Surgical Tech (Appleton & Lange) Part 7

1. In an instrument count

All instruments and parts must be counted

Precounted sets eliminate the need for pre-case count

Large bulky instruments need not be counted

Count only instruments that will be used

In an instrument count, it is necessary to count all instruments and parts to ensure that nothing is missing or misplaced. This ensures that the correct instruments are available for use and prevents any potential errors or complications during procedures. Precounted sets may eliminate the need for counting individual instruments beforehand, but it is still important to count all instruments and parts to ensure accuracy. Large bulky instruments should not be excluded from the count, as they are still essential for certain procedures. Therefore, the correct answer is that all instruments and parts must be counted.

Explanation

In an instrument count, it is necessary to count all instruments and parts to ensure that nothing is missing or misplaced. This ensures that the correct instruments are available for use and prevents any potential errors or complications during procedures. Precounted sets may eliminate the need for counting individual instruments beforehand, but it is still important to count all instruments and parts to ensure accuracy. Large bulky instruments should not be excluded from the count, as they are still essential for certain procedures. Therefore, the correct answer is that all instruments and parts must be counted.

2. A tube placed into the tympanic membrane to facilitate aeration is the

Myringotomy tube

Stent tube

Robinson tube

Plastipore tube

A myringotomy tube is a tube that is placed into the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to facilitate aeration. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as chronic ear infections or fluid buildup in the middle ear. The tube helps to equalize pressure and allows for drainage of fluid, reducing the risk of infection and improving hearing.

Explanation

A myringotomy tube is a tube that is placed into the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to facilitate aeration. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as chronic ear infections or fluid buildup in the middle ear. The tube helps to equalize pressure and allows for drainage of fluid, reducing the risk of infection and improving hearing.

3. A blood flow detector is a

Doppler

Gruntzig

Moretz

Warren

A blood flow detector is commonly known as a Doppler. The Doppler effect is used to measure the velocity and direction of blood flow in the body. It works by emitting high-frequency sound waves that bounce off red blood cells and return to the detector. By analyzing the frequency shift of the returned waves, the Doppler can determine the speed and direction of blood flow. This technology is widely used in medical settings to assess blood flow in various organs and diagnose conditions such as deep vein thrombosis or peripheral artery disease.

Explanation

A blood flow detector is commonly known as a Doppler. The Doppler effect is used to measure the velocity and direction of blood flow in the body. It works by emitting high-frequency sound waves that bounce off red blood cells and return to the detector. By analyzing the frequency shift of the returned waves, the Doppler can determine the speed and direction of blood flow. This technology is widely used in medical settings to assess blood flow in various organs and diagnose conditions such as deep vein thrombosis or peripheral artery disease.

4. When using lasers, nonreflective instrumentation

Decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area

Decreases potential for infection

Decreases explosibility

Decreases short-circuiting of the laser

Nonreflective instrumentation decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area. This means that when using lasers, having nonreflective instruments reduces the risk of the laser beam bouncing off a surface and inadvertently hitting another area, potentially causing harm or damage.

Explanation

Nonreflective instrumentation decreases accidental direct reflection of the laser beam to another area. This means that when using lasers, having nonreflective instruments reduces the risk of the laser beam bouncing off a surface and inadvertently hitting another area, potentially causing harm or damage.

5. A precaution necessary when using the kidney rests is

To press firmly but not too tightly against body

To pad well

To place the longer rest beneath iliac crest

All of the above

When using kidney rests, it is important to take certain precautions. Pressing firmly but not too tightly against the body ensures proper support without causing discomfort or pain. Padding well helps to distribute the pressure evenly and prevent any potential injuries. Placing the longer rest beneath the iliac crest, which is the upper margin of the pelvic bone, provides stability and support to the lower back. Therefore, all of the above precautions are necessary when using kidney rests.

Explanation

When using kidney rests, it is important to take certain precautions. Pressing firmly but not too tightly against the body ensures proper support without causing discomfort or pain. Padding well helps to distribute the pressure evenly and prevent any potential injuries. Placing the longer rest beneath the iliac crest, which is the upper margin of the pelvic bone, provides stability and support to the lower back. Therefore, all of the above precautions are necessary when using kidney rests.

6. Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because

They clean very easily

They do not interfere with radiographic studies

They are unaffected by irrigation fluids

They can be sterilized

Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because they do not interfere with radiographic studies. This means that when these attachments are used, they do not cause any obstruction or distortion in the images produced by radiographic studies. This is important as it allows for accurate diagnosis and assessment of orthopedic conditions without any interference from the attachments.

Explanation

Bakelite orthopedic table attachments are sometimes used because they do not interfere with radiographic studies. This means that when these attachments are used, they do not cause any obstruction or distortion in the images produced by radiographic studies. This is important as it allows for accurate diagnosis and assessment of orthopedic conditions without any interference from the attachments.

7. The C-arm employs the use of

Fluoroscope

Carbon dioxide

Cesium

Creatine

The correct answer is fluoroscope. A fluoroscope is a device that uses X-rays to produce real-time images of the internal structures of a patient's body. It is commonly used in medical imaging procedures, such as during surgeries or for diagnosing certain conditions. The other options mentioned (carbon dioxide, cesium, and creatine) are not directly related to the use of a C-arm or fluoroscopy.

Explanation

The correct answer is fluoroscope. A fluoroscope is a device that uses X-rays to produce real-time images of the internal structures of a patient's body. It is commonly used in medical imaging procedures, such as during surgeries or for diagnosing certain conditions. The other options mentioned (carbon dioxide, cesium, and creatine) are not directly related to the use of a C-arm or fluoroscopy.

8. What item should be on the scrub person's instrument table while the laser is in use?

Basin of sterile water or saline

Basin of sterile baking soda

Flame retardant sheets

Cotton blanket

During laser procedures, the scrub person needs to have a basin of sterile water or saline on their instrument table. This is because lasers generate heat, which can cause tissue damage and burns. The sterile water or saline is used to cool down the laser tip and prevent any potential harm to the patient. It is crucial to have a sterile solution to avoid introducing any contaminants or infections during the procedure.

Explanation

During laser procedures, the scrub person needs to have a basin of sterile water or saline on their instrument table. This is because lasers generate heat, which can cause tissue damage and burns. The sterile water or saline is used to cool down the laser tip and prevent any potential harm to the patient. It is crucial to have a sterile solution to avoid introducing any contaminants or infections during the procedure.

9. In a surgical procedure employing the use of the laser, prep solution on the patient's skin should be pat-dried because

Pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue

Instrumentation cannot be exposed to prep solutions

Vapors can cause damage to the laser beam impact point

Laser retardant draping material must be placed on a thoroughly dry surface

When using a laser in a surgical procedure, it is important to pat-dry the prep solution on the patient's skin because pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue. The laser generates heat, and if there are pooled fluids on the patient's skin, they can act as a conductor and retain the heat, increasing the risk of tissue burns. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the skin is thoroughly dry to minimize this risk and ensure patient safety.

Explanation

When using a laser in a surgical procedure, it is important to pat-dry the prep solution on the patient's skin because pooled fluids can retain laser heat and subsequently burn tissue. The laser generates heat, and if there are pooled fluids on the patient's skin, they can act as a conductor and retain the heat, increasing the risk of tissue burns. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the skin is thoroughly dry to minimize this risk and ensure patient safety.

10. During the closure count a discrepancy

Is noted on patient's chart

Is reported to surgeon

Is reported to supervisor

Is reported to anesthesiologist

In this scenario, when a discrepancy is noted on a patient's chart during the closure count, it is important to report it to the surgeon. The surgeon is responsible for the overall care and well-being of the patient during the surgical procedure. They need to be informed about any issues or discrepancies in order to address them appropriately and ensure the patient's safety and proper medical care. Reporting the discrepancy to the surgeon allows them to take necessary actions and make informed decisions regarding the patient's condition.

Explanation

In this scenario, when a discrepancy is noted on a patient's chart during the closure count, it is important to report it to the surgeon. The surgeon is responsible for the overall care and well-being of the patient during the surgical procedure. They need to be informed about any issues or discrepancies in order to address them appropriately and ensure the patient's safety and proper medical care. Reporting the discrepancy to the surgeon allows them to take necessary actions and make informed decisions regarding the patient's condition.

11. A closed-wound suction system works by

Positive pressure

Negative-pressure vacuum

Air displacement

Constant gravity drainage

A closed-wound suction system works by creating a negative-pressure vacuum. This means that the system creates a pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, which allows it to remove fluids or air from the wound. The negative pressure helps to draw out any excess fluid or debris from the wound, promoting healing and preventing infection. The vacuum created by the system also helps to maintain a closed environment, reducing the risk of contamination and facilitating the healing process.

Explanation

A closed-wound suction system works by creating a negative-pressure vacuum. This means that the system creates a pressure lower than the atmospheric pressure, which allows it to remove fluids or air from the wound. The negative pressure helps to draw out any excess fluid or debris from the wound, promoting healing and preventing infection. The vacuum created by the system also helps to maintain a closed environment, reducing the risk of contamination and facilitating the healing process.

12. Which item in the optical lens system is responsible for magnification?

Oculars

Paraxial illuminators

Objective lens

A and C

The oculars and objective lens are both responsible for magnification in an optical lens system. The oculars, also known as eyepieces, are located at the end of the optical system closest to the viewer's eye. They provide additional magnification to the image formed by the objective lens. The objective lens, on the other hand, is located at the opposite end of the system and is responsible for gathering and focusing light from the object being observed. Together, the oculars and objective lens work in tandem to magnify the image for the viewer.

Explanation

The oculars and objective lens are both responsible for magnification in an optical lens system. The oculars, also known as eyepieces, are located at the end of the optical system closest to the viewer's eye. They provide additional magnification to the image formed by the objective lens. The objective lens, on the other hand, is located at the opposite end of the system and is responsible for gathering and focusing light from the object being observed. Together, the oculars and objective lens work in tandem to magnify the image for the viewer.

13. The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the

Kidney

Breast

Gallbladder

A and C

The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the kidney and gallbladder. The metal crossbar provides support and stability to the patient's body during surgical procedures. By raising the crossbar, the surgeon can elevate the kidney and gallbladder to provide better visibility and access during surgery. This feature is particularly useful in procedures involving these organs, allowing the surgeon to perform the surgery more effectively and efficiently.

Explanation

The OR bed may have a metal crossbar between the two upper sections which may be raised to elevate the kidney and gallbladder. The metal crossbar provides support and stability to the patient's body during surgical procedures. By raising the crossbar, the surgeon can elevate the kidney and gallbladder to provide better visibility and access during surgery. This feature is particularly useful in procedures involving these organs, allowing the surgeon to perform the surgery more effectively and efficiently.

14. A sponge used in brain surgery is a (n)

Cottonoid patty

Kitner

Impregnated gauze

Porcine

A cottonoid patty is a type of sponge that is commonly used in brain surgery. It is made of cotton and is designed to absorb fluids and provide gentle pressure to control bleeding during the procedure. Cottonoid patties are sterile and come in various sizes and shapes to fit different surgical needs. They are often used to protect delicate brain tissue and prevent any damage during the surgery.

Explanation

A cottonoid patty is a type of sponge that is commonly used in brain surgery. It is made of cotton and is designed to absorb fluids and provide gentle pressure to control bleeding during the procedure. Cottonoid patties are sterile and come in various sizes and shapes to fit different surgical needs. They are often used to protect delicate brain tissue and prevent any damage during the surgery.

15. If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should

Isolate the pack, do not use it

Document it on the count record

Use if after adding or subtracting the correct number

Return it to the oringinal outer package and set in aside

If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should isolate the pack and not use it. This is important to ensure patient safety and prevent any potential contamination or complications during surgery. The pack should be set aside and not used in any procedures. It is also necessary to document the issue on the count record for proper record-keeping and to inform the appropriate personnel about the discrepancy.

