Radiobiology Final Review

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  • 1/123 Questions

    What is another term for a diploid number of chromosomes in somatic cells?

    • Haploid
    • N
    • 2n
    • 3n
    • 4n
Please wait...
About This Quiz

The 'Radiobiology Final Review' quiz assesses key biological concepts, focusing on cellular components and biochemical processes. It evaluates understanding of cell biology, including enzyme functions, cellular respiration, and DNA base pairing, essential for students in advanced biology courses.

Radiobiology Final Review - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Which of the following can be defined as when any type of radiation deposits its energy directly in the critical target?

    • Radiolysis

    • Direct action

    • Indirect action

    • Isotonic effect

    • Elastic effect

    Correct Answer
    A. Direct action
    Explanation
    Direct action can be defined as when any type of radiation deposits its energy directly in the critical target. This means that the radiation interacts directly with the target, causing damage or other effects without the need for any intermediate steps or interactions. This is in contrast to indirect action, where the radiation interacts with other molecules or substances first before affecting the critical target.

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  • 3. 

    High LET radiation produces dense ionizations in very short distances.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    High LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation refers to radiation that deposits a large amount of energy in a small area as it passes through matter. This type of radiation is capable of causing significant damage to living tissue. The statement "High LET radiation produces dense ionizations in very short distances" is true because high LET radiation causes a high density of ionizations (the process of removing electrons from atoms) in a short distance. This dense ionization can lead to severe biological effects and is one of the reasons why high LET radiation is considered more harmful than low LET radiation.

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  • 4. 

    What is the most abundant compound in the human body?

    • Carbohydrate

    • Lipid

    • Nucleic Acid

    • Protein

    • Water

    Correct Answer
    A. Water
    Explanation
    Water is the most abundant compound in the human body because it makes up about 60% of our total body weight. It is found in every cell, tissue, and organ, and plays a crucial role in various biological processes. Water helps regulate body temperature, transports nutrients and waste products, lubricates joints, and acts as a medium for chemical reactions. Without water, our body would not be able to function properly.

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  • 5. 

    The ratio of the number of cells in mitosis at a given time to the total number of cells in the population is called:

    • Meiosis

    • Mitosis

    • Mitotic delay

    • Mitotic index

    • Mitotic overshoot

    Correct Answer
    A. Mitotic index
    Explanation
    The mitotic index refers to the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis at a specific time to the total number of cells in the population. It is used as a measure of the rate of cell division and can provide information about the growth and proliferation of cells in a population.

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  • 6. 

    Which of the following terms is best described by the following definition:  long term or continuing changes in cells after radiation exposure.

    • Acute effects

    • Chronic effects

    • Healing

    • Regeneration

    • Repair

    Correct Answer
    A. Chronic effects
    Explanation
    Chronic effects is the best term to describe the long term or continuing changes in cells after radiation exposure. This term refers to the effects that occur over an extended period of time, as opposed to acute effects which occur immediately after exposure. Chronic effects can include the development of cancer, genetic mutations, and other long-lasting changes in cells.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following represents the lethal dose that kills 50% of the xposed population in 30 days?

    • LD 50/30

    • LD 50

    • LD30/50

    • LD 30

    • LD 50/50

    Correct Answer
    A. LD 50/30
    Explanation
    LD 50/30 represents the lethal dose that kills 50% of the exposed population in 30 days. This term is commonly used in toxicology to measure the potency of a substance. The LD 50/30 value indicates the amount of a substance that would be lethal to 50% of the population within a 30-day period. It is an important measure in determining the toxicity and potential harm of a substance.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following terms is best defined by the following: initial responses of the cells to radiation exposure?

    • Acute effects

    • Chronic effects

    • Healing

    • Regeneration

    • Repair

    Correct Answer
    A. Acute effects
    Explanation
    Acute effects refer to the immediate and short-term responses of cells to radiation exposure. These effects can include symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, and skin burns. Unlike chronic effects, which develop over a longer period of time, acute effects occur shortly after radiation exposure. Healing, regeneration, and repair are related processes that occur after tissue damage, but they do not specifically refer to the initial responses of cells to radiation exposure.

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  • 9. 

    Which of the following organs have the lowest tolerance dose?

    • Bone marrow and gonads

    • CNS and lymph nodes

    • Heart and lung

    • Muscle and ureters

    • Thyroid and pituitary glands

    Correct Answer
    A. Bone marrow and gonads
    Explanation
    Bone marrow and gonads have the lowest tolerance dose because they are highly sensitive to radiation. The bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, and radiation damage to it can lead to decreased production of red and white blood cells, causing anemia and increased susceptibility to infections. The gonads are the reproductive organs, and radiation damage to them can result in infertility and other reproductive problems. Therefore, it is important to minimize radiation exposure to these organs during medical procedures.

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  • 10. 

    Meiosis occurs in which type of cells?

