APUSH Quarterly Ch 8-11 (2nd Quarter)

The Second Great Awakening refers to an evangelical religious revival that took place in the US during the first third of the 19th century. This period saw a surge in religious fervor and a renewed interest in spiritual matters, leading to the establishment of new religious denominations and the spread of evangelicalism. The movement emphasized personal conversion, emotional worship, and social reform, and had a profound impact on American society, shaping various aspects such as abolitionism, temperance, and women's rights.

President Jackson's Native American (Indian) Policy resulted in the removal of the Cherokee from the Southeast to settlements across the Mississippi. This policy, known as the Indian Removal Act of 1830, authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern United States to make way for white settlement. This resulted in the forced relocation of thousands of Cherokee people, known as the Trail of Tears, which caused immense suffering and loss of life.

The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, the Hartford Convention, and the South Carolina Exposition and Protest were all similar in that they all involved a defense of states' rights. These events were significant moments in American history where states asserted their rights and powers in opposition to perceived encroachments by the federal government. The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, for example, argued that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. Similarly, the Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England states that discussed their grievances against the federal government during the War of 1812. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, on the other hand, protested against federal tariffs that the state deemed harmful to its economy. Overall, these events demonstrate the ongoing tension between state and federal authority in the early years of the United States.

As chief justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall issued significant opinions on judicial review, federal versus state power, the sanctity of contracts, and congressional control of interstate commerce. However, he did not issue significant opinions on the rights of slaves as persons. This may be because during Marshall's tenure as chief justice (1801-1835), the Court generally upheld the institution of slavery and did not prioritize the rights of slaves. Marshall's opinions focused more on issues related to federalism and the powers of the federal government.

The goal of the American Colonization Society was to return freed slaves to Africa. This organization believed that former slaves would have better opportunities in Africa and that it would also help to solve the issue of slavery in the United States. They established a colony in Liberia, which became a place where freed slaves could go and start a new life. This goal was aimed at addressing the social and political issues surrounding slavery and providing a solution for the newly freed slaves.

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 included the provision that Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state. This compromise was reached in order to maintain the balance between free and slave states in the United States. By allowing Maine to enter as a free state, it offset the admission of Missouri as a slave state, thus preserving the delicate equilibrium between the North and the South.

The Hartford Convention was a manifestation of New England Federalist opposition to the War of 1812. The Federalists in New England were strongly against the war and believed it was detrimental to their economic interests. They held the convention to discuss their grievances and consider possible secession from the United States. The convention ultimately did not result in any significant action, but it highlighted the deep divisions and discontent within the country during this time.

John Marshall's decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the power to declare federal laws unconstitutional. This landmark decision solidified the Court's authority as a coequal branch of government and set the precedent for future cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution. By asserting the Court's power to invalidate laws that are inconsistent with the Constitution, Marshall ensured that the judiciary would play a crucial role in safeguarding individual rights and upholding the principles of the Constitution.

During the first half of the 19th century, the central and western areas of New York were known as the "burned-over district" because of intense religious zeal created during the Second Great Awakening. This religious movement led to a wave of religious fervor and revivalism in the region, with many religious groups and sects emerging and spreading their beliefs. The term "burned-over district" reflects the idea that the region was "burned over" by the intense religious activity, with the metaphorical fire of religious zeal spreading throughout the area.

The American System was a set of economic policies that aimed to promote economic progress and self-sufficiency in the United States. It was not established by the Treaty of Ghent, as stated in option A. Andrew Jackson, as mentioned in option B, was not a strong promoter of the American System. Option C is unrelated to the American System, as it refers to naturalization of immigrants. Option E is also unrelated, as the American System did not call for an end to the European presence in South America. Therefore, option D is the correct statement about the American System.

In his 1823 address to Congress, President Monroe articulated the Monroe Doctrine primarily to warn European nations against further colonial ventures in the Western Hemisphere. This was a response to the growing influence of European powers in the Americas and a desire to protect the sovereignty and independence of newly formed Latin American countries. The doctrine stated that any further colonization or intervention by European powers would be seen as a threat to the United States and would be met with opposition. This was a significant statement of American foreign policy and helped establish the United States as a dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.

In the presidential election of 1824, a "corrupt bargain" refers to an alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay. This alleged deal involved Clay, who was the Speaker of the House at the time, using his influence to secure Adams' victory in the House of Representatives. In return, Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State. This deal was seen as corrupt because it bypassed the popular vote and the candidate who won the most electoral votes, Andrew Jackson, was not chosen as president.

