Social Psych

According to Goffman, projected identities carry a "moral quality" because actors take on the responsibility of performing well, and the audience agrees to support and safeguard the performance from any disturbances. This implies a mutual understanding and agreement between the actors and the audience, where actors strive to portray their roles effectively, and the audience reciprocates by actively participating in the performance and ensuring its smooth execution.

Symbolic Interactionists explain people's different appetites for beetle burritos and burnt cow muscle by noting the assumptions people make within social groups regarding which foods are desirable. This means that individuals' preferences for certain foods are influenced by the cultural norms and values of the social groups they belong to. People tend to conform to the food choices that are considered desirable within their social circles, which shapes their appetites and preferences.

According to Markus and Nurius, imagining yourself as a lawyer will enhance your possibility of becoming a lawyer. This is because visualization and imagining oneself in a particular role can help individuals develop a clearer sense of their goals and aspirations. By envisioning oneself as a lawyer, individuals can gain motivation, set specific targets, and work towards achieving them. This mental exercise can also help individuals identify the necessary steps and actions required to pursue a legal career, increasing their chances of success in the field.

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The Western cultural ideals of the self include self-reliance, mentalism or control of life by positive thinking, and perseverance. However, it does not include our various social positions relative to socio-political arrangements.

The correct answer suggests that in Western culture, life is perceived as a linear order of progress, where individuals can achieve success through their own determination and willpower. This cultural belief emphasizes the importance of personal agency and the ability to overcome obstacles to achieve goals.

Cooley's notion of the looking glass self suggests that our self-concept is shaped by our perception of how others see us. It emphasizes the idea that we imagine and interpret how we appear to others, and this perception influences our self-esteem and behavior. By imagining how others see us, we can better understand how our actions and appearance are perceived by others, and adjust our behavior accordingly. This aligns with Cooley's concept of the looking glass self, making it the correct answer.

In the Lucifer Effect, Zimbardo explains that dehumanization occurs when situational factors and systemic legitimation of the non-membership of others normalize practices of evil. This means that when individuals are placed in certain situations where they are given permission or justification to treat others as less than human, they are more likely to engage in evil actions. These situational factors and systemic structures create an environment where dehumanization becomes acceptable and even expected, leading individuals to act in ways that they might not otherwise.

Symbolic interactionists believe that knowledge is subjective because it is a human, not natural, product that is constructed within a specific context. They argue that knowledge is not something that is universally true or objective, but rather shaped by individual experiences, social interactions, and cultural norms. This perspective emphasizes that people create and interpret meaning based on their own unique perspectives and the social interactions they engage in. Therefore, knowledge is not fixed or absolute, but rather influenced by the subjective realities of individuals and the social contexts in which they exist.

Personal or self coherence is achieved by participating in cultural narratives that connect personal experience and social interpretations. This means that individuals can find a sense of coherence and understanding of themselves by engaging in and being a part of the larger cultural narratives that exist in society. These narratives help individuals make sense of their personal experiences and provide a framework for interpreting and understanding the social world around them. Through participation in these narratives, individuals can develop a stronger sense of identity and coherence in their lives.

The phrases "speaking as a Christian" or "as a Democrat" or "as a sociologist" suggest that the speaker is identifying themselves as a member of a specific group or category. They are using this group as a reference point to express their perspective or opinions. Therefore, the correct answer is a reference group.

Socialization refers to the process of learning the gestures, cues, and expectations that enable us to engage in successful impression management. It involves acquiring the necessary social skills, norms, and values that allow individuals to fit into society and interact effectively with others. Through socialization, individuals learn how to present themselves in a way that is deemed appropriate and acceptable in their social environment. This process helps shape our self-concept and identity performance, allowing us to navigate social interactions and meet societal expectations.

The correct answer is "all of these." The explanation for this answer is that feeling and expression norms, which determine adolescent girls' affect and behavior, can be learned through media sources as well as directly from adults. Additionally, these norms serve as an important cultural resource for adolescent girls. Therefore, all of these options contribute to the understanding of feeling and expression norms among adolescent girls.

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Situated identity refers to the process of developing a sense of self and identity within a specific context or situation, such as a new job. When learning the skills and attitudes associated with a new job, individuals are likely to develop a sense of identity that is shaped by the demands and expectations of that particular work environment. This includes understanding the roles and responsibilities associated with the job, as well as adapting one's behavior and self-concept to fit within the organizational culture. Therefore, the concept of situated identity aligns with the experience of learning new job skills and attitudes.

The process of routinization refers to the transformation of an identity into a self. It implies that as individuals engage in routine activities and interactions, they develop a sense of self and establish their identity. This process involves internalizing societal norms, values, and expectations, which shape one's self-concept and behavior. Through routinization, individuals become aware of their own identity and develop a sense of self based on their experiences and interactions with others.

Intersubjectivity refers to the understanding that social realities exist and are upheld and transformed through interactions between individuals. It emphasizes the shared understanding and agreement among people about the meaning of certain concepts, ideas, or experiences. This concept highlights the importance of social interactions and communication in shaping and influencing our understanding of the world around us.

