Unit One APUSH Exam

The early years at Jamestown were mainly characterized by starvation, disease, and frequent Indian raids. This can be attributed to several factors such as the settlers' lack of agricultural knowledge and experience in the new environment, as well as conflicts with the Native American tribes in the area. Additionally, the settlers faced numerous health issues due to the unsanitary living conditions and lack of access to clean water. These challenges greatly impacted the survival and well-being of the early Jamestown colony.

European contact with Native Americans led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans, who had little resistance to European diseases. This is because the Native Americans had not been previously exposed to these diseases and therefore had no immunity built up against them. When Europeans arrived in the Americas, they brought diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, which spread rapidly among the Native American populations. This resulted in devastating epidemics that decimated their numbers and had a significant impact on their societies and cultures.

Indentured servants were English yeoman who agreed to exchange their labor temporarily in return for payment of their passage to an American colony. This means that they would work for a certain number of years, usually around 4-7 years, to pay off their debt for their passage. Once their debt was paid, they would be free to start their own lives in the colony. This system was common in the early colonial period and provided a way for people to migrate to the American colonies who couldn't afford the cost of the journey themselves.

The correct answer is "denied the most fundamental rights". This is because the Barbados slave code of 1661 was a set of laws that severely restricted the rights and freedoms of enslaved individuals. These laws denied slaves basic rights such as the right to freedom, the right to own property, and the right to marry without the permission of their owner. The code also allowed for harsh punishments, including physical abuse and even death, for disobedience or resistance. Therefore, the slaves were denied the most fundamental rights under this code.

The financial means for England's first permanent colonization in America were provided by a joint stock company. This type of company allowed multiple investors to pool their resources and share the risks and profits of the venture. By investing in the joint stock company, individuals were able to contribute to the funding of the colonization effort without bearing the full burden of the costs themselves. This allowed for a larger pool of capital to be raised, enabling the colonization to take place.

The correct answer is "all of the above" because the new scholarship on colonial America reveals that the society was shaped by encounters with native people, European heritage, and many interwining roots. This suggests that multiple factors played a role in the formation of colonial America, including interactions with indigenous populations, the influence of European settlers and their cultural traditions, as well as the blending of various cultural and ethnic backgrounds.

The given statement suggests that racial discrimination played a significant role in shaping the American slave system. This implies that the treatment and oppression of black slaves were not solely driven by economic reasons but also by the deeply ingrained racial biases and prejudices prevalent in society. The statement contradicts the idea that race was rarely an issue in relations between black and whites, indicating that racial discrimination was indeed a significant factor in the American slave system.

Roger Williams got into trouble with the Massachusetts Bay authorities because he claimed that the colony's civil government should not regulate religious behavior. This belief challenged the established authority and religious practices of the colony, which sought to control and regulate religious practices. Williams's stance threatened the power and control of the Massachusetts Bay authorities, leading to his troubles and eventual banishment from the colony.

The correct answer is create a haven for people imprisoned for debt. Georgia was founded as a colony where debtors could start fresh and have a chance to rebuild their lives. James Oglethorpe, one of the founders, believed that providing a refuge for debtors would not only solve the problem of overcrowded debtors' prisons in England but also give these individuals an opportunity for redemption and productivity. Therefore, the primary goal of Georgia's founders was to establish a safe haven for people imprisoned for debt.

The "headright" system was a method used in the new world to encourage the immigration of laborers. Under this system, a person who paid for the passage of a laborer to America would be granted the right to acquire fifty acres of land. This incentive was designed to attract more people to the colonies and increase the labor force. By offering land as a reward, the system allowed individuals to accumulate wealth and become prosperous.

The summoning of the House of Burgesses marked an important precedent because it was the first of many miniature parliaments to convene in America. This event established a representative form of government in the colonies, where elected officials could voice the concerns and interests of the people. It laid the foundation for self-governance and democracy in America, influencing future legislative bodies and shaping the political landscape of the country. This development was significant in the path towards independence and the establishment of the United States as a democratic nation.

The correct answer is "all of the above". By 1750, all the southern plantation colonies had economies based on the production of staple crops for export, such as tobacco, rice, and indigo. They also practiced slavery, relying on enslaved Africans to work on their plantations. Additionally, these colonies provided tax support for the Church of England, as they were Anglican colonies. Lastly, the southern plantation colonies had few large cities, as their economies were primarily focused on agriculture and plantation life. Therefore, all of these statements are true for the southern plantation colonies by 1750.

