RMT Prep: General Surgery/Plastic Surgery

Nephrectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of a kidney. The term "nephro" relates to the kidney, and "ectomy" means the removal or excision of a specific organ or tissue. Therefore, nephrectomy specifically indicates the removal of a kidney. Cystectomy refers to the removal of the bladder, gastrectomy refers to the removal of the stomach, and orchiectomy refers to the removal of the testicles.

The suffix "-plasty" denotes a surgical repair or restoration. This is evident from its usage in medical terms such as rhinoplasty (surgical repair of the nose) and mammoplasty (surgical restoration of the breast). It is commonly used to indicate the surgical procedure of reshaping or reconstructing a body part.

Lidocaine is a local anesthetic because it works by blocking nerve signals in a specific area of the body, numbing the area and preventing pain sensations. It is commonly used in medical and dental procedures to provide temporary relief from pain and discomfort. Labetolol, clonidine, and Trileptal are not local anesthetics, but rather medications used for other purposes such as blood pressure control and seizure management.

A surgical instrument that holds back the edges of a surgical incision is called a retractor. Retractors are used to keep the incision open and provide better access to the surgical site. They come in various shapes and sizes and are designed to hold the tissue gently without causing damage. Retractors are an essential tool in surgery as they help surgeons visualize and operate on the area effectively.

The Foley catheter is commonly used to drain the urinary bladder during a surgical procedure. It is a flexible tube that is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. The catheter has a balloon at one end to keep it in place and a drainage bag to collect the urine. This type of catheter is often used in surgical procedures as it allows for continuous drainage of urine, reducing the risk of bladder distention and potential complications.

Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue that is primarily composed of fat cells, also known as adipocytes. These cells store energy in the form of triglycerides, which are derived from dietary fats or synthesized by the body. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in energy storage, insulation, and cushioning of organs. It also produces hormones and cytokines that regulate metabolism and inflammation. Therefore, the correct answer for the composition of adipose tissue is fat.

Viscera refers to the internal organs of the body. These organs are located within the cavities of the body and include organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and intestines. The term "viscera" is commonly used in medical and anatomical contexts to specifically refer to these organs. It is important to note that viscera do not include bones, joints, or the brain, as these are separate structures within the body.

The correct answer is "augmentation mammaplasty." This term refers to the surgical procedure of enhancing the size and shape of the breasts using implants. It involves placing implants either under the breast tissue or under the chest muscle. The term "aggregation mammotomy" is not a recognized medical term. "Inframmammary amplification" and "intermammary expansion" are not commonly used terms to describe breast implant surgery.

Laryngectomy is the correct answer because it refers to the surgical removal of the voice box, also known as the larynx. This procedure is typically performed to treat advanced stage laryngeal cancer or other conditions that severely affect the larynx. During a laryngectomy, the larynx is completely removed, and a permanent stoma (an opening) is created in the neck to allow for breathing. This procedure eliminates the patient's ability to speak using their vocal cords, but alternative methods of communication, such as speech therapy or the use of assistive devices, can be explored.

Anesthesia obtained by means of injection of an anesthetic drug directly to the operative site or by topical application is called local anesthesia. Local anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, preventing pain and discomfort during surgical procedures or medical treatments. It is typically used for minor surgeries or procedures that do not require the patient to be unconscious. Local anesthesia is administered either through injection or by applying a numbing cream or gel directly to the skin.

An incision made in the abdomen through the rectus muscle will reveal the peritoneum. The peritoneum is a thin, transparent membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it. It acts as a protective layer and helps to support and hold the organs in place. When an incision is made through the rectus muscle, which is a muscle in the abdominal wall, the peritoneum is exposed. This allows for access to the abdominal cavity and the organs within it during surgical procedures.

Debridement is the correct answer because it refers to the removal of dead or necrotic tissue. This process is important in wound care as it helps promote healing by removing any non-viable tissue that may hinder the body's ability to repair itself. Exsanguination refers to the excessive loss of blood, biopsy is the removal of a tissue sample for diagnostic purposes, and resection is the surgical removal of a part or whole organ.

Anastomosis refers to the surgical procedure of connecting or joining two blood vessels or nerves together. This allows for the reestablishment of blood flow or nerve function between the two structures. It is a technique commonly used in various surgical procedures to restore circulation or nerve transmission to a specific area of the body. Surgical fixation, surgical removal, and surgical excision do not accurately describe the meaning of anastomosis.

A pedicle flap is a type of skin flap. It involves transferring a piece of skin along with its underlying blood vessels to a new location while keeping it attached to its original blood supply. This allows the flap to remain viable and ensures proper blood flow to the transferred tissue. Other terms such as jump flap, island flap, and sliding flap may refer to different types of pedicle flaps that are used in specific surgical procedures. However, the most general and commonly used term for this technique is "skin flap."

