A&p Of The Urinary System

The retroperitoneal space is located behind the abdominal cavity, where the kidneys are positioned. This anatomical location allows the kidneys to be protected and supported by surrounding structures such as muscles and fat. Therefore, it is correct to say that the kidney lies in the retroperitoneal space.

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Nephrons are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and producing urine. Each kidney contains millions of nephrons, which consist of a glomerulus, a tubule, and associated blood vessels. The nephron is essential for maintaining the body's fluid balance, regulating electrolyte levels, and removing waste products through urine formation. The other options, such as medulla, calices, and ureter, are not the functional units of the kidney but rather different structures or components within the kidney.

The bladder is the correct answer because it is the organ that serves as a reservoir for urine. It collects and stores urine that is produced by the kidneys before it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. The renal pelvis, ureters, and urethra are also involved in the urinary system, but they do not specifically function as a reservoir for urine like the bladder does.

The cortex surrounds the medulla of the kidney. The kidney is composed of an outer layer called the cortex and an inner region called the medulla. The cortex contains the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules, while the medulla contains the renal pyramids and the collecting ducts. The cortex surrounds and protects the medulla, playing a crucial role in the filtration and reabsorption of waste products and water in the kidney.

The correct answer is Glomerular filtration; Tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion. These three processes are the main steps involved in urine production in the kidneys. Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus, where blood is filtered to form a fluid called filtrate. Tubular reabsorption takes place in the renal tubules, where useful substances like water, glucose, and ions are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. Tubular secretion involves the transfer of waste products, drugs, and excess ions from the bloodstream into the renal tubules to be eliminated in urine.

The statement is true because calices, which are the small cup-shaped structures in the kidney that collect urine, are indeed indented by the projecting pyramids. The pyramids, also known as renal pyramids, are triangular structures in the kidney that contain collecting ducts and loop of Henle. These pyramids project into the calices, creating an indented appearance. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Bowman's capsule encases the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels located in the kidney that filters waste products and excess water from the blood. Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and acts as a protective barrier. It collects the filtered fluid, known as the glomerular filtrate, and transports it to the proximal convoluted tubule for further processing in the kidney. The other options listed, such as the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, and loop of Henle, are all different parts of the renal tubule system and are involved in the reabsorption and secretion of substances in the urine, but they do not directly encase the glomerulus.

The hormone that influences the permeability of the tubular cells to water is antidiuretic hormone. This hormone, also known as vasopressin, is released by the pituitary gland and acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption. By increasing the permeability of the tubular cells, antidiuretic hormone allows more water to be reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream, resulting in concentrated urine and preventing excessive water loss from the body.

The anterior urethra does indeed pass through the corpus spongiosum, which is a spongy tissue in the penis. It then terminates at the glans penis, which is the rounded tip of the penis. Therefore, the statement is true.

The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that is located at the top of the ureter. It collects urine from the major calices, which are small cup-like structures that collect urine from the kidney's minor calices. The renal pelvis then tapers down into the ureter, which carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. This explanation describes the correct answer without explicitly stating it.

The correct answer is Bowman's capsule. The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels located within the Bowman's capsule in the nephron. It is responsible for the initial filtration of blood in the kidney. The bladder, proximal convoluted tubule, and nephron are all parts of the urinary system, but they are not specifically where the glomerulus is located.

In the descending limb of the Loop of Henle, sodium ions are actively secreted while water is passively reabsorbed. This means that the body actively transports sodium ions out of the tubule and into the surrounding tissue, while water moves out of the tubule through osmosis. This process helps to concentrate the urine and maintain the body's water balance.

If the sodium concentration is too high, it means there is an excess of sodium ions in the body. In this case, the bottom of the loop of Henle, which is a part of the kidney responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes, will selectively reabsorb water. This reabsorption of water will result in a higher concentration of solutes in the urine, leading to urine concentration.