During Andrew Jackson's presidency, the issue of the tariff aroused the strongest sectional feeling. The tariff was a tax imposed on imported goods, which disproportionately affected the Southern states that relied heavily on foreign trade. The South believed that the tariff favored Northern industrial interests at their expense and was an unconstitutional abuse of power by the federal government. This led to growing tensions between the North and the South, ultimately contributing to the sectional divide that would culminate in the American Civil War.

In Thomas Jefferson's First Inaugural Address, he emphasized the unity of the American people by stating, "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." This quote highlights Jefferson's belief that despite political differences, the nation should come together for the greater good and work towards the common goals of the country. By acknowledging both Republicans and Federalists, Jefferson aimed to promote unity and collaboration among the American people.

The correct answer is B) Henry Clay. Henry Clay was a prominent American politician in the 19th century who advocated for the protection of domestic industries through the use of protective tariffs. He believed that these tariffs would shield infant industries from foreign competition and allow them to grow and become competitive. Additionally, Clay supported internal improvements such as the construction of canals and roads to further strengthen the country's infrastructure and promote economic development.

The correct answer is B) A romantic, transcendental view of the nation. The Hudson River School of painting was known for its romanticized and idealized depictions of the American landscape. The artists aimed to convey a sense of awe and wonder in nature, emphasizing its spiritual and transcendental qualities. Their paintings often depicted vast landscapes, untouched by human civilization, and sought to evoke a sense of the sublime. This view of the nation as a pristine and harmonious natural environment reflects the romantic and transcendentalist ideals of the time.

During his presidency, Andrew Jackson significantly increased the power of the executive branch of government. He expanded the use of the veto, utilizing it more frequently than any of his predecessors. He also strengthened the power of the presidency by asserting his authority over the states and advocating for a stronger centralized government. Jackson's presidency is often associated with the concept of "Jacksonian Democracy," which emphasized a strong executive branch and the expansion of presidential powers.

The Embargo Act of 1807 had the effect of disrupting American shipping. This act, which was passed in an attempt to protect American interests and avoid war, prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations. As a result, American merchants and shipowners suffered significant financial losses and many ships were left idle. The act also led to a decline in American exports and caused widespread economic hardship for those involved in the shipping industry.

Shortly after the Chesapeake-Leopard affair, Congress passed the Embargo Act. This act was a response to the attack on the USS Chesapeake by the British ship Leopard. The act prohibited American ships from trading with foreign nations, in an attempt to protect American interests and avoid further conflicts. However, the Embargo Act had negative effects on the American economy, leading to widespread smuggling and economic hardships, and it was eventually repealed in 1809.

President Jackson resisted the admission of TX into the Union in 1836 primarily because he feared that debate over the admission of TX would ignite controversy about slavery. This suggests that President Jackson was concerned about the potential conflict that would arise between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the country if Texas, a territory that allowed slavery, were to be admitted as a state. By resisting the admission of Texas, Jackson aimed to avoid exacerbating the already contentious issue of slavery in the United States.

During the Andrew Jackson administration, the policies implemented resulted in an increase in the number of banks, with each bank having the authority to issue its own paper currency. This was a part of Jackson's plan to decentralize the banking system and reduce the power of the central bank. As a result, multiple banks were established across the country, leading to a proliferation of different types of paper currency issued by these individual banks.

During the period between 1815 and 1850, the growth of the market economy led to increased demand for agricultural products. To meet this demand and maximize their profits, farmers started specializing in the production of only one or two crops that were in high demand in the market. This allowed them to focus their resources and efforts on producing these crops efficiently and at a larger scale, which in turn increased their chances of selling them at higher prices. Therefore, the correct answer is D) Specialize in only one or two crops to sell.

The correct answer is A) American equality is a product of the nation's social mobility and geographic restlessness. In Democracy in America, Tocqueville argues that the unique social conditions in America, such as the ability for individuals to move up in social class and the constant movement and expansion of the population, contribute to a sense of equality among Americans. He believes that this mobility and restlessness prevent the formation of rigid social hierarchies and allow for greater social equality.

The principal issue on which the United States sought settlement with Great Britain at the outset of the War of 1812 was an end to impressment. Impressment refers to the practice of British naval forces forcibly recruiting American sailors into the British navy. The United States was outraged by this violation of their sovereignty and the rights of their citizens. They sought to negotiate an end to impressment in order to protect American sailors and assert their independence. This issue, along with other grievances, eventually led to the declaration of war against Great Britain in 1812.

The Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland endorsed Alexander Hamilton's ideas of implied powers in the Constitution. This means that the Court ruled that the federal government has powers that are not explicitly stated in the Constitution but are implied in order to carry out its duties. This decision established the principle of broad interpretation of the Constitution's powers, giving more authority to the federal government.