The New England economy depended heavily on fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce. These industries played a crucial role in the region's economic development. Fishing provided a source of food and income, while shipbuilding allowed for the construction of vessels used in trade and transportation. Commerce, including trade with other colonies and Europe, further stimulated economic growth in New England. The production of staple crops and slave labor were more prominent in other regions, such as the Southern colonies.

The correct answer suggests that indentured servants who gained their freedom had limited options and were forced to hire themselves out for low wages. This implies that they did not have the opportunity to accumulate great wealth or find high-paying jobs in the cities. Additionally, the answer states that they often returned to England penniless, indicating that they did not have many prospects for financial success after their servitude ended.

Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land. This is because many young men in Virginia at the time were unable to obtain land due to the limited availability and high cost. This frustration led them to support the rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon, which aimed to address their grievances and challenge the elites in power. The rebellion ultimately highlighted the social and economic tensions in colonial Virginia and the struggle for land ownership.

In colonial New England, it was common for adults to marry at a young age and have multiple children. This was due to various factors such as the importance of family and the need for labor in agricultural communities. Additionally, the high mortality rate among adults meant that having many children was necessary for the survival and continuation of the family lineage. Therefore, marrying early and having several children was a typical practice among adults in colonial New England.

Southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property because southern men frequently died young. This was due to the high mortality rates in the southern colonies, resulting from diseases and harsh living conditions. As a result, many women were left widowed and in charge of managing their own property. Allowing married women to retain separate title to their property provided them with a sense of security and autonomy, ensuring that they could maintain control over their assets even after the death of their husbands.

The founding of the Maryland colony was primarily driven by the intention to create a safe haven or refuge for Catholics. At that time, England was predominantly Protestant and Catholics faced religious persecution. Lord Baltimore, who was a Catholic, sought to establish a colony where Catholics could freely practice their religion without fear of persecution. This was a significant motivation behind the founding of Maryland.

The Act of Toleration issued in 1649 in Maryland by Lord Baltimore ensured that all Christians, regardless of their denomination, would be granted toleration. This meant that individuals practicing different forms of Christianity would not face persecution or discrimination based on their beliefs. The act aimed to promote religious freedom and protect the rights of Christians to practice their faith without fear of punishment or oppression.

The correct answer is "had a more diverse economy." This means that the New England colonies had a wider range of economic activities compared to the Chesapeake colonies. The Chesapeake colonies, which included Virginia and Maryland, were primarily focused on tobacco cultivation and relied heavily on slave labor. In contrast, the New England colonies, such as Massachusetts and Connecticut, had a more varied economy that included fishing, shipbuilding, trade, and agriculture. This diversity allowed for greater economic stability and growth in the New England colonies.

In the seventeenth century, regional differences in the American colonies were becoming more pronounced. One of the most significant differences was the increasing importance of slave labor in the southern colonies. Slavery became integral to the southern economy, as it provided a cheap and abundant workforce for the plantation system. This reliance on slave labor set the southern colonies apart from the other regions, where indentured servants were more commonly used. The loyalty to England, continuing rigidity of Puritanism, and breaking of the Atlanta economy were not as defining factors in the regional differences of the seventeenth century.

The correct answer is "was slow to emerge." This is because urban development in the colonial South was not as rapid or extensive as it was in New England. The South was primarily focused on the growth of large plantations, which did not prioritize the development of urban areas. As a result, the emergence of urban development in the colonial South was slower compared to other regions. Additionally, the lack of a professional class further hindered the progress of urban development in the South.

The Puritans refused to recognize a woman's right to own property because they were concerned that granting such rights would undermine the unity of married couples. They believed that if women had the ability to own property, it could potentially lead to conflicts within marriages and disrupt the traditional gender roles and power dynamics within the family.

The cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown resulted in the destruction of the soil, as it depleted the nutrients and led to erosion. It also created a great demand for controlled labor, as tobacco required intensive labor to grow and harvest. The broad-acred plantation system was established to accommodate the large-scale cultivation of tobacco. While the colony experienced soaring prosperity due to the profitable tobacco trade, it did not lead to diversification of the colony's economy. Instead, Jamestown became heavily dependent on tobacco as its main cash crop.