Explanation

If a sponge pack contains an incorrect number of sponges, the circulating nurse should isolate the pack and not use it. This is important to ensure patient safety and prevent any potential contamination or complications during surgery. The pack should be set aside and not used in any procedures. It is also necessary to document the issue on the count record for proper record-keeping and to inform the appropriate personnel about the discrepancy.

16. Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet in order to

Prevent drying of tissue

Prevent ignition of these materials by reflected beam

Protect the instruments

Absorb the gas produced

Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet in order to prevent ignition of these materials by the reflected beam. When a laser beam hits a surface, it can reflect off and potentially ignite flammable materials like sponges and towels. By keeping them wet, the water acts as a barrier, preventing the materials from catching fire. This precaution is important to ensure the safety of both the patient and the medical staff during laser procedures.

Explanation

Sponges and towels used near the laser tissue impact site are kept wet in order to prevent ignition of these materials by the reflected beam. When a laser beam hits a surface, it can reflect off and potentially ignite flammable materials like sponges and towels. By keeping them wet, the water acts as a barrier, preventing the materials from catching fire. This precaution is important to ensure the safety of both the patient and the medical staff during laser procedures.

17. The colpomicroscope affores a view of the

Fallopian tube

Intraperitoneal strutures

Cervix

Uterine endometrium

The colpomicroscope is a medical instrument used to examine the cervix. It provides a clear and magnified view of the cervix, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities or changes in the tissue. This is an important tool in gynecology and can help in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions related to the cervix.

Explanation

The colpomicroscope is a medical instrument used to examine the cervix. It provides a clear and magnified view of the cervix, allowing healthcare professionals to detect any abnormalities or changes in the tissue. This is an important tool in gynecology and can help in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions related to the cervix.

18. Rectal packing is made of

Petroleum-treated gauze

Heparin-treated gauze

Antibiiotic-treated gauze

Telfa-treated gauze

Rectal packing is made of petroleum-treated gauze because petroleum jelly has lubricating properties that help facilitate the insertion and removal of the packing. It also provides a protective barrier and helps prevent drying and irritation of the rectal tissue. Additionally, petroleum-treated gauze has been found to be effective in controlling bleeding and promoting healing in rectal wounds.

Explanation

Rectal packing is made of petroleum-treated gauze because petroleum jelly has lubricating properties that help facilitate the insertion and removal of the packing. It also provides a protective barrier and helps prevent drying and irritation of the rectal tissue. Additionally, petroleum-treated gauze has been found to be effective in controlling bleeding and promoting healing in rectal wounds.

19. The scoring system that assesses an infant's condition after birth is called a (n)

Roentgen

Romberg

Apgar

Colostrum

The scoring system that assesses an infant's condition after birth is called the Apgar score. This score is named after Dr. Virginia Apgar, who developed it in 1952. The Apgar score evaluates the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. It is typically assessed at one minute and five minutes after birth, and it helps medical professionals quickly assess the baby's overall well-being and determine if any immediate medical intervention is needed.

Explanation

The scoring system that assesses an infant's condition after birth is called the Apgar score. This score is named after Dr. Virginia Apgar, who developed it in 1952. The Apgar score evaluates the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. It is typically assessed at one minute and five minutes after birth, and it helps medical professionals quickly assess the baby's overall well-being and determine if any immediate medical intervention is needed.

20. Which procedure records the electrical activity of the brain?

Electrocardiogram

Brain scan

Electromyogram

Electroencephalogram

The procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain is called an electroencephalogram (EEG). This test involves placing electrodes on the scalp to measure the brain's electrical impulses and patterns. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart, while a brain scan is a general term referring to various imaging techniques used to visualize the brain. An electromyogram (EMG) records the electrical activity of muscles.

Explanation

The procedure that records the electrical activity of the brain is called an electroencephalogram (EEG). This test involves placing electrodes on the scalp to measure the brain's electrical impulses and patterns. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart, while a brain scan is a general term referring to various imaging techniques used to visualize the brain. An electromyogram (EMG) records the electrical activity of muscles.

21. The dressing used after nasal surgery is

Collodion

Moustache

Pressure

Telfa

The dressing used after nasal surgery is a moustache. This is because a moustache dressing is a type of dressing that is placed under the nose to absorb any drainage or bleeding that may occur after the surgery. It helps to keep the area clean and dry, promoting healing and preventing infection. The moustache dressing is typically made of gauze or other absorbent material and is shaped like a moustache to fit comfortably under the nose.

Explanation

The dressing used after nasal surgery is a moustache. This is because a moustache dressing is a type of dressing that is placed under the nose to absorb any drainage or bleeding that may occur after the surgery. It helps to keep the area clean and dry, promoting healing and preventing infection. The moustache dressing is typically made of gauze or other absorbent material and is shaped like a moustache to fit comfortably under the nose.

22. The three lumens of a Foley are used for inflation, drainage, and

Prevention of urine reflux

Access for sterile urine specimens

Continuous irrigation

Additional hemostasis

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation, which involves the continuous flushing of a solution into the bladder. This is commonly done to keep the catheter clear and prevent blockages, as well as to promote healing and prevent infection in certain medical procedures. Continuous irrigation can also be used to remove blood clots or debris from the bladder. Therefore, continuous irrigation is a valid use for one of the lumens of a Foley catheter.

Explanation

The three lumens of a Foley catheter are used for various purposes. One of these purposes is continuous irrigation, which involves the continuous flushing of a solution into the bladder. This is commonly done to keep the catheter clear and prevent blockages, as well as to promote healing and prevent infection in certain medical procedures. Continuous irrigation can also be used to remove blood clots or debris from the bladder. Therefore, continuous irrigation is a valid use for one of the lumens of a Foley catheter.

23. A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is a

Mushroom

Rehfus

Cantor

Sengstaken-Blakemore

The correct answer for the question is "mushroom". A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is referred to as a "mushroom" catheter.

Explanation

The correct answer for the question is "mushroom". A catheter commonly used in a gastrostomy is referred to as a "mushroom" catheter.

24. The drain that has a reservoir creating negative pressure to facilitate drainage is a

Penrose

Hemovac

Levin

Stent

A hemovac drain is a type of surgical drain that has a reservoir attached to it, creating negative pressure. This negative pressure helps to facilitate drainage by pulling fluid or blood out of the body. The other options, Penrose, Levin, and stent, are not associated with creating negative pressure for drainage purposes.

Explanation

A hemovac drain is a type of surgical drain that has a reservoir attached to it, creating negative pressure. This negative pressure helps to facilitate drainage by pulling fluid or blood out of the body. The other options, Penrose, Levin, and stent, are not associated with creating negative pressure for drainage purposes.

25. An Ambu bas is a

Container for specimens

Bag for blood pressure apparatus

Bag for blood transfusion

Breathing bag

The correct answer is breathing bag. An Ambu bag is a manual resuscitator used in medical emergencies to assist with the delivery of breaths to a patient. It is a self-inflating bag that is connected to a face mask or endotracheal tube, allowing the healthcare provider to manually deliver oxygen or air to the patient's lungs. It is commonly used during CPR or in situations where a patient is unable to breathe on their own.

Explanation

The correct answer is breathing bag. An Ambu bag is a manual resuscitator used in medical emergencies to assist with the delivery of breaths to a patient. It is a self-inflating bag that is connected to a face mask or endotracheal tube, allowing the healthcare provider to manually deliver oxygen or air to the patient's lungs. It is commonly used during CPR or in situations where a patient is unable to breathe on their own.

26. The following statements regarding counts are true EXCEPT

The relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat count if only one of them is relieved

All counts are varified before person being relieved leaves room

Perons taking final count are held accountable

Persons taking final count must sign the count record

The statement "the relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat count if only one of them is relieved" is incorrect. In surgical procedures, it is important for both the relief scrub and circulator to repeat the count, even if only one of them is being relieved. This is done to ensure the accuracy of the count and to prevent any potential discrepancies or errors. All other statements provided are true, including the verification of counts before a person leaves the room, the accountability of individuals taking the final count, and the requirement for them to sign the count record.

Explanation

The statement "the relief scrub or circulator does not need to repeat count if only one of them is relieved" is incorrect. In surgical procedures, it is important for both the relief scrub and circulator to repeat the count, even if only one of them is being relieved. This is done to ensure the accuracy of the count and to prevent any potential discrepancies or errors. All other statements provided are true, including the verification of counts before a person leaves the room, the accountability of individuals taking the final count, and the requirement for them to sign the count record.

27. An item used for padding that has smooth and clingy layers is called

Webril

Stockinette

Telfa

Gypsum

Webril is the correct answer because it is a type of padding material that is known for its smooth and clingy layers. It is commonly used in medical and dental settings for wound care and protection. Webril is made of cotton fibers and is soft, absorbent, and non-linting, making it ideal for padding and protecting sensitive areas.

Explanation

Webril is the correct answer because it is a type of padding material that is known for its smooth and clingy layers. It is commonly used in medical and dental settings for wound care and protection. Webril is made of cotton fibers and is soft, absorbent, and non-linting, making it ideal for padding and protecting sensitive areas.

28. Which procedure would not require a pressure dressing?

Plastic surgery

Knee surgery

Radical mastectomy

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, which is located in the pelvic region. Unlike plastic surgery, knee surgery, or radical mastectomy, a hysterectomy does not involve any external incisions or wounds that would require a pressure dressing. The procedure is typically performed through the vagina or small abdominal incisions, which do not require the application of a pressure dressing. Therefore, a hysterectomy is the only option among the given procedures that would not require a pressure dressing.

Explanation

A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, which is located in the pelvic region. Unlike plastic surgery, knee surgery, or radical mastectomy, a hysterectomy does not involve any external incisions or wounds that would require a pressure dressing. The procedure is typically performed through the vagina or small abdominal incisions, which do not require the application of a pressure dressing. Therefore, a hysterectomy is the only option among the given procedures that would not require a pressure dressing.

29. A continuously variable magnification system is afforded to the eye surgeon by the

Broadview viewing lens

Microadapter

Zoom lens with foot control

Couplings

A zoom lens with foot control provides a continuously variable magnification system for the eye surgeon. This means that the surgeon can adjust the magnification level according to their specific needs during the surgery. The foot control allows for hands-free operation, giving the surgeon more flexibility and precision in their movements. This type of lens enables the surgeon to have a clear and detailed view of the surgical area, enhancing their ability to perform delicate procedures with accuracy and efficiency.

Explanation

A zoom lens with foot control provides a continuously variable magnification system for the eye surgeon. This means that the surgeon can adjust the magnification level according to their specific needs during the surgery. The foot control allows for hands-free operation, giving the surgeon more flexibility and precision in their movements. This type of lens enables the surgeon to have a clear and detailed view of the surgical area, enhancing their ability to perform delicate procedures with accuracy and efficiency.

30. A stab wound is a separate small incision

Close to operative site

Medial to operative site

Always above operative site

Superior to operative site

The correct answer is "close to operative site" because a stab wound refers to a puncture or penetration of the skin and underlying tissues caused by a sharp object. It is typically inflicted in close proximity to the operative site, indicating that it is near the area where a surgical procedure is being performed. This proximity suggests that the stab wound may have occurred during the operation or in close association with it.

Explanation

The correct answer is "close to operative site" because a stab wound refers to a puncture or penetration of the skin and underlying tissues caused by a sharp object. It is typically inflicted in close proximity to the operative site, indicating that it is near the area where a surgical procedure is being performed. This proximity suggests that the stab wound may have occurred during the operation or in close association with it.