The Jefferson administration advocated for reducing the scope of activities of the federal government as a means of restoring Republican ideals. This means that they believed in limiting the power and reach of the federal government, allowing for more power to be held by the states and individuals. This aligns with the principles of Jeffersonian Republicanism, which emphasized a smaller and less intrusive government in order to protect individual liberties and promote states' rights.

The passage states that the number of days schoolchildren spent in school increased significantly between 1800 and 1860, and by 1860, the literacy rate among Whites had exceeded 90%. This suggests that the increase in education and literacy was primarily a result of state and local efforts in behalf of public schools. These efforts would have included the establishment and expansion of public schools, which allowed more children to access education and improve their literacy skills. Private philanthropists, federally supported school systems, the ability of families to afford tutors, and church-supported schools are not mentioned as the main causes of the described results in the passage.

The American Transcendentalists can be characterized as a group of northern intellectuals who believed in the value of human intuition. They emphasized the importance of individualism, self-reliance, and the inherent goodness of humanity. They believed that individuals could gain knowledge and understanding through intuition and direct experience with nature. They rejected traditional religious institutions and instead sought a spiritual connection with the universe. This belief in the power of intuition and the inherent goodness of humanity distinguished them from other religious sects or communitarians who held different beliefs or engaged in different practices.

William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent abolitionist and the founder of the newspaper "The Liberator" in 1831. Through his newspaper, Garrison advocated for the immediate and uncompensated emancipation of American slaves. He believed that slavery was a moral evil and that it should be abolished without any form of compensation to slaveholders. Garrison's writings and activism played a significant role in shaping public opinion and advancing the cause of abolitionism in the United States.

The correct answer is E) transporting African Americans to Africa. The American Colonization Society was established in the early 19th century with the goal of transporting African Americans back to Africa. This was seen as a solution to the issue of slavery in the United States, as some believed that African Americans would never be able to fully integrate into American society. The society aimed to establish a colony in Africa where freed African Americans could live and govern themselves. This colonization effort led to the establishment of Liberia as a destination for African American emigration.

In the Adams-Onis treaty, the United States obtained the Floridas and set the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain. This means that the United States acquired the territory of Florida from Spain and also negotiated the boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, which was a significant land acquisition from France. The treaty helped to establish clear borders and expand the territorial holdings of the United States.

The correct answer is E) the panic of 1837. The Specie Circular was an executive order issued by President Jackson in 1836, which required payment for government land to be made in gold or silver rather than paper currency. This led to a reduction in the amount of paper money in circulation and caused a shortage of specie (gold and silver coins). As a result, banks and businesses began to fail, leading to a financial crisis known as the panic of 1837.

Turnpikes and canals were the transportation developments that opened the West to settlement and trade between 1790 and 1830. Turnpikes were toll roads that allowed for easier travel and transportation of goods, while canals provided a reliable and efficient means of transportation by connecting rivers and lakes. These developments improved accessibility and allowed for the movement of people and goods to and from the Western territories, facilitating settlement and trade in the region.

Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the U.S in 1834 led to an expansion of credit and speculation. By removing federal deposits from the bank and distributing them among state banks, Jackson effectively weakened the central authority of the Second Bank. This resulted in an increase in the availability of credit and a surge in speculative activities. Without the oversight and regulation provided by the Second Bank, state banks were able to issue more loans and engage in risky financial practices, leading to an expansion of credit and speculation in the economy.

Jefferson's purchase of Louisiana had its origins in his desire to acquire a port to provide an outlet for western crops. This is because at the time, American farmers in the western territories faced difficulties in exporting their crops due to the lack of a suitable port. By acquiring a port, Jefferson aimed to facilitate the trade of western crops and ensure economic growth and prosperity for the region.

The correct answer is E) Accessibility to Eastern urban markets provided to Midwestern farmers. The railroad allowed farmers in the Midwest to transport their goods more easily and quickly to urban markets in the East. This increased their access to a larger customer base and allowed them to sell their products at higher prices. It also facilitated the transportation of goods and raw materials between different regions, promoting economic growth and development.

The correct answer is D) congress to automatically table antislavery petitions without a reason. The Gag Rule was adopted by Congress in 1836 and it prohibited the discussion or debate of any antislavery petitions. Instead of allowing these petitions to be read and considered, the Gag Rule automatically tabled them without any reason or explanation. This was a deliberate attempt to silence the growing abolitionist movement and prevent any discussion of the issue of slavery in Congress. The Gag Rule was highly controversial and eventually repealed in 1844.

