Special Tests Lower Leg

Explanation
The 90-90 Straight Leg Raise is a test commonly used to assess hamstring tightness. During the test, the individual lies on their back with one leg extended straight on the ground and the other leg raised to a 90-degree angle at the hip and knee. If the leg being raised cannot reach a full 90-degree angle without compensatory movements or if there is discomfort or pain during the movement, it suggests hamstring tightness. This test helps in identifying limitations in hamstring flexibility and can be useful in designing appropriate stretching or rehabilitation programs.

Explanation
Ely's test is a physical examination technique used to assess the tightness of the rectus femoris muscle. During the test, the patient lies on their stomach, and the examiner passively flexes the patient's knee. If the rectus femoris is tight, it will cause the patient's hip to lift off the table. This test is commonly used in evaluating hip and thigh muscle imbalances, especially in individuals with conditions such as hip flexor tightness or anterior pelvic tilt.

Explanation
Patrick's Test and FABER Test are both diagnostic tests used to assess for hip or sacroiliac joint pain. Patrick's Test, also known as the FABER (Flexion, ABduction, External Rotation) Test, is performed by having the patient lie on their back and place the affected leg in a figure-four position with the ankle resting on the opposite knee. The examiner then applies downward pressure on the knee while stabilizing the opposite hip, assessing for pain in the hip or sacroiliac joint. FABER Test, on the other hand, involves flexing, abducting, and externally rotating the hip while the knee is bent, checking for pain in the hip or sacroiliac joint. Both tests help in diagnosing the source of hip or sacroiliac joint pain.

Explanation
The given answer lists three tests for sacroiliac joint pathology: Gaenslen's Sign, Squish Test, and Pelvic Rock Test. These tests are commonly used by healthcare professionals to assess the sacroiliac joint for any abnormalities or dysfunction. Gaenslen's Sign involves the patient lying on their back and one leg being pulled towards the chest, which can elicit pain in the sacroiliac joint. The Squish Test involves applying pressure to the sacroiliac joint, and the Pelvic Rock Test assesses the mobility and stability of the joint. These tests help in diagnosing and determining the appropriate treatment for sacroiliac joint issues.

Explanation
Leg Length Discrepancy refers to a condition where one leg is shorter than the other. The given statement suggests that there are tests available to measure leg length discrepancy of 1cm or more. These tests are likely used to determine the extent of the difference in leg lengths and to diagnose the condition accurately. By identifying the leg length discrepancy, healthcare professionals can develop appropriate treatment plans to address any associated symptoms or complications.

Explanation
The Ortolani Click test is a diagnostic test used to detect congenital hip dislocation in infants. During the test, the examiner gently abducts the infant's hips while applying slight pressure on the greater trochanters. If a clicking or clunking sensation is felt, it indicates that the hip joint is dislocated and relocates into the acetabulum. This test is commonly performed in newborns and is an important screening tool to identify and treat congenital hip dislocation early on, preventing long-term complications.

Explanation
The Thomas test is used to assess the tightness of the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and iliotibial band. During the test, the patient lies supine on a table and pulls one knee towards their chest while keeping the other leg flat on the table. If the leg on the table lifts off or the patient is unable to keep it flat, it indicates tightness in the hip flexors (iliopsoas), quadriceps (rectus femoris), or iliotibial band. This test helps in diagnosing and evaluating the flexibility of these muscles and can aid in determining the appropriate treatment plan for the patient.

Explanation
The Trendelenberg Test is used to assess weak gluteus medius weakness. During the test, the patient is asked to stand on one leg while the examiner observes the position of the pelvis. If the pelvis drops on the unsupported side, it indicates weak gluteus medius muscles on the weight-bearing side. This test is commonly used to evaluate hip and pelvic stability, as well as to identify potential causes of abnormal gait patterns.