The New England family can be described as a very stable institution. This is because the frequency of deaths from childbirth did not significantly impact the size of the family, suggesting that families were able to maintain a stable structure despite this challenge. Additionally, the fact that the family units in New England were similar to those in the Chesapeake colonies implies that they were consistent and enduring across different regions. This stability in family structure suggests that the New England family was a strong and reliable institution.

The Virginia Company had goals such as finding a passage through America to the Indies, guaranteeing its settlers the same rights as other English citizens, realizing quick profits from its investment, and searching for gold. However, growing rice as a cash crop was not one of their goals.

The correct answer is "Scarcity of women." The population of the Chesapeake colonies during the first half of the seventeenth century was characterized by a lack of women. This was primarily due to the fact that the colonies were initially established as primarily male-dominated areas focused on economic pursuits such as tobacco farming. The scarcity of women led to various social and demographic challenges, including difficulties in establishing stable family life and a skewed gender ratio.

The correct answer is "they were led by John Winthrop." This statement is incorrect because John Winthrop was not a leader of the Separatists. He was actually a leader of a different group called the Puritans, who also sought religious reform but did not want to completely separate from the Church of England. The Separatists, on the other hand, were a radical faction of Puritans who wanted to break away from the Church of England entirely.

The middle colonies were notable for their unusual degree of democratic control. Unlike the other colonies, the middle colonies had a greater emphasis on democratic principles and allowed for more participation in the decision-making process. This can be seen in their representative assemblies and the establishment of self-governing bodies. The middle colonies valued individual rights and freedoms, which contributed to their unique democratic control compared to other colonies.

After the initial purchases of slaves in 1619, additional purchases of Africans were few because they were too costly. Slavery was an expensive investment, as slave owners had to provide for the basic needs of their slaves, such as food, clothing, and shelter. Additionally, the cost of purchasing slaves was high, making it difficult for many colonists to afford them. As a result, the demand for slaves decreased, and alternative sources of labor, such as indentured servants, became more appealing to the colonists.

The European voyages of discovery were facilitated by the Renaissance, new naval technology, the rise of nation-states, and the printing press. These factors contributed to the exploration and expansion of European powers during the Age of Discovery. However, cooperation among Europe's monarchs was not a significant factor in facilitating these voyages. Instead, competition and rivalry between European powers drove the exploration and colonization of new territories.

The Half-Way Covenant was a compromise made by the Puritan churches in New England in the late 17th century. It allowed for the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and have partial membership rights in the church. This was done in order to increase church membership and maintain control over the religious and political life of the community. However, the Half-Way Covenant did weaken the distinction between "the elect" and others, conferred partial membership rights, increased the numbers of church members, and resulted in women becoming the majority in the Puritan congregations. Therefore, the statement that it maintained the original agreement of the covenant is incorrect.

During the Salem witchcraft trials, the majority of those accused as witches were property-owning women. This suggests that the accusations may have been fueled by jealousy or greed, as these women may have been seen as a threat to others in the community due to their wealth and status. It is also possible that their property ownership made them more vulnerable to accusations, as they may have been viewed as independent and less reliant on the community for support.

The correct answer is landowning small farmers. This is because during colonial times in the American South, the majority of the population consisted of small farmers who owned their own land. These farmers were primarily engaged in agriculture and relied on their land for their livelihood. They cultivated crops such as tobacco, rice, and indigo, and their economic status was often tied to the success of their agricultural endeavors. While there were also other groups such as merchant planters, black slaves, and Native Americans present in the colonial South, the largest portion of the population was made up of landowning small farmers.

The correct answer is New England town meeting. Thomas Jefferson believed that the New England town meeting was the best school of political liberty because it allowed citizens to directly participate in decision-making and governance. In these meetings, individuals could voice their opinions, debate issues, and vote on important matters. This form of direct democracy fostered a sense of civic engagement and taught citizens the principles of self-governance and individual rights. Jefferson admired this system and believed it was instrumental in promoting political liberty.

As a result of Bacon's Rebellion, African slavery was reduced. This rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon in 1676, was a revolt against the colonial government of Virginia. The rebellion was mainly fueled by discontent among poor white colonists who were frustrated with the government's favoritism towards wealthy plantation owners. During the rebellion, Bacon and his followers targeted both Native Americans and African slaves. However, after the rebellion was suppressed, the colonial government implemented policies to appease the poor white colonists, which included reducing the reliance on African slaves and providing more opportunities for white indentured servants.