The correct answer states that culture and persons are interdependent and involved in bi-directional change and constraint. This means that culture and individuals influence and shape each other, and they both undergo changes and limitations as a result. It suggests that individuals are not separate from culture, but rather, they are influenced by and contribute to the cultural dynamics. This explanation highlights the reciprocal relationship between culture and individuals, emphasizing their mutual impact and interconnectedness.

The correct answer is "something produced and reproduced through ongoing human activity." This is because the text states that reality is created and maintained by humans through their continuous actions and behaviors. It implies that reality is not fixed or predetermined, but rather shaped and influenced by human activity over time.

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Major disruptions of self usually involve trouble with meanings of our bodies because narratives or stories are how embodied experiences are mediated. This means that our understanding and interpretation of our own bodies and experiences are shaped by the narratives or stories we create. When these narratives or stories are disrupted or distorted, it can lead to a disruption of our sense of self and understanding of our bodies.

According to Babbie, the basis of truth is agreement. This means that truth is determined by a consensus or collective agreement among individuals. In other words, something is considered true if it is widely accepted and agreed upon by a majority of people. This perspective suggests that truth is not solely determined by individual perspectives or subjective experiences, but rather by a shared understanding and agreement within a community or society.

The public health model of social justice, as described by Zimbardo in the Lucifer Effect, focuses on addressing social structures of power by implementing preventive measures and counter-practices that aim to change social inequities and improve personal capabilities. This approach recognizes that social injustices and inequalities contribute to harmful behaviors and seeks to address them at their root cause. It emphasizes the need to challenge power imbalances and create a more equitable society, rather than simply treating individuals as "bad apples" or implementing regulations without addressing underlying systemic issues.

The correct answer is that Data cannot comprehend the situated meaning of social interaction. This means that he is unable to fully understand the context and nuances of human social interactions, which is a key aspect of being human. While Data may be able to manipulate symbols and process information, his lack of understanding in this area prevents him from achieving true "humanness".

Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with symbols and meanings in their everyday lives. It emphasizes that individuals act based on the meanings they attribute to symbols, and these meanings are continuously constructed and reconstructed in various contexts. Additionally, symbolic interactionism recognizes that meanings can be both political and personal, as they are influenced by power dynamics and individual experiences. However, it does not propose that symbols are what solely explain social order. Social order is influenced by various factors, including social norms, institutions, and power structures.

The correct answer is "an ongoing negotiation of meaning and social activity relative to contexts and capabilities." This answer suggests that conformity is not simply submitting to group pressures despite knowing better or the enforcement of social norms, but rather a continuous process of negotiating and adapting one's behavior and beliefs in relation to the specific contexts and capabilities of the individual. It implies that conformity is a dynamic and complex social phenomenon that involves the interpretation and negotiation of meaning within a social group.

The answer suggests that cultural artifacts and practices have a lasting impact on individuals throughout their lifetimes. These effects are not limited to a single generation but are refracted or dispersed over time. This implies that the social worlds we are born into and the choices we make in our own lives are influenced by the cultural influences that have shaped us. It highlights the importance of understanding and acknowledging the significance of the past in order to move forward effectively.

Symbolic interactionists believe that individuals have the ability to treat themselves as objects that they can observe and reflect on. This means that individuals can step outside of themselves and view their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from an external perspective. By doing so, they can gain insight into their own identity, motivations, and actions. This internal conversation allows individuals to develop a sense of self and make sense of their experiences in relation to others. It is an important aspect of the symbolic interactionist perspective as it emphasizes the role of social interactions and meanings in shaping individual behavior.

If different subjects report the same thing, it can provide some confidence in the accuracy of what your mind tells you. This suggests that there is a consensus or agreement among different individuals, which increases the likelihood that the information is true. It reduces the possibility of individual biases or errors influencing the perception of truth. Therefore, when multiple sources or subjects report the same information, it can help to gain confidence in the validity of one's own thoughts.

According to Mead, internal conversations form the basis of what we think of as our core self. These internal conversations refer to the ongoing dialogue that individuals have with themselves in their minds. They involve thoughts, reflections, and evaluations of oneself and the world around them. These internal conversations play a crucial role in shaping our self-identity and how we perceive ourselves. They contribute to the development of our beliefs, values, and attitudes, ultimately influencing our behavior and actions.

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The correct answer suggests that ideologies are plausible meanings that serve the existing arrangements of life. This implies that ideologies are not objective truths but rather subjective interpretations and beliefs that support and maintain the current social and political systems. Ideologies provide individuals with a framework to understand and make sense of the world, influencing their perspectives and actions. This explanation highlights the concept that ideologies are not fixed or universal, but rather shaped by the prevailing social, economic, and cultural contexts.

The term "normalcy" refers to the general reasons for why social reality is as it is. It encompasses the underlying factors and explanations for the way society functions and operates. It helps us understand the norms, values, and behaviors that are considered acceptable and expected in a given society. By studying normalcy, we can gain insights into the social structures and systems that shape our everyday lives.