31. Loupes are used for

Tissue retraction

Magnification

Hemostasis

Patient transfer

Loupes are optical devices that provide magnification, allowing the user to see small details more clearly. They are commonly used in various fields such as medicine, dentistry, and jewelry making. By enhancing the visual field, loupes enable professionals to perform precise tasks with greater accuracy. Therefore, the correct answer is "magnification."

Explanation

Loupes are optical devices that provide magnification, allowing the user to see small details more clearly. They are commonly used in various fields such as medicine, dentistry, and jewelry making. By enhancing the visual field, loupes enable professionals to perform precise tasks with greater accuracy. Therefore, the correct answer is "magnification."

32. Which item is also known as an "airplane support"?

Shoulder braces

Arch bar

Cranial headrest

Double arm board

A double arm board is also known as an "airplane support" because it is a medical device used to support and immobilize a patient's arms during surgery or medical procedures. The name "airplane support" may refer to the position of the patient's arms on the board, which resembles the outstretched position of arms during a flight. This device helps to keep the patient's arms secure and in a comfortable position, allowing the medical team to perform procedures safely and effectively.

Explanation

A double arm board is also known as an "airplane support" because it is a medical device used to support and immobilize a patient's arms during surgery or medical procedures. The name "airplane support" may refer to the position of the patient's arms on the board, which resembles the outstretched position of arms during a flight. This device helps to keep the patient's arms secure and in a comfortable position, allowing the medical team to perform procedures safely and effectively.

33. Which specialty would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser?

Orthopedic

Urologic

Ophthalmic

ENT

The specialty that would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser is ophthalmic. A slit lamp is a device used by ophthalmologists to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens. It provides a magnified view of the eye and is commonly used in diagnosing and managing eye conditions. The laser, on the other hand, is used in ophthalmic procedures such as laser eye surgery to correct vision problems like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. Therefore, ophthalmic is the correct answer as it is the specialty that specifically deals with eye-related conditions and treatments.

Explanation

The specialty that would employ the use of a slit lamp and the laser is ophthalmic. A slit lamp is a device used by ophthalmologists to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, and lens. It provides a magnified view of the eye and is commonly used in diagnosing and managing eye conditions. The laser, on the other hand, is used in ophthalmic procedures such as laser eye surgery to correct vision problems like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism. Therefore, ophthalmic is the correct answer as it is the specialty that specifically deals with eye-related conditions and treatments.

34. A laser plume is composed of

Methane gas

Carbonized particles, water, and odor

Dry combustibles

Gas vapor

A laser plume is composed of carbonized particles, water, and odor. This is because laser surgery produces a plume or smoke that contains the byproducts of the tissue being vaporized. The carbonized particles are the result of the tissue being burned by the laser, while water is present in the plume due to the natural moisture content of the tissue. The odor is caused by the release of volatile organic compounds during the laser surgery. Dry combustibles and gas vapor are not typically present in a laser plume.

Explanation

A laser plume is composed of carbonized particles, water, and odor. This is because laser surgery produces a plume or smoke that contains the byproducts of the tissue being vaporized. The carbonized particles are the result of the tissue being burned by the laser, while water is present in the plume due to the natural moisture content of the tissue. The odor is caused by the release of volatile organic compounds during the laser surgery. Dry combustibles and gas vapor are not typically present in a laser plume.

35. The fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire is a (n)

Water pressurized

CO2

Halon

Dry chemical

Halon is the fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire because it is effective in extinguishing fires caused by lasers. Halon is a clean agent that works by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire, thus suppressing it. It is particularly suitable for laser fires because it does not conduct electricity and leaves no residue, which is important for protecting sensitive laser equipment. Additionally, Halon is non-toxic and does not harm the ozone layer, making it an environmentally friendly choice.

Explanation

Halon is the fire extinguisher of choice for a laser fire because it is effective in extinguishing fires caused by lasers. Halon is a clean agent that works by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire, thus suppressing it. It is particularly suitable for laser fires because it does not conduct electricity and leaves no residue, which is important for protecting sensitive laser equipment. Additionally, Halon is non-toxic and does not harm the ozone layer, making it an environmentally friendly choice.

36. Either a Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, or Mushroom catheter can be insered for

Gasrtoscopy

Gastrostomy

Vagotomy

Gastric bypass

A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted into the stomach through a small incision in the abdomen. This allows for direct access to the stomach for feeding or drainage purposes. Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, and Mushroom catheters are all types of tubes that can be used for gastrostomy. Each type of catheter has its own specific design and functionality, but they all serve the purpose of providing access to the stomach. Therefore, any of these catheters can be inserted for a gastrostomy procedure.

Explanation

A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure in which a tube is inserted into the stomach through a small incision in the abdomen. This allows for direct access to the stomach for feeding or drainage purposes. Foley, Mallecot, Pezzer, and Mushroom catheters are all types of tubes that can be used for gastrostomy. Each type of catheter has its own specific design and functionality, but they all serve the purpose of providing access to the stomach. Therefore, any of these catheters can be inserted for a gastrostomy procedure.

37. Immobilization of the hip joints after surgery is accomplished by the use of

Traction

Abduction pillow

Cast

Compression devise

An abduction pillow is used to immobilize the hip joints after surgery. It helps in keeping the legs separated and prevents the hip from rotating or adducting. This pillow is placed between the legs and provides support and stability to the hips, promoting proper healing and preventing any unwanted movement or dislocation. It is a commonly used device to maintain the correct alignment and position of the hip joints post-surgery.

Explanation

An abduction pillow is used to immobilize the hip joints after surgery. It helps in keeping the legs separated and prevents the hip from rotating or adducting. This pillow is placed between the legs and provides support and stability to the hips, promoting proper healing and preventing any unwanted movement or dislocation. It is a commonly used device to maintain the correct alignment and position of the hip joints post-surgery.

38. The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to

Coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's

Increase light intensity

Decrease vibration

Narrow the beam of light

The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's. This allows both the surgeon and the assistant to see the same image simultaneously, facilitating better communication and coordination during the procedure. The beam splitter splits the light entering the microscope, directing a portion of it towards the assistant's eyepiece, while the rest continues towards the surgeon's eyepiece. This ensures that both individuals have an aligned view of the surgical field, enabling them to work together effectively.

Explanation

The purpose of the beam splitter in an operating microscope is to coincide the assistant's field of view with the surgeon's. This allows both the surgeon and the assistant to see the same image simultaneously, facilitating better communication and coordination during the procedure. The beam splitter splits the light entering the microscope, directing a portion of it towards the assistant's eyepiece, while the rest continues towards the surgeon's eyepiece. This ensures that both individuals have an aligned view of the surgical field, enabling them to work together effectively.

39. A PCA pump affords

Patient-controlled pain relief

Vital sign monitoring

Infusion of antibiotics intravenously

Heparinized solution intravenously

The correct answer is patient-controlled pain relief because a PCA pump is a device that allows patients to self-administer pain medication within predetermined limits. It is programmed to deliver a specific dose of medication when the patient presses a button. This gives the patient more control over their pain management, allowing them to receive medication as needed. The other options mentioned, such as vital sign monitoring and infusion of antibiotics or heparinized solution, are not specific functions of a PCA pump.

Explanation

The correct answer is patient-controlled pain relief because a PCA pump is a device that allows patients to self-administer pain medication within predetermined limits. It is programmed to deliver a specific dose of medication when the patient presses a button. This gives the patient more control over their pain management, allowing them to receive medication as needed. The other options mentioned, such as vital sign monitoring and infusion of antibiotics or heparinized solution, are not specific functions of a PCA pump.

40. The initial count requires

A count of both plain and radiopaque sponges

That counts be done in the right-hand corner on the back table

That the count be done aloud by circulator and scrub

The scrub to count each item and report to the circulator for recording

The correct answer is that the count be done aloud by circulator and scrub. This means that during the counting process, both the circulator and scrub personnel should verbally communicate the count to ensure accuracy. This method helps to prevent any miscommunication or errors in counting the sponges. Additionally, by counting aloud, it allows both team members to confirm and verify the count, ensuring that no sponges are left inside the patient after the surgery.

Explanation

The correct answer is that the count be done aloud by circulator and scrub. This means that during the counting process, both the circulator and scrub personnel should verbally communicate the count to ensure accuracy. This method helps to prevent any miscommunication or errors in counting the sponges. Additionally, by counting aloud, it allows both team members to confirm and verify the count, ensuring that no sponges are left inside the patient after the surgery.

41. The following statements regarding counting sponges are true EXCEPT

Sponges are counted at folded edge

Shake pack to separate sponges

Separate each sponge and number aloud while placing it in a pile on table

An incorrect number of sponges in a pack should be compensated for on count sheet with a notation

The correct answer is an incorrect number of sponges in a pack should be compensated for on count sheet with a notation. This statement is false because if there is an incorrect number of sponges in a pack, it should not be compensated for on the count sheet with a notation. Instead, the count sheet should accurately reflect the number of sponges in the pack, and any discrepancies should be reported and addressed separately.

Explanation

The correct answer is an incorrect number of sponges in a pack should be compensated for on count sheet with a notation. This statement is false because if there is an incorrect number of sponges in a pack, it should not be compensated for on the count sheet with a notation. Instead, the count sheet should accurately reflect the number of sponges in the pack, and any discrepancies should be reported and addressed separately.

42. The endoscope that provides a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs is

Bronchoscope

Laryngoscope

Thoracoscope

Mediastinoscope

A mediastinoscope is an endoscope that is specifically designed to provide a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs. It is used to examine the mediastinum, which is the space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, and other important structures. This procedure, known as mediastinoscopy, is often performed to diagnose and stage lung cancer, as well as to evaluate other conditions affecting the mediastinum. The other options, bronchoscope, laryngoscope, and thoracoscope, are also types of endoscopes, but they are not specifically designed for viewing the middle of the thorax.

Explanation

A mediastinoscope is an endoscope that is specifically designed to provide a view of the middle of the thorax, between the two pleural sacs. It is used to examine the mediastinum, which is the space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, and other important structures. This procedure, known as mediastinoscopy, is often performed to diagnose and stage lung cancer, as well as to evaluate other conditions affecting the mediastinum. The other options, bronchoscope, laryngoscope, and thoracoscope, are also types of endoscopes, but they are not specifically designed for viewing the middle of the thorax.

43. Which factor is not accomplished by chest drainage?

Drains fluid and air from pleural cavity

Provides water seal for gravity drainage

Suction controlled by level of water

Positive pressure re-establishment

Chest drainage accomplishes several factors, such as draining fluid and air from the pleural cavity, providing a water seal for gravity drainage, and controlling suction through the level of water. However, it does not involve the re-establishment of positive pressure.

Explanation

Chest drainage accomplishes several factors, such as draining fluid and air from the pleural cavity, providing a water seal for gravity drainage, and controlling suction through the level of water. However, it does not involve the re-establishment of positive pressure.

44. Which procedure is inappropriate when caring for optic lenses?

Blood, water, and irrigating solutions are removed with cotton tipped applicators and distilled water

Lens is always cleaned in a circular motion, beginning at the center

Oil or fingerprints are removed by soaking in solvent for 10 minutes adn drying with a cotton ball

Lint or dust are removed with a lens brush or rubber bulb syringe

The procedure described in the answer is inappropriate because soaking the lens in solvent for 10 minutes can damage the lens and the use of a cotton ball for drying can leave lint or fibers on the lens surface. It is important to avoid using solvents on optic lenses as they can cause damage. Instead, a specialized lens cleaning solution should be used to clean oil or fingerprints, followed by gentle drying with a lens cleaning cloth or tissue specifically designed for lens cleaning.

Explanation

The procedure described in the answer is inappropriate because soaking the lens in solvent for 10 minutes can damage the lens and the use of a cotton ball for drying can leave lint or fibers on the lens surface. It is important to avoid using solvents on optic lenses as they can cause damage. Instead, a specialized lens cleaning solution should be used to clean oil or fingerprints, followed by gentle drying with a lens cleaning cloth or tissue specifically designed for lens cleaning.

