Schmidt_apush Practice Test #1

Compromise of 1820, also known as the Missouri Compromise, admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state and established the 36 degree 30' line as a demarcation between free and slave territories in the Louisiana Purchase. The Compromise of 1877 removed federal troops from the Southern states. The Compromise of 1850 included the Fugitive Slave Act. The Compromise of 1833 reduced tariff rates to end the Nullification crisis.

Changing views of women during the 1920s eroded traditional Victorian mores. Some women, especially among the lower-middle and working class, began to smoke, drink, dance, and wear heavy makeup. The "flapper" image emerged during the "Jazz Age" but was not a musical instrument :)

Upton Sinclair wrote "The Jungle" (1906). Henry George identified the great disparity of wealth between the rich and poor in "Progress and Poverty" (1879). The other four authors were "muckrackers." Jacob Riis wrote "How the Other Half Lives" based on his photographs of urban poverty in 1890. Ida Tarbell published an expose of the monopoly practices of Standards Oil Trust in 1904. John Spargo examined the problems of child labor in "The Bitter Cry of Children" (1906).

Metacomet fought British colonists in the seventeenth century. Pontiac led his tribe in an uprising in colonial Virginia in the 1760s. Tecumseh forged a loose alliance of tribes in the Northwest that broke down after the defat at Tippecanoe in 1811. Osceola led the Seminoles in war against Americans in the 1830s. Geronimo raided settlements in the Southwest until the mid-1880s.

Zenger published articles criticizing New York's unpopular royal governor William Crosby. The governor issued a proclamation condemning the actions of the newspaper. Zenger was arrested for seditious libel in 1734. Noted Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger. Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court James Delany, an ally of Crosby, sat on the bench. Hamilton argued the editor's case directly to the jury. The jury acquitted Zenger on the grounds that public statements could not be considered libelous if they could be proven to be true. The Bill of Rights later ensured this freedom of the press.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were convicted of espionage in 1951 for allegedly organizing a conspiracy to provide the Soviet Union with atomic secrets. They were executed in 1953. Option "A" refers to Plessy V. Ferguson (1896), option "B" refers to the Leopold-Loeb case (1924), and/or the Sacco-Vanzetti cases (1920 to 1927).

Roosevelt passed most of his reform legislation (i.e., Social Security Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, etc) during the Second New Deal (1935 to 1939). The First New Deal focused primarily on recovery and relief. He passed the Emergency Banking Act as one of his first measures as president. He also created the Civilian Conservation Corps during his first "hundred days." When business leaders failed to cooperate with his National Recovery Administration, he adopted a more regulatory policy toward industry. Opposition from conservatives in Congress increased throughout the New Deal, as many believed that New Deal measures exceeded constituitonal limits on power and approached socialism.

Vietnamese forces defeated French troops at Dienbienphu in 1954. When France withdrew from North Vietnam, Eisenhower pledged American aid to the noncommunist government of Ngo Dinh Diem in Saigon. Kennedy began sending American military advisors in 1961. By the time of Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the number of advisors in Vietnam rose to 15,000. Congress issued the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, granting Johnson broad powers to wage war against communism in Southeast Asia. by the time of Nixon's victory in 1968, the number of American ground troops in Vietnam rose to over 500,000. Nixon began withdrawing American troops from Vietnam in 1969, thereby initiating the policy of "Vietnamization."

Chavez formed the United Farm Workers Union in 1966. He led a boycott that forced grape growers to sign contracts with the UFW. James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi in 1962. Members of the American Indian Movement occupied Alcatraz Island in 1969. Daniel Ellsberg published the Pentagon Papers in 1971. The CIA funded a military junta that overthrew Chilean president Salvador Allende in 1973. The city of San Antonio, Texas, elected Henry Cisneros mayor in 1981.

The Palmer Raids attempted to root out subversives in the years following World War I. All other responses pertain to McCarthyism. The House Un-American Activities Commitee (HUAC), founded in 1938, raised public concern about subversive activities in the early 1940s. In 1947, the Truman administration warned against the dangers of international communism and began to investigate federal employees. Chaired by J. Parnell THomas, HUAC began its investigations of the motion picture industry that same year. Alger Hiss, a former member of FDR's State Department, faced perjury charges for denying that he had given top secret government information to the Soviets. In 1950, President Truman signed the McCarran Internal Security Act, requiring all communist organizations to register with the federal government.

Active in unionism throughout his career, Gompers served as president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) from 1886 until his death in 1924. Although some industrial workers were attracted to Populism, Gompers never joined the party. He criticized Socialists and thier goals. Gompers opposed Governor Calvin Coolidge's use of the militia to break-up the Boston police strike. President Roosevelt established the National War Labor Board after Gomper's death.