When we categorize individuals based on their income falling below a certain "poverty line," we create social clusters. This means that we group people together who share a common characteristic, in this case, being below the poverty line. This categorization helps establish a sense of belonging and identity within these social clusters, allowing for the identification and understanding of the experiences and challenges faced by those in poverty.

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The emphasis on US willpower being part of the dominant cultural myth of rational control suggests that there is a belief in American society that individuals have the ability to control and determine their own outcomes through sheer willpower and rational decision-making. This belief may contribute to the idea that Americans are expected to be in control of their own lives and health, and that success or failure is solely a result of individual effort and choices. This emphasis on willpower may also downplay the influence of social and structural factors on individual outcomes, reinforcing the belief in personal responsibility and self-determination.

The authors mean that the belief in rugged individualism, as portrayed by John Wayne and James Dean, is a myth. They argue that individualism is not inherent, but rather a result of socialization and a culturally valued concept in American society. They suggest that it is difficult for individuals to truly break free from the constraints imposed by society.

From a symbolic interactionist perspective, Einstein's statement suggests that truth and reality are not objective entities that exist independently of human interpretation. Instead, truth and reality are shaped by the social context and the meanings that individuals assign to them. This perspective emphasizes that our understanding of the world is influenced by social norms, values, and interactions, which can limit our ability to perceive reality as it truly exists. Therefore, the correct answer is that truth is relative to the social context, and reality does not exist outside of our ability to give it meaning.

Howard Becker, a sociologist, considers social experiences to account for the use of marijuana. According to Becker, individuals are influenced by their social environment and the people they interact with. Social experiences, such as peer pressure, cultural norms, and social networks, play a significant role in shaping an individual's behavior, including their decision to use marijuana. Becker's perspective highlights the importance of social factors in understanding drug use and emphasizes the need to consider the broader social context when examining drug-related behaviors.

In order for interaction to proceed successfully, the actors must go through a process of identity negotiation. This includes an actor choosing which identity to present before entering a new situation and disentangling that identity from its previous uses. Additionally, the actors must come to an agreement about the type of situation they are in and the roles each will play. Lastly, for humans to be considered competent adults in interaction, they must have a firm sense of their own personal identity. Therefore, all of the above statements are correct explanations of the identity negotiation process.

Significant others refer to the people whose opinions and influence hold great importance in an individual's self-assessment. These individuals can include family members, close friends, mentors, or role models. Their perspectives and feedback shape how a person sees themselves and their abilities. The opinions and approval of significant others can greatly impact an individual's self-esteem and self-worth.

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The correct answer suggests that social life is participatory in ways of being in relationship with multiple ways of knowing and doing. This means that social life is not a distortion or deception, nor is it a conflict between what we are supposed to know and truth. Instead, it implies that social life involves active participation and engagement with various ways of understanding and acting in the world.

When both a repeated performance and role support from significant others occur, we are most likely to incorporate that performance into our own self-concept. This means that when we repeatedly perform well in a certain area and receive support and validation from important people in our lives, we are more likely to see that performance as a part of our identity and believe that we are capable and successful in that particular domain.

The correct answer suggests that the ideals of being oneself are governed by common sense or the plausibility of being a recognizable self. This means that individuals often shape their sense of self based on societal norms, expectations, and what is considered socially acceptable. Common sense and the desire to fit in or be recognized by others can influence how one presents themselves and behaves. This implies that being oneself is not solely based on personal nature, but also influenced by external factors and the need for social acceptance.

Impression management refers to the process of controlling or influencing the impressions others have of us. When we observe and evaluate our own performances, we are engaging in impression management because we are actively monitoring and assessing how we are presenting ourselves to others. This can involve adjusting our behavior, appearance, or communication style in order to create a desired impression. By engaging in impression management, we are attempting to shape how others perceive and evaluate us.

Individualization, which emphasizes self-control and self-knowledge, can be seen as a form of social control that has accompanied industrialization and urbanization. As societies have become more industrialized and urbanized, individuals have been expected to take more responsibility for their own actions and decisions. This shift towards individualization can be seen as a way for society to maintain control over individuals by encouraging them to regulate their own behavior and conform to societal norms.

Reification refers to the act of treating a concept as if it were real. This means that instead of recognizing that a concept is an abstract idea or representation, it is treated as if it has physical existence or concrete reality. Reification can occur when people attribute tangible qualities or characteristics to something that is actually intangible or conceptual. It is a cognitive process that can lead to the perception of something as concrete and objective, even though it is actually a subjective construct.

Symbolic Interactionism shares the assumptions that humans act to alter their environment to suit their needs and desires, that what people choose to value and what motivates them come from their interpretations of their situations, and that humans would act on nothing but impulses except that we are controlled by internal conversations with a "self." However, it differs from other social psychological traditions in that it does not prioritize social context over individual psychology when trying to understand human action.

According to the Freudian perspective, attempts to control unconscious impulses are believed to be the primary reason for the development of society. Freud argued that individuals have unconscious desires and instincts that need to be controlled in order to maintain social order. Society develops rules, norms, and institutions to regulate and control these unconscious impulses, ensuring that individuals behave in socially acceptable ways. This perspective emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind and the role it plays in shaping human behavior and society.