45. Which case would require the use of cottonoid strips?

Laminectomy

Tonsillectomy

Thorocotomy

Aortic aneurysmectomy

Cottonoid strips are small pieces of absorbent material that are used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and protect delicate tissues. In a laminectomy, which is a surgical procedure to remove a portion of the vertebral bone, cottonoid strips may be used to absorb any blood or fluids that may accumulate during the surgery. They can also be used to provide a barrier between the surgical site and surrounding tissues, preventing any damage or contamination. Therefore, a laminectomy would require the use of cottonoid strips.

Explanation

Cottonoid strips are small pieces of absorbent material that are used in surgical procedures to control bleeding and protect delicate tissues. In a laminectomy, which is a surgical procedure to remove a portion of the vertebral bone, cottonoid strips may be used to absorb any blood or fluids that may accumulate during the surgery. They can also be used to provide a barrier between the surgical site and surrounding tissues, preventing any damage or contamination. Therefore, a laminectomy would require the use of cottonoid strips.

46. The following statements regarding lasers are true EXCEPT

Laser unit is protected from bumping against walls during movement

Flammable materials should not be used near laser impact site

Water or other solutions should not be placed on laser unit

Laser unit is in "on" position during entire case

The given answer states that the laser unit is in the "on" position during the entire case. However, this statement is not true because it is important to turn off the laser unit when it is not in use or when it is being transported to prevent any accidental exposure or damage.

Explanation

The given answer states that the laser unit is in the "on" position during the entire case. However, this statement is not true because it is important to turn off the laser unit when it is not in use or when it is being transported to prevent any accidental exposure or damage.

47. The binocular microscope provieds stereoscopic vision. This refers to

The view afforded double eyepieces

The color projected on the field

The magnification capability

The illumination process

The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision because it has double eyepieces, allowing the viewer to see the specimen from two slightly different angles. This creates a three-dimensional image, giving a sense of depth and allowing for better perception of the specimen's structure and details. The other options, such as color projection, magnification capability, and illumination process, are not directly related to the concept of stereoscopic vision.

Explanation

The binocular microscope provides stereoscopic vision because it has double eyepieces, allowing the viewer to see the specimen from two slightly different angles. This creates a three-dimensional image, giving a sense of depth and allowing for better perception of the specimen's structure and details. The other options, such as color projection, magnification capability, and illumination process, are not directly related to the concept of stereoscopic vision.

48. The smallest diameter on a French scale is a

3

5

7

9

The French scale is a system used to measure the diameter of catheters and other medical devices. The scale starts at 3 and goes up in increments of 2. Therefore, the smallest diameter on a French scale is 3.

Explanation

The French scale is a system used to measure the diameter of catheters and other medical devices. The scale starts at 3 and goes up in increments of 2. Therefore, the smallest diameter on a French scale is 3.

49. All of the following statements are true of ureteral catheters EXCEPT that they

Are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic

Range in caliber from size 3 to 14 French

Have graduated markings in centimeters

Provide direct visualization of the bladder

Ureteral catheters are used to drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic and come in various sizes, ranging from 3 to 14 French. They also have graduated markings in centimeters to measure the distance within the urinary tract. However, ureteral catheters do not provide direct visualization of the bladder. This means that they cannot be used to see the inside of the bladder during the catheterization process.

Explanation

Ureteral catheters are used to drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of flexible woven nylon or plastic and come in various sizes, ranging from 3 to 14 French. They also have graduated markings in centimeters to measure the distance within the urinary tract. However, ureteral catheters do not provide direct visualization of the bladder. This means that they cannot be used to see the inside of the bladder during the catheterization process.

50. Chest rolls (bolsters)

Secure position

Minimize pressure on abdominal organs

Facilitate respiration

Minimize pressure on bony prominences

Chest rolls or bolsters are used to facilitate respiration. By positioning the chest rolls correctly, it helps to open up the chest and allows for better expansion of the lungs during breathing. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who have limited lung capacity or difficulty breathing. By providing support and allowing for easier breathing, chest rolls can help improve respiratory function and overall comfort during activities such as lying down or sitting.

Explanation

Chest rolls or bolsters are used to facilitate respiration. By positioning the chest rolls correctly, it helps to open up the chest and allows for better expansion of the lungs during breathing. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals who have limited lung capacity or difficulty breathing. By providing support and allowing for easier breathing, chest rolls can help improve respiratory function and overall comfort during activities such as lying down or sitting.

51. Care of the microscope would include all of the following EXCEPT

Damp dust external surfaces with detergent-disinfectant before use

Damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use

Enclose in an antistatic plastic cover when not in use

Clean caster before each use

The correct answer is "damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use." This is because using a detergent-disinfectant on the lenses of a microscope can damage them and affect their performance. Instead, lenses should be cleaned using a specialized lens cleaning solution or lens tissue to avoid any potential damage.

Explanation

The correct answer is "damp dust lenses with detergent-disinfectant before use." This is because using a detergent-disinfectant on the lenses of a microscope can damage them and affect their performance. Instead, lenses should be cleaned using a specialized lens cleaning solution or lens tissue to avoid any potential damage.

52. In which position would shoulder braces be indicted?

Reverse Trendelenburg

Extreme Trendelenburg

Fowler's

Kraske

Shoulder braces would be indicated in the position of extreme Trendelenburg. Extreme Trendelenburg is a position where the patient's head is lowered and the body is tilted at a steep angle with the feet elevated higher than the head. This position is often used in certain surgical procedures, such as pelvic surgeries, to allow better access to the surgical site. Shoulder braces are used to secure the patient's shoulders and prevent them from sliding down the operating table during surgery in this extreme tilted position.

Explanation

Shoulder braces would be indicated in the position of extreme Trendelenburg. Extreme Trendelenburg is a position where the patient's head is lowered and the body is tilted at a steep angle with the feet elevated higher than the head. This position is often used in certain surgical procedures, such as pelvic surgeries, to allow better access to the surgical site. Shoulder braces are used to secure the patient's shoulders and prevent them from sliding down the operating table during surgery in this extreme tilted position.

53. Resolving power of an operating microscope means

The ability to discern detail

The ability to enlarge the image

The adaptation of operative procedure to individual patient requirements

The ratio of image size on viewer's retina with and without magnification

The resolving power of an operating microscope refers to its ability to discern detail. This means that the microscope can distinguish and visualize small or fine features with clarity and precision. It is not related to the ability to enlarge the image or adapt the operative procedure to individual patient requirements. The ratio of image size on the viewer's retina with and without magnification is also not relevant to the resolving power.

Explanation

The resolving power of an operating microscope refers to its ability to discern detail. This means that the microscope can distinguish and visualize small or fine features with clarity and precision. It is not related to the ability to enlarge the image or adapt the operative procedure to individual patient requirements. The ratio of image size on the viewer's retina with and without magnification is also not relevant to the resolving power.

54. Patties are

Used dry

Moistened with saline

Moistened with water

Moistened with silver nitrate solution

The correct answer is "moistened with saline" because patties are typically used in medical settings to clean wounds and absorb excess moisture. Saline solution, which is a mixture of salt and water, is commonly used to moisten the patties as it is sterile and helps create a moist environment for wound healing. Using plain water or other solutions like silver nitrate may not provide the same level of cleanliness and moisture required for wound care.

Explanation

The correct answer is "moistened with saline" because patties are typically used in medical settings to clean wounds and absorb excess moisture. Saline solution, which is a mixture of salt and water, is commonly used to moisten the patties as it is sterile and helps create a moist environment for wound healing. Using plain water or other solutions like silver nitrate may not provide the same level of cleanliness and moisture required for wound care.

55. Which magnifying powers are available for the microscope eye pieces?

1x, 2x, 3x, and 4x

10x, 20x, 30x and 40x

10x, 12.5x, 16x, and 20x

300mm, 400mm, 500mm, 600mm

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

56. Which of the following statements concerning sponges are true EXCEPT

Only radiopaque sponges should be used on the sterile field

Sponges should be counted from the folded edge

A pack containing an incorrect number of sponges is discarded

A count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure

In surgical procedures, it is necessary to perform a count of sponges used to ensure none are left inside the patient. However, the statement "a count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure" is incorrect. A count is necessary in all surgical procedures, including vaginal procedures, to prevent any potential complications or harm to the patient. Therefore, this statement is the exception and is not true.

Explanation

In surgical procedures, it is necessary to perform a count of sponges used to ensure none are left inside the patient. However, the statement "a count is unnecessary in a vaginal procedure" is incorrect. A count is necessary in all surgical procedures, including vaginal procedures, to prevent any potential complications or harm to the patient. Therefore, this statement is the exception and is not true.

57. During the sponge count procedures, which action would constitute an UNACCEPTABLE technique?

Soiled sponges are separated, stacked, and counted in multiples

Soiled sponges used for prep remain in kick bucket and are not part of count

Sponges are not added or removed from operative field during count

Sponges are counted before being moistened or used

The unacceptable technique in this scenario is when soiled sponges used for prep remain in the kick bucket and are not part of the count. During sponge count procedures, all sponges, including soiled ones used for preparation, should be separated, stacked, and counted in multiples. This ensures that no sponges are left inside the patient's body after the procedure, reducing the risk of complications such as infection or injury. Therefore, not including the soiled sponges used for prep in the count would be considered unacceptable.

Explanation

The unacceptable technique in this scenario is when soiled sponges used for prep remain in the kick bucket and are not part of the count. During sponge count procedures, all sponges, including soiled ones used for preparation, should be separated, stacked, and counted in multiples. This ensures that no sponges are left inside the patient's body after the procedure, reducing the risk of complications such as infection or injury. Therefore, not including the soiled sponges used for prep in the count would be considered unacceptable.

58. A blood warmer is used

To induce hypothermia

To aid in hemolysis

To maintain 89-105F temperature

To eliminate microorganisms

A blood warmer is used to maintain a temperature range of 89-105F. This is important because blood needs to be kept at a specific temperature to ensure its effectiveness and safety during transfusions or other medical procedures. If the blood is too cold, it can cause complications such as hypothermia or clotting. On the other hand, if the blood is too warm, it can lead to the destruction of red blood cells and other negative effects. Therefore, a blood warmer is used to regulate and maintain the optimal temperature for blood.

Explanation

A blood warmer is used to maintain a temperature range of 89-105F. This is important because blood needs to be kept at a specific temperature to ensure its effectiveness and safety during transfusions or other medical procedures. If the blood is too cold, it can cause complications such as hypothermia or clotting. On the other hand, if the blood is too warm, it can lead to the destruction of red blood cells and other negative effects. Therefore, a blood warmer is used to regulate and maintain the optimal temperature for blood.

59. A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is a

Patty

Tonsil

Kitner

Peanut

A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is called a tonsil.

Explanation

A sponge that is cotton-filled gauze with a cotton thread attached is called a tonsil.

60. A common donor site for an autogenous bone graft is

Femur

Pelvis

Ilium

Ischium

The ilium is a common donor site for an autogenous bone graft. Autogenous bone graft refers to using the patient's own bone from another part of their body to repair or replace damaged bone in a different area. The ilium, which is part of the pelvis, is often chosen as a donor site because it provides a good amount of bone that can be easily accessed and harvested. Additionally, the ilium has a good blood supply, which promotes successful graft integration and healing.

Explanation

The ilium is a common donor site for an autogenous bone graft. Autogenous bone graft refers to using the patient's own bone from another part of their body to repair or replace damaged bone in a different area. The ilium, which is part of the pelvis, is often chosen as a donor site because it provides a good amount of bone that can be easily accessed and harvested. Additionally, the ilium has a good blood supply, which promotes successful graft integration and healing.

