What Do You Know About Urinalysis? Trivia Quiz

Billirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells break down. It is normally processed by the liver and excreted in bile. Elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood indicate a problem with the liver or gall bladder, as these organs are responsible for processing and excreting bilirubin. Excessive fluids and paracetamol/codeine overdose do not directly affect bilirubin levels, making liver or gall bladder disease the correct answer.

Glucose is present in our urine due to diabetes and pregnancy. In diabetes, the body is unable to properly regulate blood sugar levels, leading to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. When these levels exceed the kidney's threshold for reabsorption, glucose is excreted in the urine. Similarly, during pregnancy, hormonal changes can affect insulin production and utilization, causing gestational diabetes and resulting in glucose in the urine.

Ketones are present in some samples of urine due to the excessive breakdown of fat caused by either starving or diabetic ketoacidosis. When the body does not have enough carbohydrates to use as an energy source, it starts breaking down fat for energy instead. This process produces ketones as a byproduct, which can be detected in the urine. In cases of starvation or diabetic ketoacidosis, where there is a lack of insulin to properly metabolize glucose, the body resorts to breaking down fat for energy, leading to an increased production of ketones.

The correct answer is 4.5 - 8.0. This range represents the normal pH level in urine. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, and a pH level of 7 is considered neutral. A pH level below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH level above 7 indicates alkalinity. The normal pH range for urine is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, with a range of 4.5 - 8.0. This range ensures that the urine is within a healthy pH balance and indicates normal kidney function.

The correct answer is "total source of concentration in a fluid." Specific gravity is a measurement used to determine the concentration of substances in a fluid. An increased specific gravity may indicate dehydration, as the fluid becomes more concentrated due to a lack of water. On the other hand, a decreased specific gravity may be a sign of diabetes, renal failure, or increased fluid intake, as the fluid becomes more diluted. Therefore, specific gravity is used to assess the total concentration of substances in a fluid.

Blood in the urine, also known as hematuria, can occur due to trauma and the presence of kidney diseases. Trauma to the urinary tract can cause bleeding, leading to blood in the urine. Additionally, various kidney diseases such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic kidney disease can also cause blood to appear in the urine. Therefore, the presence of blood in the urine can be attributed to both trauma and the association of kidney diseases.

A low pH indicates an acidic environment. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a condition where the body produces high levels of ketones due to insufficient insulin. This leads to an acidic pH in the blood. Additionally, in diabetic ketoacidosis, there is an increased loss of potassium from the body, leading to potassium depletion. Therefore, a low pH can be indicative of both diabetic ketoacidosis and potassium depletion.

An increased protein reading indicates increased permeability of the glomerular membrane due to the presence of infection. This suggests that there may be inflammation or damage to the glomerular membrane, allowing proteins to pass through into the urine. Infections can cause inflammation in the kidneys, leading to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane and subsequent proteinuria. Monitoring protein levels in the urine can help diagnose and monitor kidney function and identify potential underlying causes such as infection.