Respiratory System And Gas Exhanges: Quiz!

The right lung has three subdivisions. This means that the right lung is divided into three parts or sections.

Bronchioles are the smallest conducting tubes in the lungs. They are responsible for carrying air to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. Bronchioles are smaller in diameter compared to the bronchi and are lined with smooth muscle. This allows them to regulate airflow and control the distribution of air within the lungs. The bronchioles further divide into smaller branches called terminal bronchioles, which eventually lead to the alveolar ducts and alveoli. Overall, bronchioles play a crucial role in ensuring efficient and controlled airflow within the respiratory system.

Inhalation refers to the process of drawing air into the lungs. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract and lift the ribcage. This creates more space in the chest cavity, causing air to be drawn into the lungs. Exhalation, on the other hand, is the process of expelling air from the lungs. Compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and contract easily.

The larynx is commonly known as the voicebox because it is responsible for producing sound and enabling speech. It contains the vocal cords, which vibrate when air passes through them, creating sound waves that produce speech. The larynx is located in the throat and is connected to the windpipe, or trachea. The glottis, on the other hand, refers to the opening between the vocal cords in the larynx.

During gas exchange in the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses into the bloodstream, while carbon dioxide (CO2) that has been produced as a waste product in the body's cells is transported from the blood to the lungs to be exhaled. Therefore, CO2 is the correct answer as it leaves the blood during gas exchange in the lungs.

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which cells convert nutrients into energy in the presence of oxygen. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose molecules to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Oxygen is essential for this process as it acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing for the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, cellular respiration accurately describes the utilization of oxygen in the breakdown of nutrients within a cell.

The pleura is a thin membrane that covers the lungs. It consists of two layers, the visceral pleura which is directly attached to the lung tissue, and the parietal pleura which lines the chest wall. The pleura helps to protect and cushion the lungs, as well as facilitate smooth movement during breathing. It also helps to maintain the negative pressure within the pleural cavity, allowing the lungs to expand and contract easily.

During oxygen transport, hemoglobin has small iron regions that are capable of holding 97% of the oxygen it can carry. This means that hemoglobin has specific binding sites for oxygen molecules, which are located in the small iron regions of the protein. These binding sites have a high affinity for oxygen, allowing hemoglobin to efficiently transport and deliver oxygen throughout the body.

Internal exchange refers to the exchange of substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide between different parts of the body. In this case, the correct answer is "blood and the tissues" because internal exchange occurs between the blood vessels and the cells of the body's tissues. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues through the blood, while carbon dioxide, a waste product, is carried away from the tissues back to the lungs for removal. This exchange is essential for maintaining proper functioning and homeostasis within the body.

The bicarbonate ion is an important buffer because it helps keep the pH of body fluids within a steady range. Buffers are substances that resist changes in pH by accepting or donating protons. In the body, maintaining a stable pH is crucial for proper functioning of enzymes, cellular processes, and overall homeostasis. Bicarbonate ions act as a buffer by accepting protons when the pH is too low (acidic) and donating protons when the pH is too high (alkaline), thus helping to maintain the pH of body fluids within a narrow and optimal range.

Sinus cavities are small cavities lined with mucous in the skull bones that are highly susceptible to infection. These cavities are located in the facial bones surrounding the nasal cavity and are connected to the nasal passages. When the sinuses become infected or inflamed, it can cause symptoms such as congestion, facial pain, and pressure.

The correct answer is "ending of terminal bronchioles." Alveoli are tiny air sacs found at the end of the respiratory bronchioles within the lungs. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.

The normal breathing rate in an adult is 12-20 breaths per minute. This range is considered normal because it indicates that the person's respiratory system is functioning properly and efficiently. Breathing rates below or above this range may indicate an underlying health issue or respiratory problem. It is important to monitor and maintain a normal breathing rate for overall health and well-being.

Oxygen is transported in the blood by binding to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. When the blood reaches the cells, oxygen must separate from hemoglobin in order to enter the cells and be used for cellular respiration. This process occurs in the capillaries, where the oxygen diffuses from the blood into the surrounding tissues.

The correct answer is child's size and age. The normal rate for respirations in children can vary depending on their size and age. As children grow and develop, their respiratory rate tends to decrease. Additionally, larger children may have a lower respiratory rate compared to smaller children. Therefore, both the size and age of the child are important factors to consider when determining the normal rate for respirations in children.

If a foreign body is inhaled, it is more likely to enter the right lung. This is because the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical compared to the left main bronchus. As a result, any inhaled foreign object is more likely to follow the path of least resistance and enter the right lung.

The trachea divides into two "main stems" known as the bronchi. Each bronchus then further divides into smaller bronchioles, which eventually lead to the lungs. This branching pattern allows for the distribution of air to both lungs and ensures proper oxygenation of the blood.

The normal pH levels in the human body range from 7.35 to 7.45. This range is considered slightly alkaline or basic. Maintaining this pH range is crucial for the proper functioning of various bodily systems, including the respiratory and urinary systems. Any deviation from this range can lead to health issues, such as acidosis or alkalosis, which can disrupt normal bodily functions. Therefore, it is important to maintain the pH levels within the normal range to ensure overall health and well-being.