61. Stereotactic surgery takes place in the

Ear

Eye

Brain

Nose

Stereotactic surgery is a precise surgical technique that involves the use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate and target specific areas within the brain. This procedure is commonly used to treat various neurological conditions such as tumors, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. By accurately navigating through the brain, surgeons can minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue and improve patient outcomes. Therefore, it is clear that stereotactic surgery takes place in the brain.

Explanation

Stereotactic surgery is a precise surgical technique that involves the use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate and target specific areas within the brain. This procedure is commonly used to treat various neurological conditions such as tumors, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. By accurately navigating through the brain, surgeons can minimize damage to surrounding healthy tissue and improve patient outcomes. Therefore, it is clear that stereotactic surgery takes place in the brain.

62. Operative accessibility in thyroid surgery may be aided by the use of a (n)

Headrest

Shoulder braces

Arch bar

Shoulder bridge

The shoulder bridge can aid in operative accessibility in thyroid surgery. This device helps to elevate the patient's shoulders, allowing for better access to the surgical site. By lifting the shoulders, it creates more space and improves the surgeon's ability to maneuver and perform the procedure effectively. This can enhance visibility and precision during thyroid surgery, ultimately leading to better outcomes for the patient.

Explanation

The shoulder bridge can aid in operative accessibility in thyroid surgery. This device helps to elevate the patient's shoulders, allowing for better access to the surgical site. By lifting the shoulders, it creates more space and improves the surgeon's ability to maneuver and perform the procedure effectively. This can enhance visibility and precision during thyroid surgery, ultimately leading to better outcomes for the patient.

63. When utilizing the laser, occupational exposure to surgical smoke via the skin, eye, and mucous membranes is best minimized by the use of

Charcoal filters

Copper shield

Universal precautions

Standard suction

Universal precautions refer to a set of infection control practices that healthcare workers follow to prevent the transmission of diseases. This includes the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks, and goggles to protect the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes from exposure to surgical smoke when using a laser. Universal precautions are considered the best way to minimize occupational exposure to surgical smoke, as they provide comprehensive protection against various infectious agents present in the smoke. Charcoal filters, copper shields, and standard suction may have limited effectiveness in reducing exposure to surgical smoke and are not as comprehensive as universal precautions.

Explanation

Universal precautions refer to a set of infection control practices that healthcare workers follow to prevent the transmission of diseases. This includes the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, masks, and goggles to protect the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes from exposure to surgical smoke when using a laser. Universal precautions are considered the best way to minimize occupational exposure to surgical smoke, as they provide comprehensive protection against various infectious agents present in the smoke. Charcoal filters, copper shields, and standard suction may have limited effectiveness in reducing exposure to surgical smoke and are not as comprehensive as universal precautions.

64. In which procedure would be a radiant warmer be found?

Sterilization

Cesarean section

Blood transfusion

Ramstedt operation

A radiant warmer would be found in a cesarean section procedure. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. A radiant warmer is a device used to provide heat to newborn babies to maintain their body temperature. In a cesarean section, the baby may require additional warmth after delivery, and a radiant warmer would be used for this purpose.

Explanation

A radiant warmer would be found in a cesarean section procedure. A cesarean section is a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus. A radiant warmer is a device used to provide heat to newborn babies to maintain their body temperature. In a cesarean section, the baby may require additional warmth after delivery, and a radiant warmer would be used for this purpose.

65. The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is

0-100 mm

100-200 mm

100-400 mm

2-25 mm

The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is 100-400 mm. This means that the microscope has a variety of lenses that can be used depending on the specific needs of the procedure. The range allows for flexibility in adjusting the magnification and focus, ensuring clear and precise visualization of the surgical field. Lenses with shorter focal lengths are used for higher magnification, while lenses with longer focal lengths are used for lower magnification but a wider field of view. This range covers a wide range of surgical procedures, making it a suitable choice for various applications.

Explanation

The range of focal lengths of the objective lenses in the operating microscope is 100-400 mm. This means that the microscope has a variety of lenses that can be used depending on the specific needs of the procedure. The range allows for flexibility in adjusting the magnification and focus, ensuring clear and precise visualization of the surgical field. Lenses with shorter focal lengths are used for higher magnification, while lenses with longer focal lengths are used for lower magnification but a wider field of view. This range covers a wide range of surgical procedures, making it a suitable choice for various applications.

66. The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is

Halogen

Tungsten

Coaxial illuminators

Paraxial illuminators

The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is coaxial illuminators. Coaxial illuminators are designed with a fiber optic bundle that allows the light to be transmitted directly through the microscope's objective lens. This design provides a more focused and uniform illumination, allowing for better visualization during surgical procedures. The use of fiberoptics also helps to minimize heat generation, making it a safer option for delicate procedures.

Explanation

The operating microscope that visually employs fiberoptics for its light source is coaxial illuminators. Coaxial illuminators are designed with a fiber optic bundle that allows the light to be transmitted directly through the microscope's objective lens. This design provides a more focused and uniform illumination, allowing for better visualization during surgical procedures. The use of fiberoptics also helps to minimize heat generation, making it a safer option for delicate procedures.

67. A secondary video monitor is referred to as a (n)

MAC

SMA

CAM-2

Slave

A secondary video monitor is referred to as a "slave" because it is connected to and controlled by the primary or "master" video monitor. The slave monitor displays the same content as the master monitor and does not have independent control or functionality.

Explanation

A secondary video monitor is referred to as a "slave" because it is connected to and controlled by the primary or "master" video monitor. The slave monitor displays the same content as the master monitor and does not have independent control or functionality.

68. All of the following are true of disposable chest drainage units EXCEPT

Provides drainage collection from intrapleural space

Maintains a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity

Provides suction control determined by water-level

Aids in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space

Disposable chest drainage units are used to provide drainage collection from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water-level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space.

Explanation

Disposable chest drainage units are used to provide drainage collection from the intrapleural space, maintain a seal to prevent air from entering the pleural cavity, and provide suction control determined by water-level. However, they do not aid in re-establishing positive pressure in the intrapleural space.

69. A protective skin coating is accomplished with

Tincture of benzoin

Merthiolate

Iodoform

Lugol's solution

Tincture of benzoin is used as a protective skin coating because it forms a thin film on the skin that helps protect against irritants and friction. It also has antiseptic properties, which can help prevent infection. Additionally, tincture of benzoin has a mild adhesive effect, which can help keep dressings or bandages in place.

Explanation

Tincture of benzoin is used as a protective skin coating because it forms a thin film on the skin that helps protect against irritants and friction. It also has antiseptic properties, which can help prevent infection. Additionally, tincture of benzoin has a mild adhesive effect, which can help keep dressings or bandages in place.

70. The procedure employing the use of a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope is called a ____________.

Indirect laryngoscopy

Direct laryngoscopy

Suspension microlaryngoscopy

Laser microlaryngoscopy

Suspension microlaryngoscopy is the correct answer because it describes the procedure that uses a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope. This procedure involves suspending the patient's larynx using a suspension system, which allows for better visualization and access to the larynx for examination or surgery. It is commonly used for diagnostic purposes or to remove lesions or growths in the larynx.

Explanation

Suspension microlaryngoscopy is the correct answer because it describes the procedure that uses a self-retaining laryngoscope and microscope. This procedure involves suspending the patient's larynx using a suspension system, which allows for better visualization and access to the larynx for examination or surgery. It is commonly used for diagnostic purposes or to remove lesions or growths in the larynx.

71. Each of the following are measures used to control the effects of the laser plume EXCEPT

Smoke evacuators

Suctions

High filtration masks

Moistened drapes

Moistened drapes are not typically used as a measure to control the effects of the laser plume. Smoke evacuators, suctions, and high filtration masks are commonly used to remove or filter the laser plume, which consists of smoke, particles, and potentially harmful gases, from the surgical environment. Moistened drapes, on the other hand, are used to create a sterile barrier or maintain a moist environment during surgery, but they do not directly address the control of laser plume.

Explanation

Moistened drapes are not typically used as a measure to control the effects of the laser plume. Smoke evacuators, suctions, and high filtration masks are commonly used to remove or filter the laser plume, which consists of smoke, particles, and potentially harmful gases, from the surgical environment. Moistened drapes, on the other hand, are used to create a sterile barrier or maintain a moist environment during surgery, but they do not directly address the control of laser plume.

72. A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a

Patty

Tonsil

Cottonoid

Peanut

A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a peanut. This term is commonly used in medical settings to refer to a small, absorbent sponge that is often shaped like a peanut. It is used during surgical procedures to absorb excess fluids and keep the surgical site clean and dry. The term "peanut" is derived from its shape, which resembles that of a peanut.

Explanation

A dissecting sponge made of gauze that is used to dissect or absorb fluid is called a peanut. This term is commonly used in medical settings to refer to a small, absorbent sponge that is often shaped like a peanut. It is used during surgical procedures to absorb excess fluids and keep the surgical site clean and dry. The term "peanut" is derived from its shape, which resembles that of a peanut.

73. The tube that collects bronchial washings is

Broyles

Lukens

Ellik

Toomey

The Lukens tube is commonly used for collecting bronchial washings. It is a flexible tube that is inserted into the bronchial tree to obtain samples of fluid or mucus for diagnostic purposes. The other options mentioned (Broyles, Ellik, and Toomey) are not specifically designed for collecting bronchial washings.

Explanation

The Lukens tube is commonly used for collecting bronchial washings. It is a flexible tube that is inserted into the bronchial tree to obtain samples of fluid or mucus for diagnostic purposes. The other options mentioned (Broyles, Ellik, and Toomey) are not specifically designed for collecting bronchial washings.

74. A common size chest tube is a

3 Fr.

10 Fr.

30 Fr.

60 Fr.

A common size chest tube is typically 30 Fr. "Fr" stands for French, which is a unit of measurement used for the diameter of medical devices. The larger the Fr number, the larger the diameter of the tube. A 30 Fr chest tube is commonly used for draining fluid or air from the chest cavity, such as in cases of pneumothorax or pleural effusion.

Explanation

A common size chest tube is typically 30 Fr. "Fr" stands for French, which is a unit of measurement used for the diameter of medical devices. The larger the Fr number, the larger the diameter of the tube. A 30 Fr chest tube is commonly used for draining fluid or air from the chest cavity, such as in cases of pneumothorax or pleural effusion.

75. What type of catheter would facilitate the removal of small gallstones?

T-tube

Robinson

Fogarty

Rehfus

The Fogarty catheter is specifically designed for the removal of small gallstones. This type of catheter has a balloon at its tip that can be inflated to grip and remove the gallstones from the gallbladder or bile duct. The balloon is deflated once the stones are extracted. The other options, T-tube, Robinson, and Rehfus catheters, do not have the same functionality and are not suitable for this purpose.

Explanation

The Fogarty catheter is specifically designed for the removal of small gallstones. This type of catheter has a balloon at its tip that can be inflated to grip and remove the gallstones from the gallbladder or bile duct. The balloon is deflated once the stones are extracted. The other options, T-tube, Robinson, and Rehfus catheters, do not have the same functionality and are not suitable for this purpose.

76. TPN

Maintains patient's nutrition

Provides withdrawal site for blood samples

Provides access route for chemo installation

Records vital signs

TPN stands for Total Parenteral Nutrition, which is a method of providing nutrition to patients who are unable to eat or digest food normally. It involves delivering a balanced mixture of nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a central venous catheter. TPN is used when the digestive system is not functioning properly or when the patient cannot consume food orally. Therefore, the correct answer is that TPN maintains the patient's nutrition by providing essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream.

