Science Quiz: Organelles + Cellular Transport

A semi-permeable membrane is a type of membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through while blocking others. It selectively permits the passage of certain molecules or ions based on their size, charge, or other properties. This characteristic allows the membrane to regulate the movement of substances, maintaining a balance between the internal and external environments.

remember that substances move from an area where there is a lot of stuff (high concentration) to an area where there isn't very much stuff (lower concentration) in order to get the two sides equal aka EQUILIBRUIM

Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of proteins in a cell. They are involved in the process of translation, where the genetic information encoded in the DNA is used to produce proteins. Ribosomes read the mRNA (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids in the correct order to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein. This process is essential for the functioning and survival of cells, as proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes and functions. Therefore, the main purpose of ribosomes is to make proteins.

this can be tricky...if something has a high concentration, that means there are lots of substances floating around. however, there is LESS water. think about gatorade. If you add a bunch of water to it then it becomes diluted aka LESS CONCENTRATED. if you were to add extra salt and sugar to it, then it would be MORE CONCENTRATED. so if something is more concentrated, then there is less water. so water is going to move to areas that have a high concentration because there is less water on that side and its trying to reach equilibirum.

MEMORIZE THIS!!!

Passive transport DOES NOT require ATP/energy. That is the main definition of passive transport (transport of substances across a cell membrane WITHOUT energy)

Prokaryotes = no nucleus

The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipids are a type of lipid molecule that have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. In the cell membrane, these phospholipids arrange themselves in a double layer, with their hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the watery environment both inside and outside of the cell, and their hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a barrier that separates the cell's internal contents from the external environment. This structure is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of the cell membrane.

Vacuoles are responsible for storing and transporting nutrients within a cell. They act as storage compartments, holding various molecules such as sugars, ions, and water. Vacuoles also play a role in maintaining the cell's turgor pressure, which is important for its structural integrity. Additionally, vacuoles can aid in the detoxification process by storing harmful substances. Therefore, the main purpose of vacuoles is to store and transport nutrients essential for the cell's survival and functioning.

if there are less solutes/substances on one side, then that side with less is hypotonic.

solutes = things that are dissolved in a liquid

The statement "Vicrhow came up with the idea that all cells are derived from parent cells" is true. This suggests that Vicrhow proposed the concept that all cells originate from pre-existing cells. This idea is consistent with the widely accepted theory of cell theory, which states that cells are the fundamental units of life and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division.

The question asks for things found inside the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are not found inside the nucleus, so they are not correct answers. However, DNA and the nucleolus are both found inside the nucleus, making them the correct answers.

eukaroytes are much more complex so they came later

HYPER = HIGH
HYPO = LOW
ISO = EQUAL

only the rough ER has ribosomes

In any type of diffusion, substances ALWAYS move from higher to lower concentration

only PLANT cells have a cell wall
-purpose is for support of the cell
-made of cellulose + carbohydrates

ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELS

remember, lyse = break open (so they are going to break big things into smaller things)

Macromolecules are large molecules that are essential for various biological processes. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all considered macromolecules because they are composed of smaller subunits and have complex structures. Carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules, lipids consist of fatty acids, proteins are composed of amino acids, and nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides. These macromolecules play crucial roles in energy storage, structural support, enzymatic reactions, and genetic information transfer. On the other hand, organelles and bones are not macromolecules but rather cellular structures and organs, respectively.

B) Hooke
C) Dutrochet
D) Brown

Glycolysis is the initial step in cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. The cytoplasm is the fluid-filled region outside the cell nucleus, where many metabolic reactions take place. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH. These pyruvate molecules then enter the mitochondria for further processing in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

The ideal cell size is 100 microns. This size allows for efficient nutrient and waste exchange, as well as optimal cell division and growth. It provides enough space for cellular processes to occur while still maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio for effective exchange of materials with the environment. A size of 100 microns also allows for sufficient cell-cell communication and interaction, promoting the coordination and functioning of cells within tissues and organs.

Chloroplasts are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis, a process in which they convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. This glucose is then used as a source of energy for the cell. On the other hand, mitochondria are responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, a process in which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Therefore, chloroplasts create energy through photosynthesis, while mitochondria create energy through cellular respiration.

The cytosol refers to the fluid portion inside the cell, while the cytoplasm includes both the fluid and the organelles of the cell.

Shleiden and Schwann were both scientists who made significant contributions to the cell theory. Shleiden concluded that all plants were composed of cells, while Schwann concluded that all animals were composed of cells. Their independent research and findings led to the development of the cell theory, which states that all living organisms are composed of cells.