Respiration - Human Gaseous Exchange

Structure F is well adapted for its function of gaseous exchange. Gaseous exchange refers to the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. Structure F is likely to possess characteristics such as a large surface area, thin walls, and a rich blood supply, which are all adaptations that facilitate efficient gas exchange.

A (Nasal Cavity): This is the first part of the respiratory tract where air enters the body. It filters, warms, and moistens the air before it moves further down.

B (Pharynx): The pharynx, or throat, is a passageway for both air and food. It connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus.

C (Larynx): Also known as the voice box, the larynx contains the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound. It also helps protect the airway from food and liquids during swallowing.

The concentration of oxygen is high in the lungs because oxygen is inhaled and enters the bloodstream through the alveoli. From there, it is transported to the tissues where it is utilized in cellular respiration. In the tissues, the concentration of oxygen is low because it is constantly being consumed by cells for energy production. Therefore, the correct answer is high, low.

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, forming a stable compound called carboxyhemoglobin. This binding is much stronger than the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, so when carbon monoxide is present, it displaces oxygen from hemoglobin and reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported throughout the body. This leads to a decrease in the efficiency of oxygen transportation, which can have serious health consequences. Therefore, the structure affected by carbon monoxide in red blood cells is hemoglobin.

The given answer, "One cell thick," does not describe the adaptations of a Red Blood Cell. Red Blood Cells are known for their biconcave shape, which allows for increased surface area and flexibility. They also contain haemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen and carries it throughout the body. Additionally, Red Blood Cells have an iron-containing structure called heme, which is essential for oxygen transport. However, being "one cell thick" is not a characteristic or adaptation specific to Red Blood Cells.

The statement "Cilia in the trachea helps in breathing, to sweep air into the lungs" is false. Cilia in the trachea actually helps in the movement of mucus and trapped particles out of the respiratory system, not in sweeping air into the lungs. The correct function of cilia in the trachea is to remove foreign particles and mucus from the airways, preventing them from reaching the lungs.

The given answer, "Bronchus, Bronchiole," is correct because it follows the logical structure of the respiratory system. The bronchus is a larger airway that branches off from the trachea and leads into the lungs. From the bronchus, smaller airways called bronchioles branch out. Therefore, the bronchus comes before the bronchiole in the respiratory system's hierarchy.

The false statement is that a thin film of moisture covering the surface of the alveolus allows membranes to slide over each other easily during breathing.

In an area of high concentration of CO2, the reaction will move to the right. This means that more H2CO3H+ and HCO3- will be formed from the CO2 and H2O. This is because the increased concentration of CO2 will drive the reaction towards the products to establish equilibrium. As a result, the concentration of H2CO3H+ and HCO3- will increase, leading to a shift in the reaction towards the right side. This helps the red blood cell to effectively transport and remove CO2 from the body.

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The movement of air in and out of the lungs is due to the difference in pressure. When the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract while the internal intercostal muscles relax, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases. This decrease in pressure within the lungs causes air to rush in during inhalation. Conversely, when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, increasing the pressure within the lungs and causing air to be expelled during exhalation.

Carbonic anhydrase is the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid.

The Hepatitis B vaccine is typically administered as a single dose at birth as part of the standard immunization schedule. This early vaccination is crucial because Hepatitis B can be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth. The vaccine provides protection against Hepatitis B virus, which can cause chronic liver infection, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Early immunization helps prevent the transmission of the virus and protects the child right from birth.

The common effects of Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis are not listed in the given options. Both conditions are types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and share some similar symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. Emphysema is characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and excessive mucus production in the airways, leading to narrowing and blockage of the air passages. These effects were not mentioned in the given options.

Carbon monoxide in tobacco increases the risk of fatty deposits in the walls of arteries. This is because carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, leading to the formation of plaque in the arteries. Plaque buildup can restrict blood flow and increase the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular problems.