Explanation

TPN stands for Total Parenteral Nutrition, which is a method of providing nutrition to patients who are unable to eat or digest food normally. It involves delivering a balanced mixture of nutrients directly into the bloodstream through a central venous catheter. TPN is used when the digestive system is not functioning properly or when the patient cannot consume food orally. Therefore, the correct answer is that TPN maintains the patient's nutrition by providing essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream.

77. Ebonization refers to

Escharing of tissue from thermal or chemical burn

Coating of instruments to decrease reflectivity

Removing of a growth or harmful substance

Clumping together of cells as a result of interaction with antibodies

Ebonization refers to the process of coating instruments to decrease their reflectivity. This coating helps to reduce glare and improve visibility during surgical procedures. By decreasing reflectivity, ebonization enhances the contrast and clarity of the surgical field, allowing surgeons to perform procedures with greater precision. This technique is commonly used in various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and neurosurgery, where clear visualization is crucial for successful outcomes.

Explanation

Ebonization refers to the process of coating instruments to decrease their reflectivity. This coating helps to reduce glare and improve visibility during surgical procedures. By decreasing reflectivity, ebonization enhances the contrast and clarity of the surgical field, allowing surgeons to perform procedures with greater precision. This technique is commonly used in various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and neurosurgery, where clear visualization is crucial for successful outcomes.

78. A cast applied from the hips to the head, which is used to immobilize cervical fractures is a

Minerva jacket

Body jacket

Shoulder spica

Cylinder

A Minerva jacket is a type of cast that is applied from the hips to the head in order to immobilize cervical fractures. It provides support and stability to the neck and upper body, preventing any movement that could further injure the cervical spine. This type of cast is specifically designed to restrict motion in the neck and upper spine, allowing the fracture to heal properly.

Explanation

A Minerva jacket is a type of cast that is applied from the hips to the head in order to immobilize cervical fractures. It provides support and stability to the neck and upper body, preventing any movement that could further injure the cervical spine. This type of cast is specifically designed to restrict motion in the neck and upper spine, allowing the fracture to heal properly.

79. A motorized device whose action prevents venous stasis and reduces risk of deep-vein clotting in high risk patients is

Pneumatic antishock garment

Military antishock trousers (MAST)

TED stockings

Sequesntial pneumatic compression boots

Sequential pneumatic compression boots are a motorized device that applies intermittent pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow and preventing venous stasis. This action reduces the risk of deep-vein clotting, making them beneficial for high-risk patients. Unlike the other options, such as the pneumatic antishock garment or military antishock trousers, which are used for different purposes, sequential pneumatic compression boots specifically target the prevention of venous stasis and clotting. TED stockings, on the other hand, are non-motorized compression stockings that provide a static level of compression and may not be as effective in reducing the risk of deep-vein clotting.

Explanation

Sequential pneumatic compression boots are a motorized device that applies intermittent pressure to the legs, promoting blood flow and preventing venous stasis. This action reduces the risk of deep-vein clotting, making them beneficial for high-risk patients. Unlike the other options, such as the pneumatic antishock garment or military antishock trousers, which are used for different purposes, sequential pneumatic compression boots specifically target the prevention of venous stasis and clotting. TED stockings, on the other hand, are non-motorized compression stockings that provide a static level of compression and may not be as effective in reducing the risk of deep-vein clotting.

80. People who are near the CO2 laser impact area can guard against cormeal injuries by

Wearing amber-tinted lenses

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards

Wearing green-tinted lenses

Looking away from the energy source

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards can protect people from cormeal injuries caused by CO2 laser impact. These glasses provide a physical barrier that prevents the laser from directly reaching the eyes. The side guards also offer additional protection by blocking any stray laser beams that may come from the sides. Amber-tinted lenses and green-tinted lenses do not provide the same level of protection as clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards. Looking away from the energy source may reduce the risk of direct exposure, but it does not offer sufficient protection against potential laser beams that can still reach the eyes.

Explanation

Wearing clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards can protect people from cormeal injuries caused by CO2 laser impact. These glasses provide a physical barrier that prevents the laser from directly reaching the eyes. The side guards also offer additional protection by blocking any stray laser beams that may come from the sides. Amber-tinted lenses and green-tinted lenses do not provide the same level of protection as clear glass or plastic glasses with side guards. Looking away from the energy source may reduce the risk of direct exposure, but it does not offer sufficient protection against potential laser beams that can still reach the eyes.

81. A dissecting sponge that is a small roll of heavy cotton tape is a

Kitner

Peanut

Tonsil

Tape

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

82. The pupose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is

Defining depth perception

Focusing ability

Magnifying power

Discerning detail

The purpose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is to define depth perception. This instrument uses a narrow beam of light to create a thin, vertical slit that allows the doctor to examine the different layers of the eye in detail. By observing the depth and position of various structures within the eye, the surgeon can accurately assess any abnormalities or conditions that may require treatment.

Explanation

The purpose of the "slit" lamp in eye surgery is to define depth perception. This instrument uses a narrow beam of light to create a thin, vertical slit that allows the doctor to examine the different layers of the eye in detail. By observing the depth and position of various structures within the eye, the surgeon can accurately assess any abnormalities or conditions that may require treatment.

83. A Pezzer is a

Foley catheter

Bat-wing catheter

Ureteral catheter

Mushroom catheter

A Pezzer is a type of catheter known as a mushroom catheter. It is named after its shape, which resembles a mushroom. This type of catheter is used for drainage or irrigation of a body cavity, such as the bladder or the rectum. The mushroom-shaped end of the catheter helps to secure it in place and prevent it from slipping out.

Explanation

A Pezzer is a type of catheter known as a mushroom catheter. It is named after its shape, which resembles a mushroom. This type of catheter is used for drainage or irrigation of a body cavity, such as the bladder or the rectum. The mushroom-shaped end of the catheter helps to secure it in place and prevent it from slipping out.

84. Placement of a Levin tube would be in the

Ear

Large intestine

Stomach

Bladder

The placement of a Levin tube would be in the stomach. A Levin tube is a soft, flexible tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth and down into the stomach. It is used for various purposes, such as decompressing the stomach, administering medications or nutrients, or removing gastric contents. The stomach is the correct placement for a Levin tube because it allows for direct access to the stomach and its contents.

Explanation

The placement of a Levin tube would be in the stomach. A Levin tube is a soft, flexible tube that is inserted through the nose or mouth and down into the stomach. It is used for various purposes, such as decompressing the stomach, administering medications or nutrients, or removing gastric contents. The stomach is the correct placement for a Levin tube because it allows for direct access to the stomach and its contents.

85. The use of each of the following items are measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries EXCEPT

Ebonized instruments

Anodized instruments

Plastic vaginal and rectal speculums

Reflective drapes

Ebonized instruments, anodized instruments, and reflective drapes are all measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries because they are non-reflective and absorb or disperse laser energy. Plastic vaginal and rectal speculums, on the other hand, are not specifically designed to reduce laser-induced injuries.

Explanation

Ebonized instruments, anodized instruments, and reflective drapes are all measures employed to reduce laser-induced injuries because they are non-reflective and absorb or disperse laser energy. Plastic vaginal and rectal speculums, on the other hand, are not specifically designed to reduce laser-induced injuries.

86. A central venous catheter is usually inserted into the

Brachial vein

Caphalic vein

Femoral vein

External jugular vein

A central venous catheter is typically inserted into the external jugular vein. This vein is located on the side of the neck, near the surface of the skin, making it easily accessible for insertion of the catheter. The external jugular vein is a large vein that provides direct access to the central circulation, allowing for the administration of fluids, medications, and monitoring of central venous pressure. Additionally, the external jugular vein is less prone to complications compared to other veins, such as the femoral vein, making it a preferred choice for central venous catheterization.

Explanation

A central venous catheter is typically inserted into the external jugular vein. This vein is located on the side of the neck, near the surface of the skin, making it easily accessible for insertion of the catheter. The external jugular vein is a large vein that provides direct access to the central circulation, allowing for the administration of fluids, medications, and monitoring of central venous pressure. Additionally, the external jugular vein is less prone to complications compared to other veins, such as the femoral vein, making it a preferred choice for central venous catheterization.

87. A device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia is a (n)

CT

IPB

CVP

MAST

MAST stands for Military Anti-Shock Trousers, which are a device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia. These trousers apply pressure to the lower body, specifically the legs and abdomen, to help control bleeding and increase blood flow to vital organs. MAST is commonly used in emergency situations and trauma care to stabilize patients and prevent further blood loss.

Explanation

MAST stands for Military Anti-Shock Trousers, which are a device used to correct and counteract internal bleeding conditions and hypovolemia. These trousers apply pressure to the lower body, specifically the legs and abdomen, to help control bleeding and increase blood flow to vital organs. MAST is commonly used in emergency situations and trauma care to stabilize patients and prevent further blood loss.

88. Long-term or temporary ureteral drainage can be accomplished with a

Braasch bulb

Blassuchi

Stent

Garceau

A stent can be used for both long-term and temporary ureteral drainage. It is a tube-like device that is inserted into the ureter to help keep it open and allow urine to flow freely. Stents are often used after surgeries or procedures to prevent blockages or strictures in the ureter. They can be left in place for a short period of time or for a longer duration depending on the patient's needs. Stents are a common and effective method for maintaining ureteral drainage.

Explanation

A stent can be used for both long-term and temporary ureteral drainage. It is a tube-like device that is inserted into the ureter to help keep it open and allow urine to flow freely. Stents are often used after surgeries or procedures to prevent blockages or strictures in the ureter. They can be left in place for a short period of time or for a longer duration depending on the patient's needs. Stents are a common and effective method for maintaining ureteral drainage.

89. Why is a 30-cc bag Foley used after a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate?

Hemostasis

Decompression

Creation of negative pressure

Aspiration

After a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, a 30-cc bag Foley is used for hemostasis. This is because TUR of the prostate involves removing tissue from the prostate gland, which can cause bleeding. The 30-cc bag Foley helps to control bleeding by applying pressure to the surgical site, promoting clot formation and preventing further bleeding. It is important to maintain hemostasis after TUR to prevent complications such as excessive bleeding or clot formation.

Explanation

After a transurethral resection (TUR) of the prostate, a 30-cc bag Foley is used for hemostasis. This is because TUR of the prostate involves removing tissue from the prostate gland, which can cause bleeding. The 30-cc bag Foley helps to control bleeding by applying pressure to the surgical site, promoting clot formation and preventing further bleeding. It is important to maintain hemostasis after TUR to prevent complications such as excessive bleeding or clot formation.

90. Extracorporeal circulation refers to circulation

Of blood outside of the body

Through the muscular tissue of the heart

Established through an anastomosis between two vessels

Of blood through the whole body EXCEPT the lungs

Extracorporeal circulation refers to the process of circulating blood outside of the body. This means that the blood is not flowing through the natural circulatory system within the body, but rather through an external device or system. This can be done during certain medical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, where the blood is diverted away from the heart and lungs to a heart-lung machine that oxygenates and pumps the blood back into the body. This allows the surgeon to temporarily stop the heart and perform necessary interventions while maintaining blood flow and oxygenation to the rest of the body.

Explanation

Extracorporeal circulation refers to the process of circulating blood outside of the body. This means that the blood is not flowing through the natural circulatory system within the body, but rather through an external device or system. This can be done during certain medical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, where the blood is diverted away from the heart and lungs to a heart-lung machine that oxygenates and pumps the blood back into the body. This allows the surgeon to temporarily stop the heart and perform necessary interventions while maintaining blood flow and oxygenation to the rest of the body.

91. A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a

Passive

Strip closure

Proxi-strip

Stent

A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a stent. A stent is a medical device that is used to support or hold open a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel or an airway. In this context, the suture ends are used to secure the stent in place, providing stability and preventing it from moving or shifting. This technique is commonly used in surgical procedures to ensure proper healing and support of the affected area.