Tachypnea refers to an excessive rate of breathing. It is a medical term used to describe abnormally rapid breathing, usually characterized by a high number of breaths per minute. This condition can be caused by various factors such as respiratory infections, lung diseases, heart problems, anxiety, or even certain medications. Tachypnea is often seen as a symptom of an underlying health issue and may require medical attention to determine and address the root cause.

Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect chemical changes in the body. They are centrally located in the brain, specifically in areas such as the medulla oblongata and the carotid and aortic bodies. Additionally, chemoreceptors are also found peripherally in the arteries, where they monitor the chemical composition of the blood. This dual location allows chemoreceptors to play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by detecting and responding to changes in blood chemistry and oxygen levels.

Gas diffusion occurs from higher to lower concentration because gases naturally move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration in order to equalize the concentration gradient. This process is known as diffusion and is driven by the random motion of gas molecules. As a result, gases will diffuse from an area where there is a higher concentration of the gas to an area where there is a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.

The spaces in the respiratory system include the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. These structures are all part of the upper respiratory tract and play a crucial role in the process of breathing. The nasal cavities filter, warm, and moisten the incoming air, while the pharynx serves as a passage for both air and food. The larynx contains the vocal cords and helps produce sound, and the trachea carries air from the larynx to the lungs. These spaces work together to ensure the proper functioning of the respiratory system.

The epiglottis is a small leaf-shaped cartilage found in the respiratory system. Its main function is to prevent food and liquid from entering the airway during swallowing. When we swallow, the epiglottis covers the opening of the larynx, ensuring that food and liquid only go down the esophagus and not into the lungs. This protective mechanism helps to prevent choking and aspiration pneumonia.

The correct answer is nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx. The pharynx is a muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus. It is divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is located behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palate, the oropharynx is located behind the oral cavity and extends to the epiglottis, and the laryngopharynx is located below the epiglottis and connects to the esophagus and trachea. Therefore, the correct order of the sections of the pharynx is nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx.

During CO2 transport, 75% of CO2 is carried as bicarbonate ion. This is because when CO2 enters the bloodstream, it combines with water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion. Bicarbonate ion is the primary form in which CO2 is transported in the blood. This process allows for efficient transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs for elimination.

Tidal volume refers to the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during normal, quiet breathing. It represents the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath, without any additional effort or force. Tidal volume is an important measure of lung function and is typically around 500 mL in adults. It is different from residual volume, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation, and vital capacity, which is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation.

In the human body, muscles are composed of individual muscle fibers that are organized into bundles called fascicles. These fascicles are surrounded by connective tissue and contain blood vessels and nerves. The arrangement of muscle fibers into fascicles allows for efficient force generation and control of movement.

Hypo apnea refers to a decrease in the respiratory rate and effort during sleep. It is commonly associated with low levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the body. When CO2 levels are low, the body's respiratory drive is reduced, leading to shallow breathing or even temporary cessation of breathing. This can result in hypo apnea episodes during sleep. Therefore, the correct answer is low CO2.

Chemoreceptors are sensory cells that detect chemical changes in the body. They are primarily responsible for monitoring the levels of certain chemicals, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), in the blood. When CO2 levels rise, chemoreceptors detect this change and send signals to the brain, triggering an increase in breathing rate to remove excess CO2 from the body. Therefore, the correct answer is CO2 levels, as chemoreceptors specifically respond to changes in CO2 levels in the body.

The term "expiratory reverse volume" refers to the additional amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation. This means that after exhaling normally, there is still some air left in the lungs that can be forcefully expelled. This term is used to describe the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully, beyond the normal exhalation.

Abnormal ventilation refers to any deviation from normal breathing patterns. Hyperventilation is considered abnormal ventilation because it involves rapid and deep breathing, leading to excessive elimination of carbon dioxide from the body. This can lead to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, causing symptoms such as dizziness, tingling, and shortness of breath. Sitting in a hot room without open windows may cause discomfort due to heat, but it does not directly affect ventilation. Hypoxia refers to a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues, while hypoxemia refers to low oxygen levels in the blood, both of which are not directly related to abnormal ventilation.

The correct listing of the cartilages in the trachea is: thyroid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, cricoid cartilage.

Oxygenated blood refers to blood that has been enriched with oxygen. The percentage of saturation with oxygen in oxygenated blood is typically around 97%. This means that approximately 97% of the hemoglobin molecules in the blood are bound to oxygen molecules. This high level of oxygen saturation is necessary for the blood to effectively transport oxygen to the body's tissues and organs.

Orthopnea refers to a condition where a person experiences difficulty breathing when lying down and finds relief by sitting up. This means that the correct answer is "difficulty breathing that is relieved by sitting up."

The greater trochanter is a bony prominence located at the top of the femur bone. It is found on the lateral side of the hip joint and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, tendons, and ligaments. This structure is important for the stability and movement of the hip joint. The other options, tip of tibia and humerus, are incorrect as they do not correspond to the location of the greater trochanter.