    • Chromosomes

    • Germ

    • Parenchymal

    • Somatic

    • Stromal

    Correct Answer
    A. Germ
    Explanation
    Meiosis occurs in germ cells. Germ cells are the reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and eggs. During meiosis, these cells undergo a specialized type of cell division that results in the formation of haploid gametes with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and ensures genetic diversity in offspring.

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  • 11. 

    According to the survival curve in figure 5-1, which type of radiation is more effective at killing cells?

    • Neutrons

    • X-rays

    Correct Answer
    A. Neutrons
    Explanation
    As we don't know what figure 5-1 shows, this one isn't graded, but just a reminder that you should be able to answer a question like this.

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  • 12. 

    Which of the following components of DNA bind the sugars to each other?

    • Adenine

    • Cytosine

    • Phosphoric acid

    • Purine

    • Pyrimidine

    Correct Answer
    A. Phosphoric acid
    Explanation
    Phosphoric acid is a crucial component of DNA because it forms the backbone of the DNA molecule. It binds the sugars (deoxyribose) together through phosphodiester bonds, creating a stable structure. The sugars are attached to the phosphate group of phosphoric acid, forming a repeating chain that connects the nucleotide units in DNA. This binding of sugars to each other by phosphoric acid is essential for the stability and integrity of the DNA molecule.

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  • 13. 

    Which cellular salt is found predominantly outside the cell?

    • Carbohydrate

    • Lipid

    • Potassium

    • Sodium

    • Water

    Correct Answer
    A. Sodium
    Explanation
    Sodium is found predominantly outside the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body and is involved in various physiological processes such as nerve function and muscle contraction. Sodium is primarily found in extracellular fluid, which includes the fluid outside the cells. It helps regulate the osmotic pressure and maintains the overall balance of electrolytes in the body.

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  • 14. 

    Which of the following binds with adenine?

    • Cytosine

    • Guanine

    • Thymine

    Correct Answer
    A. Thymine
    Explanation
    Adenine binds with Thymine. Adenine and Thymine are complementary base pairs in DNA. They form two hydrogen bonds with each other, which helps to stabilize the DNA structure. Cytosine and Guanine also bind together through three hydrogen bonds, but they do not bind with adenine.

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  • 15. 

    Which of the following are a part of the 4 R's of radiotherapy? A.  Redistribution B.  Regeneration C.  Reoxygenation D. Repair

    • A and B only

    • B and C only

    • C and D only

    • A and D only

    • A, B, C, and D

    Correct Answer
    A. A, B, C, and D
    Explanation
    The 4 R's of radiotherapy refer to the four biological processes that determine the effectiveness of radiation therapy. Redistribution refers to the movement of cells within the cell cycle, allowing them to become more susceptible to radiation. Regeneration refers to the ability of healthy cells to replace damaged cells. Reoxygenation refers to the process of increasing oxygen levels in tumors, which makes them more sensitive to radiation. Repair refers to the ability of cells to repair radiation-induced damage. Therefore, all of the options A, B, C, and D are correct as they represent different aspects of the 4 R's of radiotherapy.

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  • 16. 

    Enzymes are an example of which of the following?

    • Carbohydrate

    • Lipid

    • Nucleic Acid

    • Protein

    • Water

    Correct Answer
    A. Protein
    Explanation
    Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions. They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Proteins are made up of amino acids and have a complex three-dimensional structure that allows them to carry out their specific functions. Therefore, enzymes are a specific type of protein.

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  • 17. 

    Thyroid cancer is most commonly associated by radiation researchers with which disease, or occupational or clinical exposure?

    • Tb patients

    • Ankylosing spondylitis patients

    • Miners

    • Acne patients

    • Enlarged thymus patients

    Correct Answer
    A. Enlarged thymus patients
    Explanation
    Enlarged thymus patients are most commonly associated with thyroid cancer.

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  • 18. 

    Which of the following statements best represents the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau?

    • Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are not actively dividing

    • Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are undifferentiated and have a long dividing future

    • Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are differentiated and have a long dividing future

    • Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively diving, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing future

    • Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells are that actively, differentiated, and have a long dividing future

    Correct Answer
    A. Ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively diving, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing future
    Explanation
    The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that ionizing radiation is more effective against cells that are actively dividing, undifferentiated, and have a long dividing future. This means that cells that are rapidly dividing and have the potential to divide for a longer period of time are more susceptible to the damaging effects of ionizing radiation. This is because ionizing radiation primarily targets cells that are undergoing active division, as they are in a more vulnerable state compared to cells that are not actively dividing or are differentiated.

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  • 19. 

    What is the mechanism of death for the GI syndrome?