Explanation

A dressing that is held in place by long suture ends crisscrossed and tied is called a stent. A stent is a medical device that is used to support or hold open a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel or an airway. In this context, the suture ends are used to secure the stent in place, providing stability and preventing it from moving or shifting. This technique is commonly used in surgical procedures to ensure proper healing and support of the affected area.

92. The laser used primarily for port-wine stain lessons of the skin is the

Argon

Krypton

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG)

Ruby

The correct answer is ruby. Ruby lasers are commonly used for port-wine stain lessons of the skin. These lasers emit a red light with a wavelength that is absorbed by the pigmented cells in the skin, causing them to heat up and break apart. This helps to reduce the appearance of the port-wine stain and improve the overall appearance of the skin. Other lasers, such as argon, krypton, and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), may have different applications in dermatology, but they are not typically used for port-wine stain treatments.

Explanation

The correct answer is ruby. Ruby lasers are commonly used for port-wine stain lessons of the skin. These lasers emit a red light with a wavelength that is absorbed by the pigmented cells in the skin, causing them to heat up and break apart. This helps to reduce the appearance of the port-wine stain and improve the overall appearance of the skin. Other lasers, such as argon, krypton, and yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG), may have different applications in dermatology, but they are not typically used for port-wine stain treatments.

93. The patient coming to the OR with rupture of esophageal varies may have a (n) ___________ in place to control bleeding.

Miller-Abbott

Franklin

Swan-Ganz

Sengstaken-Blakemore

A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be used in a patient with a rupture of esophageal varices to control bleeding. This tube is a type of gastric balloon tamponade device that can be inserted into the esophagus and stomach to apply pressure and stop bleeding. It consists of two balloons - one that is inflated in the esophagus to compress the varices and another that is inflated in the stomach to hold the tube in place. This intervention can be life-saving in cases of severe bleeding from esophageal varices.

Explanation

A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be used in a patient with a rupture of esophageal varices to control bleeding. This tube is a type of gastric balloon tamponade device that can be inserted into the esophagus and stomach to apply pressure and stop bleeding. It consists of two balloons - one that is inflated in the esophagus to compress the varices and another that is inflated in the stomach to hold the tube in place. This intervention can be life-saving in cases of severe bleeding from esophageal varices.

94. Which is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion?

Blood warmer

Blood filter

Blood pressure cuff

Refrigerator

A blood filter is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion. During a transfusion, the blood needs to be filtered to remove any impurities or clots that may be present. This ensures that the blood being transfused is clean and safe for the patient. Without a blood filter, there is a risk of complications or adverse reactions occurring during the transfusion. Therefore, a blood filter is essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the blood transfusion procedure.

Explanation

A blood filter is the most necessary item for a blood transfusion. During a transfusion, the blood needs to be filtered to remove any impurities or clots that may be present. This ensures that the blood being transfused is clean and safe for the patient. Without a blood filter, there is a risk of complications or adverse reactions occurring during the transfusion. Therefore, a blood filter is essential to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the blood transfusion procedure.

95. Seamless tubular cotton that stretches to fit a contour and is used for padding is called a (n)

Ace bandage

Webril

Sheet wadding

Stockinette

Stockinette is a type of seamless tubular cotton fabric that is known for its ability to stretch and conform to different contours. It is commonly used for padding in various applications, such as in medical bandages or protective gear. Stockinette provides a comfortable and secure fit, making it an ideal choice for providing cushioning and support. Webril and sheet wadding are also materials used for padding, but they do not have the same stretch and contouring properties as stockinette. Ace bandage, on the other hand, is a specific type of bandage that is not made of cotton and does not stretch to fit contours.

Explanation

Stockinette is a type of seamless tubular cotton fabric that is known for its ability to stretch and conform to different contours. It is commonly used for padding in various applications, such as in medical bandages or protective gear. Stockinette provides a comfortable and secure fit, making it an ideal choice for providing cushioning and support. Webril and sheet wadding are also materials used for padding, but they do not have the same stretch and contouring properties as stockinette. Ace bandage, on the other hand, is a specific type of bandage that is not made of cotton and does not stretch to fit contours.

96. Which of the following can be a supplement to a subcuticular closure?

Skin tape

Swaged sutures

Stent fixation

Skin closure tapes

Skin closure tapes can be a supplement to a subcuticular closure. Subcuticular closure is a technique used to close a surgical incision by suturing the deeper layers of tissue. However, skin closure tapes can be applied to the surface of the skin to provide additional support and secure the edges of the incision. These tapes are often used in conjunction with sutures to enhance wound healing and minimize tension on the incision site.

Explanation

Skin closure tapes can be a supplement to a subcuticular closure. Subcuticular closure is a technique used to close a surgical incision by suturing the deeper layers of tissue. However, skin closure tapes can be applied to the surface of the skin to provide additional support and secure the edges of the incision. These tapes are often used in conjunction with sutures to enhance wound healing and minimize tension on the incision site.

97. A setup that would include a 1000-cc bag of normal saline, sterile IV tubing, an IV pole, and a pressure bag is

Splenectomy

Choledochoscopy

Thyroideotomy

Ovarian cystectomy

A choledochoscopy is a procedure that involves examining the bile ducts using a special instrument called an endoscope. During this procedure, normal saline is often used to flush the bile ducts for better visualization. The sterile IV tubing is used to administer the saline solution, while the IV pole is used to hold the bag of saline and the pressure bag is used to regulate the flow of the solution. Therefore, the setup described in the question is most appropriate for a choledochoscopy.

Explanation

A choledochoscopy is a procedure that involves examining the bile ducts using a special instrument called an endoscope. During this procedure, normal saline is often used to flush the bile ducts for better visualization. The sterile IV tubing is used to administer the saline solution, while the IV pole is used to hold the bag of saline and the pressure bag is used to regulate the flow of the solution. Therefore, the setup described in the question is most appropriate for a choledochoscopy.

98. An indwelling catheter used for chemotherapy administration is a

Fogarty

Tenckhoff

Palmaz

Gruntzig

A Tenckhoff catheter is commonly used for peritoneal dialysis, not chemotherapy administration. It is a type of indwelling catheter that is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to allow for the exchange of fluids during dialysis. This catheter has a curl or pigtail at the end to prevent it from slipping out of place. It is not designed or recommended for chemotherapy administration, as there are specific catheters designed for that purpose.

Explanation

A Tenckhoff catheter is commonly used for peritoneal dialysis, not chemotherapy administration. It is a type of indwelling catheter that is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to allow for the exchange of fluids during dialysis. This catheter has a curl or pigtail at the end to prevent it from slipping out of place. It is not designed or recommended for chemotherapy administration, as there are specific catheters designed for that purpose.

99. A temporary biologic dressing is

Porcine

Telfa

Collagen

Mesh

Porcine refers to something that is derived from or related to pigs. In the context of a temporary biologic dressing, porcine likely refers to a dressing made from pig-derived materials. This could include pig skin or other tissues that are used to create a dressing that can be applied to wounds or burns. Porcine dressings are often used in medical settings due to their biocompatibility and ability to promote wound healing.

Explanation

Porcine refers to something that is derived from or related to pigs. In the context of a temporary biologic dressing, porcine likely refers to a dressing made from pig-derived materials. This could include pig skin or other tissues that are used to create a dressing that can be applied to wounds or burns. Porcine dressings are often used in medical settings due to their biocompatibility and ability to promote wound healing.

100. Which endotracheal tube is contraindicated during laser surgery?

Flexible metal tube with external cuff attached

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube

Red rubber tube wrapped with reflecting tape

Commercial laser endotracheal (ET) tube

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube is contraindicated during laser surgery because PVC is a flammable material that can ignite when exposed to the laser beam. This can cause a fire hazard and potentially harm the patient. Therefore, it is important to use alternative materials that are non-flammable, such as a flexible metal tube with an external cuff attached or a red rubber tube wrapped with reflecting tape, or to use a commercial laser endotracheal (ET) tube specifically designed for laser procedures.

Explanation

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube is contraindicated during laser surgery because PVC is a flammable material that can ignite when exposed to the laser beam. This can cause a fire hazard and potentially harm the patient. Therefore, it is important to use alternative materials that are non-flammable, such as a flexible metal tube with an external cuff attached or a red rubber tube wrapped with reflecting tape, or to use a commercial laser endotracheal (ET) tube specifically designed for laser procedures.

101. The tunable dye laser used to disintegrate kidney stones is the

ESWL

Candela

CO2

Nd-AG

The correct answer is "candela" because it is a unit of measurement for the intensity of light. A tunable dye laser is used in the process of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to disintegrate kidney stones. The laser emits high-intensity light pulses that are focused on the kidney stones, causing them to break up into smaller pieces. Therefore, the use of a candela laser in ESWL is an effective method for treating kidney stones.

Explanation

The correct answer is "candela" because it is a unit of measurement for the intensity of light. A tunable dye laser is used in the process of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) to disintegrate kidney stones. The laser emits high-intensity light pulses that are focused on the kidney stones, causing them to break up into smaller pieces. Therefore, the use of a candela laser in ESWL is an effective method for treating kidney stones.

102. Which catheter facilitates the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs?

Hickman

Dorsey

Silverman

Huber

A Hickman catheter is a type of central venous catheter that is specifically designed for the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is inserted into a large vein, typically the jugular vein, and remains in place for an extended period of time. The Hickman catheter has multiple lumens, allowing for the administration of medications and fluids simultaneously. It is often used in cancer patients who require long-term chemotherapy treatment, as it provides a reliable and convenient access point for drug administration.

Explanation

A Hickman catheter is a type of central venous catheter that is specifically designed for the infusion of chemotherapeutic drugs. It is inserted into a large vein, typically the jugular vein, and remains in place for an extended period of time. The Hickman catheter has multiple lumens, allowing for the administration of medications and fluids simultaneously. It is often used in cancer patients who require long-term chemotherapy treatment, as it provides a reliable and convenient access point for drug administration.

103. Equate the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy as compared to that of a single x-ray.

The same exposure

2:1

5:1

10:1

The answer "10:1" suggests that the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is 10 times higher compared to that of a single x-ray. This means that during fluoroscopy, a person is exposed to a significantly higher amount of radiation than when they undergo a single x-ray procedure. This information highlights the potential risks associated with fluoroscopy and the importance of minimizing unnecessary exposure to radiation.

Explanation

The answer "10:1" suggests that the radiation exposure in fluoroscopy is 10 times higher compared to that of a single x-ray. This means that during fluoroscopy, a person is exposed to a significantly higher amount of radiation than when they undergo a single x-ray procedure. This information highlights the potential risks associated with fluoroscopy and the importance of minimizing unnecessary exposure to radiation.

104. Which laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin?

CO2

Argon

Nd-YAG

Helium-neon

Argon laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin. This is because argon lasers emit blue-green light, which is in the range of wavelengths that are absorbed by these pigments. Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, absorbs light in the blue spectrum, while melanin, found in skin and hair, absorbs light in the green spectrum. Therefore, argon lasers are commonly used in medical and cosmetic procedures that target blood vessels or pigmented lesions.

Explanation

Argon laser emission is primarily absorbed in tissue by hemoglobin or melanin. This is because argon lasers emit blue-green light, which is in the range of wavelengths that are absorbed by these pigments. Hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, absorbs light in the blue spectrum, while melanin, found in skin and hair, absorbs light in the green spectrum. Therefore, argon lasers are commonly used in medical and cosmetic procedures that target blood vessels or pigmented lesions.

