Urinary S And D

Explanation
The volume of 500 ml is needed to excrete the urinary solutes, including urea, uric acid, and electrolytes, from the body. This indicates that the body needs to eliminate 500 ml of waste products through urine in order to maintain proper physiological balance.

Explanation
Oliguria refers to the production of insufficient urine, which means that the body is not able to excrete solutes in adequate amounts. This condition can be caused by various factors such as dehydration, kidney damage, or certain medications. Oliguria is characterized by a decrease in urine output, usually less than 400 milliliters per day in adults. It can be a sign of an underlying medical condition and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

Explanation
Oliguria refers to a decreased urine output, typically less than 400 mL per day. It can occur due to various reasons, including reduced glomerular filtration rate, hypovolemia, and cardiac failure. Acute pancreatitis, on the other hand, is inflammation of the pancreas and is not directly associated with oliguria. Therefore, oliguria does not develop in acute pancreatitis.

Explanation
Anuria is a medical condition characterized by a complete cessation of urine flow. This means that the individual is unable to produce any urine at all. Therefore, the statement "Anuria is when urine flow ceases totally" is correct.

Explanation
Polyuria is a condition characterized by excessive urination. Increased fluid intake, treatment with diuretic drugs, diabetes mellitus, and diabetes insipidus are all known causes of polyuria. However, treatment with corticosteroids is not a common cause of polyuria. Corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, but they do not typically cause excessive urination. Therefore, the correct answer is treatment with corticosteroids.

Explanation
It is the reduced production of ADH from the pituitary gland or a lack of response of kidney collecting ducts to present ADH-nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Explanation
Oedema, or the accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues, can be caused by various factors. Abnormal renal excretion refers to the kidneys' inability to effectively remove excess fluid from the body, leading to fluid retention. Heart disease can cause oedema as it can impair the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, resulting in fluid build-up. Liver disease can also lead to oedema as it can disrupt the production of proteins that help maintain fluid balance in the body. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors can contribute to the development of oedema.

Explanation
Oedema associated with kidney disease is usually noticed first in the face. This is because the kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and excess fluid from the body. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, fluid can accumulate in the tissues, leading to swelling or oedema. The face is often the first area to show signs of oedema due to the effect of gravity and the relatively thin skin in this region. As kidney disease progresses, oedema may also be observed in other parts of the body, such as the ankles, legs, and stomach.

Explanation
Hypovolaemia refers to a decrease in blood volume, which can lead to low blood pressure. However, it is not a common cause of hypertension. Hypertension is typically caused by factors such as renal artery stenosis (narrowing of the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys), chronic renal failure (progressive loss of kidney function), and glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidney's filtering units). Therefore, hypovolaemia is not a likely cause of hypertension.

Explanation
Reagent strips used for urine testing are designed to detect specific substances in the urine. Glucose, protein, and blood can be detected using these strips. However, fats cannot be tested using reagent strips as they are not typically present in urine. These strips are primarily used to screen for conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, and urinary tract infections, which are associated with the presence of glucose, protein, and blood in the urine.

Explanation
Protein is not normally found in urine. The presence of protein in urine, known as proteinuria, is usually a sign of kidney damage or dysfunction. Normally, the kidneys filter waste products from the blood, including excess protein, and excrete them in urine. However, when the kidneys are not functioning properly, they may allow protein to leak into the urine. This can be indicative of various underlying health conditions, such as kidney disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, or urinary tract infections. Therefore, the correct answer is False, as protein should not be present in urine under normal circumstances.