The Civil Rights Act ordered the desegregation of public accomodations. President Eisenhower completed the integration of the military in 1954. The Brown v. Board of Education deceision required the integration of schools. President Kennedy used military force to integrate public universities before 1964. In the wake of the Selma marches, Johnson signed the Voting Rights (Civil Rights) Act of 1965.

Congressman David Wilmot (R-PA) feared that the addition of new territory would increase the number of potential slave states. He introduced an amendment to an appropriations bill that would impede the creation of new slave states in any land acquired from the Mexican War. The Constitution banned the importation of slaves into the United States after 1808. No constitutional amendment abolishing slavery would be introduced until the Civil War. Students should not focus on the reference to the specie circular, which also pertains to expansion and western lands.

In June 1947, Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced plans to give economic aid to all European nations willing to participate in recovery efforts. The Soviet Union and Eastern bloc nations rejected the plan as "Yankee imperialism." Nevertheless, the United States contributed over $12 billion dollars by 1950 to revive struggling European economies. The Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) futilely attempted to outlaw war by international agreement. "Operation Overlord" was the code name for the Normandy invasion. The Federal Loyalty Program investigated the loyalty of federal employees. The Eisenhoer Doctrine sent military aid to the Middle East.

Puritans believed that only trained ministers could propagate the faith. Puritans eschewed the Enlightenment philosophy that science and reason could explain worldly events. they resisted any challenge or teaching alternative to the Puritan orthodoxy. However, seventeenth century women were not admitted. E refers to the Tuskegee Institute, founded in the nineteenth century.

Vicksburg remained in Confederate hands after New Orleans fell to Admiral David Faragut in 1862. General Grant's victory at Shiloh gave the Union control of much of western Tennessee. His siege at Vicksburg finally gave the Union forces control of the Mississippi River in 1863. Both Gettysburg and Chancellorsville occurred in the eastern theater of war.

Texans defeated General Santa Anna's forces in 1836. Nevertheless, the Mexican government did not recognize Texan independence. President Jackson reisisted annexation in spite of the support of Texans for joining the Union. A joint resolution of Congress annexing Texas heightened simmering tensions that subsequently led to war. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo followed the war, granting the United States the territory from Texas to California.

Financier J.P. Morgan attempted to orchestrate the merger of the Union Pacific, Burlington, and Northern Pacific railroad lines. This monopoly would virtually eliminate competition among the largest commercial carriers from the Pacific Coast to Midwest. The Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Northern Securities Company for "combining to restrain free trade," a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Suits against Swift and company (1905) and Standard Oil (1911) followed.

Scandal touched the administrations of all five presidents. The "whiskey ring" and Credit Mobilier scandals occurred under Grant. President Clinton faced impeachment chargers for perjury about his involvement with intern Monica Lewinsky. Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal surfaced. Cleveland ackowledged that he had an illegitimate child. At the request of his Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, Warren G. Harding transferred control of naval oil reserves at Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Fall accepted bribes from Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, two wealthy oilmen. He was sentenced to one year in prison.

Parliament passed a revenue tax on tea as part of the Townshend Acts (1767). After colonial boycotts, Lord North repealed most of the duties in 1770, except the tax on tea. The Tea Act enabled the British East India Company to sell its tea directly to its agents in the colonies, thus bypassing the tax on tea. The act bankrupted many colonial merchants who continued to pay the duty. Popular unrest over the Tea Act led to the Boston Tea Party. Parliament closed the port of Boston in the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774) in response to the destruction of the property of the British East India Company.

Although nationalists readily supported war with Spain, Congress denied any intention of annexing Cuba. American policy seemed to shift after hostilities ceased. In 1901, Congress passed the Platt Amendment and induced Cuba to accept its terms. The Platt Amendment limited Cuba's ability to make treaties, enabled the United States to establish a naval base on the island, and granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.

Although Union forces occupied most of the Confederate states by 1865, former slaves did not leave the South in large numbers. The end of Reconstruction in 1877 did not spark massive migration in the following decade. World War I expanded employment opportunities in the industrial North. Massive migration began in 1915 as thousands of African Americans sought to escape poverty, racism, and violence.

The election fo 1800 marked a transition of power from the Federalists to the Jeffersonian Republicans. Jefferson seemd to favor a limited governemnt and agrarian interests. Many Federalists saw that the acquisition of the vast Louisiana territory portended the creation of several new Republican states, thus further eroding their political power and influence in the federal government

Both John Dewey and Mary Montessori pushed for education reform during the Progressive Era. The other three individuals participated in antebellum reform movements. Initially an abolitionist, Lucretia Mott helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention. Weld published abolitionist tracts. Horace Mann served on the Massachusetts Board of Education and revialized the Massachusetts school system. Other states followed his model.