The correct answer is 21%. Air is composed of various gases, with oxygen being one of them. Oxygen makes up approximately 21% of the Earth's atmosphere. This percentage is crucial for supporting life on Earth, as oxygen is essential for respiration and the survival of most organisms.

Cyanosis is the bluish discoloration of the skin that occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the blood. In this scenario, Mr. Smith's blue skin color suggests that he is not receiving enough oxygen, leading to cyanosis. The fact that he is also non-responsive further supports this conclusion, as a lack of oxygen can cause loss of consciousness. Hypoxia refers to a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues, while hyperventilation is an increased rate of breathing that can occur in response to various factors. Neither of these conditions directly explain the blue skin color and non-responsiveness observed in Mr. Smith.

A surfactant is a substance that reduces surface tension. Surface tension is the force that causes the surface of a liquid to behave like a stretched elastic sheet. Surfactants work by disrupting the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules at the surface, allowing the liquid to spread more easily and reducing the surface tension. This property makes surfactants useful in various applications such as cleaning agents, emulsifiers, and foaming agents.

The pleura is a thin, double-layered membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs. The layer that covers the chest wall is called the parietal pleura. It helps protect and lubricate the lungs, allowing them to move smoothly during breathing. The visceral pleura, on the other hand, covers the surface of the lungs. The pleural space is the small gap between the parietal and visceral pleura, filled with a small amount of fluid that helps reduce friction during lung movement. Thoracic space is not a correct term for describing the pleura.

CO2 is important in regulating the blood's pH because it can act as an acid or a base. When CO2 dissolves in the blood, it forms carbonic acid, which can lower the pH of the blood and make it more acidic. On the other hand, when CO2 is removed from the blood, it can increase the pH and make it more basic. This balance between acid and base is crucial for maintaining the body's overall pH level and ensuring proper functioning of various physiological processes.

Chemoreceptors are specialized sensory cells that respond to chemical changes in the blood during respiration. They detect the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood, and send signals to the brain to regulate breathing rate and depth. These receptors are located in the carotid bodies in the neck and the aortic bodies in the aorta. When chemicals dissolve in the blood, such as carbon dioxide, chemoreceptors detect the increase in CO2 levels and trigger an increase in breathing rate to remove the excess CO2 and bring oxygen levels back to normal.

The most likely nursing diagnosis for Mrs. Reynold would be hypa apnea. This is because she is experiencing symptoms such as tingling sensation in her lips and dizziness, which could be indicative of a decrease in oxygen levels. Hypa apnea refers to a condition where there is a decrease in respiratory effort, leading to inadequate ventilation and oxygenation. This diagnosis aligns with Mrs. Reynold's symptoms and suggests that she may be experiencing a compromised respiratory function.

Respiration is the correct answer because it refers to the process of obtaining oxygen from the environment and delivering it to the cells. This process involves both inhalation and exhalation, where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled. Tidal volume, on the other hand, refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, which is a component of respiration but not the overall process itself.

The correct answer is B, C and D are all correct. The epithelium that lines the conducting respiratory tract is described as stratified, meaning it consists of multiple layers of cells. It also contains cilia, which are hair-like structures that help move mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory tract. Additionally, the epithelium is pseudostratified, meaning it appears to be stratified but all the cells are actually attached to the basement membrane. Finally, it contains simple columnar epithelium, which is a type of epithelial tissue made up of tall, narrow cells that help with absorption and secretion.

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbonic acid (H2CO3). This acid can then dissociate into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Therefore, carbonic anhydrase increases the formation of bicarbonate ions (dicarbonate ion) by accelerating the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid.

The nares are the openings of the nostrils, which allow air to enter the body. When we breathe, air passes through the nares and into the nasal cavity, where it is filtered, warmed, and humidified before reaching the lungs. The mouth is also a possible entry point for air, but it is not the primary route. Therefore, the correct answer is nares.

Bronchi are the large airways in the lungs that branch off from the trachea. To maintain their firmness and prevent them from collapsing, they contain bits of cartilage. Cartilage provides structural support and helps to keep the bronchi open, allowing for the smooth flow of air in and out of the lungs. Without the presence of cartilage, the bronchi would be more prone to collapse, leading to difficulties in breathing and reduced lung function.

The human body contains approximately 300 million alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They are responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of respiration. Having a large number of alveoli increases the surface area available for gas exchange, allowing for efficient oxygenation of the blood and removal of waste gases.

Abnormal ventilation can lead to suffocation. When ventilation is abnormal, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs is disrupted, resulting in inadequate oxygen supply to the body and accumulation of carbon dioxide. This can cause a person to suffocate, as they are unable to breathe properly and obtain the necessary amount of oxygen.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are specialized cells located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies that are responsible for detecting changes in oxygen levels in the blood. When the oxygen levels decrease, these receptors send signals to the brain, which in turn triggers physiological responses such as increased breathing rate and blood flow to compensate for the low oxygen levels. Therefore, peripheral chemoreceptors respond to O2 levels in order to maintain homeostasis in the body.