The correct answer is ureters. The given description states that these narrow muscular tubes originate at the lower portion of the renal pelvis, which is the area where urine collects in the kidney, and terminate in the bladder wall. The ureters are responsible for carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Pale conical shape structures are called pyramids.

The correct answer is Renal Pelvis. The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the major calices and transports it to the ureter. It is located at the center of the kidney and serves as a reservoir for urine before it is expelled from the body.

Each kidney has approximately 1 million nephrons. Nephrons are the functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products and excess water from the blood to produce urine. The large number of nephrons in each kidney allows for efficient filtration and maintenance of proper fluid balance in the body.

The correct answer is "Posterior urethra." The prostatic urethra is a section of the urethra that passes through the prostate gland. It is located in the posterior part of the urethra, which means it is towards the back or rear of the urethra. The prostatic urethra is responsible for transporting urine and semen out of the body.

The renal pelvis is a structure in the kidney that collects urine before it is transported to the ureter. It is located at the top of the ureter and serves as a funnel-like structure that drains urine from the kidney. The urine then passes through the ureter, which is a tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. The bladder stores the urine until it is ready to be eliminated through the urethra. Therefore, the renal pelvis is responsible for draining urine from the kidney into the ureter.

The ureters are responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They do this by using peristalsis, which is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that push the urine along the ureters. Once the urine reaches the bladder, it can be stored until it is expelled from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is ureters.

The proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney resists reabsorbing nitrogenous waste. This waste includes substances like urea and creatinine, which are byproducts of protein metabolism. The tubule plays a crucial role in filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them in urine. While it reabsorbs essential substances like glucose and amino acids, it actively resists reabsorbing nitrogenous waste to ensure their elimination from the body. This helps maintain the body's overall nitrogen balance and prevent accumulation of harmful waste products.

The left kidney does not lie lower than the right due to the position of the liver. In fact, the left kidney is slightly higher than the right kidney. The liver is located on the right side of the body, and it does not affect the position of the kidneys.

The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the kidney and funnels it into the ureter. The ureter then carries the urine from the kidney to the bladder. Therefore, the correct answer is "kidney; ureter."

The urethra is a tube that serves as a conduit for urine or semen. Its posterior segment acts as a sphincter mechanism, preventing urinary leakage during bladder filling and storage. The bladder is the organ responsible for storing urine, the kidney filters waste products from the blood, and the ureter is a tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Therefore, the correct answer is urethra.

The correct answer is bladder because it is a hollow, muscular organ that lies in the true pelvis. The bladder is responsible for storing urine before it is eliminated from the body. It is located in the lower abdomen and is connected to the kidneys through the ureters.

The anterior urethra is the segment of the urethra that is located closest to the external opening of the urinary tract. It extends from the bladder neck to the external urethral meatus. The posterior urethra, on the other hand, is the segment that is located closer to the bladder and extends from the bladder neck to the prostate gland in males and to the urethral sphincter in females. Since the question asks for the segment most distal from the bladder, the correct answer is the anterior urethra.

The first step in the filtration of blood for urine formation is the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located in the renal corpuscle. It is responsible for filtering waste products, toxins, and excess water from the blood, allowing only essential substances like nutrients and ions to pass through. The filtered blood then moves on to the proximal convoluted tubule for further processing and reabsorption. The bladder is not involved in the initial filtration process.

The statement is true because the arterial supply of the body does indeed divide into anterior and posterior branches. This division occurs in various regions of the body, such as the brain, where the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries supply blood to different areas. In other regions, such as the upper and lower limbs, the arterial supply also divides into anterior and posterior branches to ensure proper blood flow to different parts of the body. Therefore, the statement is correct.

The left ureter is slightly longer than the right ureter. This is because the left kidney sits slightly higher than the right kidney in the body, causing the left ureter to have a longer distance to travel to reach the bladder.

ascending limb

please say kidney

The term "apex" refers to the highest or topmost point of something. In the context of the given options, the apex would be the highest point of the structure being described. Since the other options mention specific surfaces or positions, they do not represent the highest point. Therefore, "apex" is the correct answer.

