Site Selection And Risk Factors

Since Mrs. S.J. had a mastectomy on her left side, the optimal site for drawing blood would be on the right side of her body. This is because drawing blood from the left side could potentially cause complications or discomfort due to the previous surgery. Therefore, the veins in the right antecubital area and the right hand would be the best options for drawing blood.

The blood tests for cholesterol and triglycerides usually require the patient to be fasting at the time the blood sample is drawn. Fasting is necessary because eating can temporarily increase the levels of these substances in the blood, which may affect the accuracy of the test results. Therefore, it is recommended to refrain from eating or drinking anything except water for a specific period of time before these tests to ensure accurate results.

The major blood vessel that enters the right atrium of the heart is the superior vena cava. The superior vena cava is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the upper body and head back to the heart. It connects to the right atrium and allows the blood to enter the heart, where it will be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

The optimal site for drawing blood in this scenario would be the right hand below the IV and the right dorsal hand below the IV. Since the left arm has a cast on it and the right arm has an IV drip running, it would be best to draw blood from the right hand below the IV or the right dorsal hand below the IV to avoid any interference with the broken arm or the IV line.

With a mastectomy, cancerous breast tissue along with adjacent axillary lymph nodes are removed. The axillary lymph nodes are located in the armpit area and are often the first place where breast cancer spreads. Removing these lymph nodes helps to prevent the spread of cancer to other parts of the body and allows for further analysis of the lymph nodes to determine the stage and extent of the cancer.

The optimal needle size for a venipuncture from a 2-year-old child is 23 gauge. This size is commonly used for pediatric patients as it allows for a relatively quick and efficient blood draw while minimizing discomfort for the child. A smaller gauge needle may cause more pain, while a larger gauge needle may lead to excessive bleeding or damage to the vein. Therefore, the 23 gauge needle is the most appropriate choice for this age group.

The phlebotomist may draw the blood sample is incorrect because only authorized healthcare professionals should draw blood samples from a VAD.

The preferred site for obtaining blood for a CBC from a 2-year-old child is the venipuncture antecubital area. This is because the veins in the antecubital area (inner elbow) are larger and more easily accessible, making it easier to draw blood from this area. Finger stick and heel stick are commonly used for infants and young children, but may not provide enough blood for a complete CBC. Venipuncture dorsal hand and dermal puncture of big toe are not commonly used sites for obtaining blood in children.

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is characterized by a lack of insulin production due to the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This condition is more common in childhood and is caused by an autoimmune response. Unlike type II diabetes, which involves insulin resistance, type I diabetes is not associated with insulin resistance. Instead, individuals with type I diabetes require insulin injections to regulate their blood glucose levels. Therefore, the statement "insulin resistance occurs" is not true for type I diabetes.

Fainting, also known as syncope, can be caused by a variety of conditions. Low blood sugar, also known as hypoglycemia, can lead to fainting as it affects the brain's ability to function properly. High blood pressure, or hypertension, can cause fainting if it leads to a sudden drop in blood pressure. Rapid heart rate, known as tachycardia, can also result in fainting as it disrupts the normal blood flow to the brain. Therefore, both low blood sugar and high blood pressure can individually or together lead to fainting.

When tissue or a graft is donated from another person, it is called allogeneic. This term specifically refers to the transfer of tissue between individuals of the same species but with different genetic backgrounds. Autologous refers to using tissue from the same individual, xenogeneic refers to using tissue from a different species, syngeneic refers to using tissue from genetically identical individuals, and homologous refers to using tissue from individuals of the same species with similar genetic backgrounds. Therefore, allogeneic is the correct answer in this context.

A complete blood count (CBC) is a common blood test that provides information about the different components of blood. It includes measurements of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The minimum amount of blood needed for a CBC is 0.5 mL. This amount is sufficient to perform the necessary tests and obtain accurate results. Using a smaller amount of blood may not provide enough sample for an accurate analysis, while using a larger amount may be unnecessary and wasteful. Therefore, 0.5 mL is the optimal minimum amount for a CBC.

Ammonia blood test requires that the blood sample be transported in an ice slurry because ammonia is a volatile compound that can easily degrade at room temperature. Transporting the sample in an ice slurry helps to maintain its stability and prevent any changes in the ammonia levels during transportation.