Andrew Jackson's presidency marked a shift towards a stronger federal government. He believed in a strong executive branch and expanded presidential power. Jackson also advocated for the supremacy of the federal government over states' rights, as demonstrated by his opposition to nullification and his use of federal power to enforce laws. This emphasis on federal power goes against the Jeffersonian ideal of limited government and states' rights. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

During the period from 1800 to 1860, the federal government relied on customs duties and land sales as sources of revenue. Income tax, sales tax, and real estate taxes were not mentioned as sources of revenue during this time period. Therefore, the correct answer is D) 111 and 1V only.

The Battle of New Orleans was a significant victory for the American forces led by Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812. This victory boosted American morale and created a sense of national pride. The celebration of Jackson and his soldiers in American legend and folklore refers to the lasting impact and recognition they received for their triumph in this battle. It solidified Jackson's reputation as a military hero and contributed to his eventual rise to the presidency.

In the early 19th century, American society saw a significant increase in the readership of newspapers. This can be attributed to several factors such as improved printing technology, the spread of literacy, and the rise of political parties. Newspapers became an important medium for disseminating information, discussing political issues, and shaping public opinion. The increasing readership of newspapers played a crucial role in fostering a more informed and engaged citizenry during this period.

The correct answer is C) Passage of the Missouri Compromise. This can be inferred from the map because it shows the division of the United States into free and slave states, which was a key provision of the Missouri Compromise. The map shows a clear line separating the free states in the north from the slave states in the south, indicating the impact of the Missouri Compromise on the country's territorial expansion and the issue of slavery.

The temperance movement was closely related to the women's rights movement of the late 1840s and 1850s because it provided women with a platform to advocate for social change and assert their rights. Women played a significant role in the temperance movement, as they saw alcohol as a threat to their families and believed that it contributed to domestic violence and poverty. By campaigning for temperance, women gained experience in organizing and public speaking, which helped them to later advocate for women's suffrage and other women's rights issues.

The decline of the Federalist Party after the War of 1812 can be attributed to several factors. The party's association with the Hartford Convention, where they discussed secession from the Union, damaged their reputation and popularity. The Party's unpatriotic behavior during the war, such as opposing the war effort and engaging in anti-war activities, further alienated them from the public. Monroe's good-will tour of New England helped to promote national unity and reconciliation, which undermined the Federalist Party's divisive rhetoric. Additionally, the Republican party's adoption of many Federalist policies made the Federalists less distinct and relevant. However, the rulings of the Supreme Court under John Marshall cannot be considered a contributing factor to the decline of the Federalist Party.

In the nullification dispute from 1830 to 1833, John C. Calhoun supported the idea that the states were the final arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws. This means that Calhoun believed that individual states had the power to determine whether or not a federal law was constitutional and could choose to nullify or reject it if they deemed it unconstitutional. This position was in line with Calhoun's belief in states' rights and the idea that the federal government should not have unchecked power over the states.

The correct answer is D) Thomas Jefferson. This quotation reflects Jefferson's belief in the importance of New Orleans and the Mississippi River to the United States. He saw the acquisition of New Orleans as crucial for securing American access to the ocean and believed that a strong alliance with the British fleet and nation was necessary to maintain this possession. Jefferson served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809 and was known for his expansionist policies, including the Louisiana Purchase which included New Orleans.

During the 1830s, the new Whig Party emerged as a political force in the United States. This party was composed of various groups that shared common interests and goals. Option E states that advocates of a system of state banks did not include supporters of the new Whig Party. This is because the Whig Party favored a strong central bank and a national banking system, rather than a system of state banks. Therefore, those who supported state banks would not align with the Whig Party's stance on banking and economic policies.

The correct answer is E) established government subtreasuries for the deposit of federal funds. This means that under Martin van Buren's presidency, the Independent Treasury system was implemented to create government subtreasuries where federal funds could be deposited. This system aimed to separate the government's finances from private banks and prevent the potential influence of political parties on the management of federal funds.

South Carolina's support for nullification in 1832 can be attributed to several factors. First, there was opposition to the tariff of 1828, which was seen as detrimental to the state's economy. Additionally, economic distress over falling cotton prices played a role in their support for nullification. The high ratio of blacks to whites in South Carolina also contributed to their concerns over the future of slavery. However, Andrew Jackson's refusal to support lowering of tariff rates did not directly contribute to South Carolina's support for nullification.

During the period between 1816 and 1825, there was no well-organized two-party system in the United States. This is significant because a two-party system is a fundamental aspect of American politics, and its absence during this time period had implications for the political landscape. Without a well-organized two-party system, there was less competition and opposition between political parties, which could have influenced the decision-making process and the development of policies. It also suggests that there may have been a lack of clear ideological divisions and debates within the political sphere during this period.