The correct answer is "prone." Prone position refers to lying face down, with the chest and abdomen facing the surface. This position is often used in medical procedures or examinations that require access to the back of the body or the spine. It can also help improve oxygenation in certain respiratory conditions.

The suffix "-pexy" refers to surgical fixation. It is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate a surgical procedure that involves securing or fastening a specific organ or tissue in place. For example, an appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, while an appendicopexy is the surgical fixation of the appendix. Therefore, "-pexy" is the correct answer as it directly relates to surgical fixation.

A continuous suture refers to a technique where the suturing material is threaded through the tissue in a continuous manner without any interruption or knotting. It is commonly used to close surgical incisions or wounds. Therefore, the term "uninterrupted" accurately describes a continuous suture technique.

Approximating the wound edges means bringing them together. This is done to facilitate proper healing and to minimize scarring. By aligning the edges, the body's natural healing process can occur more effectively, allowing the tissue to regenerate and close the wound. This technique is commonly used in suturing or using adhesive strips to close a wound.

The suffix "-stomy" denotes a permanent surgical opening to the outside of the body. This can be seen in medical terms such as "colostomy" (surgical creation of an opening in the colon) or "tracheostomy" (surgical creation of an opening in the windpipe). The other suffixes listed do not specifically refer to a permanent surgical opening.

The Bovie is an instrument used for electrosurgical dissection and hemostasis. It utilizes electrical current to cut through tissue and cauterize blood vessels, allowing for precise surgical procedures with minimal bleeding. The other options listed, such as tenaculum, sound, and rongeur, are not typically used for electrosurgical dissection and hemostasis.

An incision 15 cm caudal to T1 means that the incision is made 15 cm below T1, towards the end of the spine. "Caudal" refers to a position closer to the tail or end of the body, while "T1" refers to the first thoracic vertebra. Therefore, the correct answer is below T1, towards the end of the spine.

The term "resect" means to cut off or remove a part of an organ or tissue. This procedure is commonly performed in surgeries to remove tumors, damaged tissue, or organs. It involves cutting and removing the specified area while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue. Therefore, "resect" is the correct term that means to cut off or remove.

Forceps are a surgical instrument used to grasp and hold onto structures during procedures. They have two blades or prongs that are used to grip tissues or objects firmly. Forceps can be used for compression, such as clamping blood vessels to control bleeding, or for traction, such as holding onto tissues during dissection or suturing. They come in various sizes and shapes, depending on the specific purpose they are intended for.

The suffix -rraphy is commonly used in medical terminology to refer to the act of suturing or stitching. It is derived from the Greek word "rhaphe" which means "a seam" or "a suture". Therefore, the correct answer, "surgical suturing", accurately reflects the meaning of the suffix -rraphy.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia. Regional anesthesia involves the injection of an anesthetic medication near a cluster of nerves to numb a specific region of the body. In the case of epidural anesthesia, the medication is injected into the space around the spinal cord, numbing the lower half of the body. This allows for pain relief during childbirth or surgical procedures in the lower abdomen, pelvis, or legs, while the patient remains awake.

A trocar is a sharply pointed surgical instrument that is inserted into a cannula, which is a hollow tube. This instrument is commonly used in procedures such as laparoscopy to create a pathway for the insertion of other surgical instruments or to drain fluid or gas from the body cavity. The other options, biopsy needle, columella forceps, and osteotome, do not typically have a sharply pointed tip and are not contained within a cannula.

A PEG tube, or percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube, is a medical device that is inserted into the stomach through the abdominal wall. It is used to provide nourishment to patients who are unable to take food by mouth. This alternative method allows for the direct delivery of liquid nutrition into the stomach, bypassing the need for the patient to eat or drink orally. It is a commonly used method for long-term feeding in patients who have difficulty swallowing or have other medical conditions that prevent them from consuming food normally.

The term "ventral" refers to the belly or anterior of the body. It is the opposite of "posterior" which refers to the back or rear of the body. "Abdominal" refers specifically to the area of the body between the chest and the pelvis, while "thoracic" refers to the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen. Therefore, the correct answer is "ventral" as it specifically refers to the belly or anterior region of the body.

The Seldinger technique is a common technique for inserting a catheter, especially during cardiac procedures. This technique involves the use of a guidewire to navigate through the blood vessels and create a pathway for the catheter to be inserted. It is a widely used method due to its simplicity and effectiveness in minimizing trauma to the blood vessels. The other options, Mitrofanoff, Pomeroy, and Tzanck, are not commonly used techniques for catheter insertion.