unlike sensory and motor neurons, which transmit signals to and from the brain and spinal cord, interneurons stay within the central nervous system and facilitate communication between different parts of the nervous system. Therefore, interneurons are the correct answer because they originate and terminate within the brain or spinal cord.

Parkinson's disease is not associated with a dysfunction of the cerebellum. It is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the basal ganglia, which are responsible for controlling movement. The cerebellum, on the other hand, is involved in coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance, but it is not directly implicated in Parkinson's disease.

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