The male urethra originates at the bladder neck, which is the opening of the bladder. It then transverses through the prostate, which is a gland located below the bladder and surrounding the urethra. Finally, it ends at the glans penis, which is the tip or head of the penis.

The correct answer is T12 to L2 or L3. The kidney is situated at a 90-angle from the spine, and it is adjacent to the levels of the spinal column between T12 and L2 or L3.

The correct answer is the posterior urethra. The explanation for this answer is that the posterior urethra originates at the bladder neck and is composed of a prostatic and membranous portion. This portion of the urethra is located behind the pubic bone and extends through the prostate gland and the urogenital diaphragm. It is responsible for the passage of urine and semen in males. On the other hand, the anterior urethra is the portion of the urethra that extends from the external urethral orifice to the membranous urethra.

As fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct, the tubule and duct cells secrete other materials such as waste, drugs, and excess ions into the fluid.

The arterial supply refers to the blood vessels that deliver oxygenated blood to the kidneys. In this case, the correct answer states that the renal artery, which is a branch of the aorta, enters the hilum of the kidney between the pelvis and the renal vein. This is accurate because the renal artery is responsible for supplying blood to the kidneys, allowing them to filter waste products and maintain the body's internal homeostatic environment.

The kidney provides long-term regulation of acid-based balance by selectively excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen ions. This means that the kidney can remove excess hydrogen ions from the body through excretion or retain and reabsorb them when needed to maintain the acid-base balance. This process helps to regulate the pH of the blood and maintain homeostasis in the body.

The female urethra lies beneath the pubic symphysis and is bound to the anterior vaginal wall. This positioning allows for efficient urine flow and prevents leakage.

(AKA nephrons)

The urethra is a hollow tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. It originates at the bladder neck and terminates at the external meatus, which is the opening at the tip of the penis in males. This is where urine is expelled from the body during urination. The kidney is not the correct answer as it is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, not for the termination of the urethra. The scrotal sac is also not the correct answer as it is a pouch of skin that holds the testicles, but it is not directly related to the termination of the urethra.

The bladder neck is the correct answer because it forms a portion of the urethra. The bladder neck is the area where the bladder connects to the urethra, and it acts as a valve to control the flow of urine from the bladder to the urethra.

In a lot more words than A&Peers need too know

A&P class says 3-4 cm. 3.5 to 5.5 cm is urology tech school

pyramids as well.

The minor calices in the kidney combine to form 2-3 major calices. These major calices then join together to form the renal pelvis.

The kidney plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte concentrations, blood volume, and blood pressure. It helps maintain the balance of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium in the body, which is essential for proper nerve and muscle function. The kidney also controls blood volume by adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed or excreted, which in turn affects blood pressure. By regulating these factors, the kidney ensures overall fluid balance and helps maintain homeostasis in the body.

The venous supply refers to the system of veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the organs and tissues back to the heart. In the context of the given options, the correct answer suggests that the venous supply of the kidney is paired with the arteries. This means that there are corresponding veins for the renal arteries that carry blood away from the kidney. Additionally, it states that any of these veins can drain the entire kidney if the others are tied off, indicating that there is redundancy in the venous drainage system of the kidney.

The size and shape of the bladder are dependent on two factors: fullness and age. The bladder can expand and contract based on the amount of urine it contains, so its size will vary depending on how full it is. Additionally, as a person ages, the elasticity of the bladder decreases, causing it to become smaller and less able to hold as much urine. Therefore, both fullness and age play a role in determining the size and shape of the bladder.

The kidney is composed of several parts, including the outer cortex, central medulla, internal calices, and pelvis. The outer cortex is the outermost layer of the kidney, while the central medulla is the inner part. The internal calices are small tubes that collect urine from the medulla and transport it to the pelvis. The pelvis is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the calices and transports it to the ureter.