105. If a sponge is intentionally left in the patient

A report is made to the supervisor

An incident report is completed

A notation is placed on the operative record

None of the above

When a sponge is intentionally left in a patient during a surgical procedure, a notation is placed on the operative record. This is done to ensure that there is a clear and documented record of the incident. The notation serves as a reminder for future medical professionals who may be involved in the patient's care, and it helps to prevent similar mistakes from happening again. It also provides important information for legal and liability purposes. Making a report to the supervisor and completing an incident report may also be necessary actions, but the notation on the operative record is specifically related to the incident of the sponge being left in the patient.

Explanation

When a sponge is intentionally left in a patient during a surgical procedure, a notation is placed on the operative record. This is done to ensure that there is a clear and documented record of the incident. The notation serves as a reminder for future medical professionals who may be involved in the patient's care, and it helps to prevent similar mistakes from happening again. It also provides important information for legal and liability purposes. Making a report to the supervisor and completing an incident report may also be necessary actions, but the notation on the operative record is specifically related to the incident of the sponge being left in the patient.

106. The laser used most commonly for retinal detachment, tear, or hole is

Krypton

Nd-YAG

Argon

CO2

The correct answer is argon. Argon laser is commonly used for treating retinal detachment, tears, or holes. It is preferred due to its ability to deliver precise and controlled laser energy to the retina. The argon laser produces a blue-green light that is well-absorbed by the pigmented cells in the retina, allowing for targeted treatment. This laser is effective in sealing retinal tears and creating scar tissue to reattach the retina, preventing further detachment.

Explanation

The correct answer is argon. Argon laser is commonly used for treating retinal detachment, tears, or holes. It is preferred due to its ability to deliver precise and controlled laser energy to the retina. The argon laser produces a blue-green light that is well-absorbed by the pigmented cells in the retina, allowing for targeted treatment. This laser is effective in sealing retinal tears and creating scar tissue to reattach the retina, preventing further detachment.

107. An image intensifier

Is an x-ray machine

Is a microscope

Converts the x-ray beam into a flurorscopic optical image

Converts an x-ray image into film

An image intensifier is a device that enhances the intensity of an image, typically used in medical imaging. It does not refer to an x-ray machine or a microscope, but rather converts the x-ray beam into a fluoroscopic optical image. This means that it takes the incoming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible image that can be viewed in real-time, allowing for better visualization and diagnosis of medical conditions. It does not convert an x-ray image into film, as that would be the function of a traditional x-ray film.

Explanation

An image intensifier is a device that enhances the intensity of an image, typically used in medical imaging. It does not refer to an x-ray machine or a microscope, but rather converts the x-ray beam into a fluoroscopic optical image. This means that it takes the incoming x-ray beam and converts it into a visible image that can be viewed in real-time, allowing for better visualization and diagnosis of medical conditions. It does not convert an x-ray image into film, as that would be the function of a traditional x-ray film.

108. Laser surgery performed in the rectal area should be preceded by

Suctioning of lower bowel to remove methane gas

Suctioning out the lower bowel contents

Packing the rectum with dry, counted sponges

A and C

When laser surgery is performed in the rectal area, it is important to suction the lower bowel to remove methane gas. Methane gas can be present in the rectal area and can be flammable, posing a risk during laser surgery. Suctioning the lower bowel helps to remove this gas and reduce the risk of any potential fire or explosion hazards. Packing the rectum with dry, counted sponges may be done for other reasons, but it is not specifically related to the removal of methane gas. Therefore, the correct answer is suctioning of lower bowel to remove methane gas.

Explanation

When laser surgery is performed in the rectal area, it is important to suction the lower bowel to remove methane gas. Methane gas can be present in the rectal area and can be flammable, posing a risk during laser surgery. Suctioning the lower bowel helps to remove this gas and reduce the risk of any potential fire or explosion hazards. Packing the rectum with dry, counted sponges may be done for other reasons, but it is not specifically related to the removal of methane gas. Therefore, the correct answer is suctioning of lower bowel to remove methane gas.

109. An elastic adhesive bandage is

Flexible collodion

Ace bandage

Elastoplast

Scultetus binder

The correct answer is elastoplast. Elastoplast is an elastic adhesive bandage that is commonly used for supporting and protecting sprains, strains, and other injuries. It is made of a stretchable fabric that allows for flexibility and movement while providing compression and stability to the affected area. Elastoplast bandages are easy to apply and can be cut to the desired length, making them suitable for various body parts. They are also water-resistant and durable, making them ideal for long-term use.

Explanation

The correct answer is elastoplast. Elastoplast is an elastic adhesive bandage that is commonly used for supporting and protecting sprains, strains, and other injuries. It is made of a stretchable fabric that allows for flexibility and movement while providing compression and stability to the affected area. Elastoplast bandages are easy to apply and can be cut to the desired length, making them suitable for various body parts. They are also water-resistant and durable, making them ideal for long-term use.

110. Which of the following is NOT a type of ureteral catheter tip?

Whistle

Olive

Braasch bulb

Pezzar

The Pezzar catheter is a type of ureteral catheter tip, so it is not the correct answer. The other options listed (whistle, olive, and Braasch bulb) are all types of ureteral catheter tips.

Explanation

The Pezzar catheter is a type of ureteral catheter tip, so it is not the correct answer. The other options listed (whistle, olive, and Braasch bulb) are all types of ureteral catheter tips.

111. Mersilene mesh

Cannot be resterilized

Can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled

Can be resterilized, if soil is carefully washed off

Can be cold soaked for 10 minutes

Mersilene mesh can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled. This means that if the mesh has not been used and is free from any dirt or contamination, it can undergo steam sterilization. However, it cannot be resterilized after the initial sterilization process. It is important to note that if the mesh is soiled or contaminated, it cannot be sterilized and should be discarded.

Explanation

Mersilene mesh can be steam sterilized once, if unused but not soiled. This means that if the mesh has not been used and is free from any dirt or contamination, it can undergo steam sterilization. However, it cannot be resterilized after the initial sterilization process. It is important to note that if the mesh is soiled or contaminated, it cannot be sterilized and should be discarded.

112. Balloon angioplasty is accomplished with the use of a __________ catheter.

Gruntzig

Gibbons

Garceau

Harris

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed blood vessels. It involves the use of a catheter with a balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated to widen the vessel and improve blood flow. Gruntzig is the correct answer because Andreas Gruntzig was the pioneer who developed and introduced balloon angioplasty in the late 1970s. The procedure is commonly referred to as "Gruntzig angioplasty" or "percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty" (PTCA) in his honor.

Explanation

Balloon angioplasty is a procedure used to open blocked or narrowed blood vessels. It involves the use of a catheter with a balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated to widen the vessel and improve blood flow. Gruntzig is the correct answer because Andreas Gruntzig was the pioneer who developed and introduced balloon angioplasty in the late 1970s. The procedure is commonly referred to as "Gruntzig angioplasty" or "percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty" (PTCA) in his honor.

113. Each are measures to prevent heat loss in newborn, or children in the OR EXCEPT

Hypothermia blanket is prepared

Water mattress is warmed

Webril is wrapped on extremities

Solutions for skin prep and intraoperative use are warmed

The given options suggest various measures to prevent heat loss in newborns or children in the operating room. However, the option "hypothermia blanket is prepared" does not align with the objective of preventing heat loss. Instead, preparing a hypothermia blanket would imply preparing a blanket that induces hypothermia, which is the opposite of what is desired. Therefore, this option is the exception among the given measures.

Explanation

The given options suggest various measures to prevent heat loss in newborns or children in the operating room. However, the option "hypothermia blanket is prepared" does not align with the objective of preventing heat loss. Instead, preparing a hypothermia blanket would imply preparing a blanket that induces hypothermia, which is the opposite of what is desired. Therefore, this option is the exception among the given measures.

114. A laminaria tent is used to

Suction uterine contents

Close cervix

Dilate cervix

Visualize uterus

A laminaria tent is a medical device made of dried seaweed that is inserted into the cervix to gradually and gently dilate it. This is typically done before certain medical procedures such as dilation and curettage (D&C) or abortion. The tent absorbs moisture from the cervix, causing it to swell and expand, which helps to open up the cervix and make it easier for instruments to be inserted into the uterus. Therefore, the correct answer is "dilate cervix."

Explanation

A laminaria tent is a medical device made of dried seaweed that is inserted into the cervix to gradually and gently dilate it. This is typically done before certain medical procedures such as dilation and curettage (D&C) or abortion. The tent absorbs moisture from the cervix, causing it to swell and expand, which helps to open up the cervix and make it easier for instruments to be inserted into the uterus. Therefore, the correct answer is "dilate cervix."

115. Which synthetic mesh may be used in the presence of infection?

Prolene

Gore-tex

Mersilene

None of the above

Prolene may be used in the presence of infection because it is a synthetic mesh that is resistant to infection. It is made from polypropylene, which has a low risk of harboring bacteria and is less likely to cause an immune response. This makes Prolene a suitable option for patients who have an infection at the surgical site and need a mesh implant. Gore-tex and Mersilene, on the other hand, are not recommended in the presence of infection as they have a higher risk of complications in such cases.

Explanation

Prolene may be used in the presence of infection because it is a synthetic mesh that is resistant to infection. It is made from polypropylene, which has a low risk of harboring bacteria and is less likely to cause an immune response. This makes Prolene a suitable option for patients who have an infection at the surgical site and need a mesh implant. Gore-tex and Mersilene, on the other hand, are not recommended in the presence of infection as they have a higher risk of complications in such cases.

116. An x-ray's photographic image is called a (n)

Ultrasound wave

Magnetic image

Roentgenogram

Computerized tomography

A roentgenogram is the correct term for an x-ray's photographic image. The term "roentgenogram" is derived from the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the German physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895. It is commonly used in medical imaging to refer to the image produced by exposing a patient to x-rays and capturing the resulting image on a photographic film or digital sensor. The term "ultrasound wave" refers to a different imaging modality that uses sound waves, while "magnetic image" and "computerized tomography" are not specific to x-rays.

Explanation

A roentgenogram is the correct term for an x-ray's photographic image. The term "roentgenogram" is derived from the name of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, the German physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895. It is commonly used in medical imaging to refer to the image produced by exposing a patient to x-rays and capturing the resulting image on a photographic film or digital sensor. The term "ultrasound wave" refers to a different imaging modality that uses sound waves, while "magnetic image" and "computerized tomography" are not specific to x-rays.

117. Which of the following is not used for urethral dilation?

McCarthy dilator

VanBuren sound

Hegar dilator

Phillips filliform and followers

The Hegar dilator is not used for urethral dilation. Hegar dilators are typically used for cervical dilation during gynecological procedures. Urethral dilation is a procedure used to widen the urethra, and it is typically done using instruments such as McCarthy dilators, VanBuren sounds, or Phillips filiform and followers.

Explanation

The Hegar dilator is not used for urethral dilation. Hegar dilators are typically used for cervical dilation during gynecological procedures. Urethral dilation is a procedure used to widen the urethra, and it is typically done using instruments such as McCarthy dilators, VanBuren sounds, or Phillips filiform and followers.

118. The risks of cone biopsy are minimized by using the

Cervitome

Cold knife

Scalpel

CO2 laser

The risks of cone biopsy are minimized by using the CO2 laser because it offers precise and controlled tissue ablation. The laser beam can be easily manipulated to remove the abnormal tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Additionally, the CO2 laser provides excellent hemostasis, reducing the risk of bleeding during the procedure. This makes it a safer option compared to other tools like the cervitome or cold knife, which may cause more tissue trauma and bleeding.

Explanation

The risks of cone biopsy are minimized by using the CO2 laser because it offers precise and controlled tissue ablation. The laser beam can be easily manipulated to remove the abnormal tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Additionally, the CO2 laser provides excellent hemostasis, reducing the risk of bleeding during the procedure. This makes it a safer option compared to other tools like the cervitome or cold knife, which may cause more tissue trauma and bleeding.