Congress sent the Fourteenth Amendment to the states in 1866. Tennessee was the only Southern state to ratify it. The next congressional elections increased the power of the "Radical" Repubicans. They passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which dismantled the existing the state governments in the South in favor of military districts. Republicans made ratification of the amendemnt a requirement for states seeking readmission to the Union

Many pollsters picked Thomas E. Dewey to win the election of 1948. Truman, who ascended to the presidency on FDR's death, faced challenges from both the left and right of the Democratic Party. He adopted an aggressive campaign style and traveled across the country by train. He deliveed over 350 speeches, attacking Republicans policy toward organized labor and the agricultural economy. He garnered nearly 50 percent of the poular vote to win an unexpected victory.

Roosevelt and Churchill assured Stalin of an impending invasion of France. At Casablanca earlier in 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill had agreed to invade Italy. The Washington Conference (1921 to 1922) attempted naval disarmament; the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) south to eliminate war.

During his first administration, Woodrow Wilson intended to address what he called the "triple wall of privilege." To achieve his goals, he lowered tariff rates with the Underwood Tariff. He addressed the problem of trusts by signing the Clayton Act and creating the Federal Trade commission. He reformed the banking system by passing the Federal Reserve Act, which created the Federal Reserve Board. Theodore Roosevelt had previously signed the Pure Food and Drug Act.

Federal land grants contributed to the construction of railroads in the West. Mass production of automobiles did not occur until the 1920s. Streetcars allowed people to move outside the city limits.

Lincoln won approximately 40 percent of the popular vote. Democrats split votes between Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge. Some Southern states refused to recognize Lincoln's candidacy. However, many Unionists in the South cast their vote for John C. Bell, the Constitutional Union candidates.

President Theodore Roosevelt set aside thousands of acres of public lands for parks. Richard Ballinger, Taft's Secretary of the Interior, attemped to open forests and mineral reserves to private corporations. Chief Forester Gifford Pinchot criticized Ballinger's actions and was eventually dismissed by Taft. Convervationists and progressives generally sided with Pinchot.

During post-Civil War industrial expansion, most Republicans advocated high tariffs to protect American products from foreign competition. Both the McKinley Tariff (1890) and Dingley Tariff (1897) kept rates above 45 percent. Protectionists also succeeded in undermining efforts to lower rates in the Wilson-Gorman Tariff by adding high-tariff revisions to the bill. Republican policy of the era typically avoided significant regulation of the economy and often sided with managements during strikes. Republican Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon revised corporate and income taxes during the 1920s.

Artice VI states that the Constitution and federal legislation "shall be the supreme law of the land." All senators, representatives, judges, and members of state legislatures must swear to uphold the Constitution.

In spite of strong Republican support in Congress, President Cleveland opposed threaty for annexation. He stated before Congress in 1893 that the Americans who had deposed Queen Lilioukalani had committed "an act of war... without the authority of Congress" and committed a "substantial wrong [to] our national character as well as the rights of the [Hawaiians]."

The United States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) at the end of Nixon's first term. The War Powers Act set limits on the president's ability to commit troops abroad. The INF Treaty and Strategic Defense Initiative are connected to the Reagan administration. Kennedy negotiated the Test Ban Treaty in 1963.

Kennedy battled a slight recession and above-normal unemployment figures with legislation designed to foster economic expansion. He convinced steelworkers to abandon demands for higher wages temporarily. When U.S. Steel and other companies announced a price increase, Kennedy denounced the industry's actions in a news conference in April 1962. U.S. Steel lowered its prices three days later.

Herbert Hoover headed the Food Administration, which supervised a highly successful food rationing campaign. The War Industries Board, led by Bernard Baruch, failed to mobilize the American economy fully by the end of the war. George Creel supervised the Committee on Public Information, which produced propaganda.

McNamara and Rusk favored American involvement in Vietnam. Both Fulbright and Kennedy opposed sinding more troops to Vietnam, but Fulbright wrote the book.

In 1957, white mobs attempted to prevent black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Whites rioted over the admission of James Meredith to the University of Mississippi in 1962. Police used fire hoses and police dogs to disrupt nonviolent demonstrations in Birmingham. A week of violence and destruction of property followed an incident of police brutality in Watts in 1965. Four students died when National Guardsmen fired into a crowd of antiwar protestors on the campus of Kent State University of 1970.

Headed by Milo Reno, the Farmers' Holiday Association attempted to raise agricultural prices by witholding commodities from the market. Their efforts failed to increase prices. President's Hoover's Federal Farm Board failed to control the farm surplus. His Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) also failed to revitalize the economy. President Roosevelt created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to address industrial recovery and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to regulate the farm economy. Both met with limited success.