    • Increased cranial pressure

    • Infection and hemorrhage

    • Increased cranial pressure and electrolyte imbalance

    • Infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance

    • Hemorrhage and electrolyte imbalance

    Correct Answer
    A. Infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance
    Explanation
    The mechanism of death for the GI syndrome is likely due to a combination of infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. Infection can lead to systemic inflammation and damage to the gastrointestinal system, causing dysfunction and potentially leading to death. Dehydration can occur due to fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea, further exacerbating electrolyte imbalances. Electrolyte imbalances, such as low levels of potassium or sodium, can disrupt normal bodily functions and contribute to organ failure. Therefore, the combination of infection, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance can ultimately result in death.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following are a part of the fractionation parameters that influence the tolerance of normal tissue? A.  Overall treatment time B.  Size of dose per fraction C.  Spacing of dose fractions D.  Total dose

    • A and B only

    • B and C only

    • C and D only

    • A and D only

    • A, B, C, and D

    Correct Answer
    A. A, B, C, and D
    Explanation
    The fractionation parameters that influence the tolerance of normal tissue include overall treatment time, size of dose per fraction, spacing of dose fractions, and total dose. These parameters are all important factors in determining the amount of radiation that can be safely delivered to normal tissue without causing excessive damage.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following aberrations occur after DNA replication?

    • Chromosome

    • Chromatid

    Correct Answer
    A. Chromatid
    Explanation
    After DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. Therefore, the correct answer is chromatid, as the replication process results in the formation of two chromatids from one original chromosome.

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  • 22. 

    Which of the following represents the x or horizontal axis on cell survival curves?

    • Dose of radiation

    • N

    • Percentage of cells surviving

    • D0

    • Dq

    Correct Answer
    A. Dose of radiation
    Explanation
    The x or horizontal axis on cell survival curves represents the dose of radiation. This axis shows the different levels or amounts of radiation that cells are exposed to. By plotting the dose of radiation on the x-axis, we can observe the relationship between the radiation dose and the percentage of cells surviving. This helps in understanding the effect of radiation on cell survival and determining the dose required to achieve a certain level of cell death.

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  • 23. 

    Which of the following organelles catabolize nutrients through oxidation?

    • ER

    • Golgi complex

    • Lysosome

    • Mitochrondria

    • Ribosome

    Correct Answer
    A. Mitochrondria
    Explanation
    Mitochondria are organelles that catabolize nutrients through oxidation. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's energy in the form of ATP through a process called cellular respiration. This process involves the oxidation of glucose and other nutrients to produce energy. Therefore, mitochondria are responsible for breaking down and oxidizing nutrients to release energy for the cell's activities.

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  • 24. 

    Which of the following are the general effects of radiation on the embryo and fetus? A. lethality B.  Congenital abnormalities present at birth C.  Long term effects (late effects)

    • A only

    • A and B only

    • B and C only

    • A and C only

    • A, B, and C

    Correct Answer
    A. A, B, and C
    Explanation
    Radiation can have various effects on the embryo and fetus. It can be lethal, leading to the death of the developing organism. It can also cause congenital abnormalities, which are present at birth. Additionally, radiation can have long-term effects known as late effects, which may manifest later in life. Therefore, all options A, B, and C are correct as they encompass the general effects of radiation on the embryo and fetus.

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  • 25. 

    The synthesis of DNA occurs during which of the following stages?

    • Anaphase

    • Interphase

    • Metaphase

    • Prophase

    • Telophase

    Correct Answer
    A. Interphase
    Explanation
    During interphase, the cell undergoes preparation for cell division, including DNA replication. This is the stage where the synthesis of DNA occurs, as the cell duplicates its genetic material to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. Anaphase, metaphase, prophase, and telophase are all stages of mitosis, which follow interphase.

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  • 26. 

    What is represented by the following chemical formula:  H0 + OH0 ------->H2O

    • Recombination of the free radicals producing no damage

    • Free radicals combining to form a new molecule that can be damaging to the cell

    • Free radicals reacting with normal molecules to form a new damaged structure

    • Free radicals reacting with macro molecules producing no damage

    • Destabilization of water

    Correct Answer
    A. Recombination of the free radicals producing no damage
    Explanation
    The given chemical formula represents the recombination of free radicals, H0 and OH0, to form water (H2O). This recombination process does not cause any damage, as indicated by "producing no damage" in the answer choice. Free radicals are highly reactive species that can cause damage to cells by reacting with normal molecules and forming new damaged structures. However, in this case, the recombination of the free radicals results in the formation of a stable and harmless molecule, water.

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  • 27. 

    Which of the following blood cells will first manifest decreased counts with low radiation exposure?

    • Lymphocytes

    • Neutrophils

    • Platelets

    • RBC's

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Lymphocytes
    Explanation
    Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are highly sensitive to radiation exposure and are known to be the first blood cells to show decreased counts in response to low levels of radiation. This is because radiation can damage the DNA in lymphocytes, leading to their decreased production and survival. Neutrophils, platelets, and red blood cells are less sensitive to radiation and would not be expected to show decreased counts with low radiation exposure. Therefore, the correct answer is lymphocytes.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following types of naturally occuring radiation contribute the greatest amount to the US population's naturally occuring radiation exposure?

    • Cosmic

    • Fallout

    • Internal

    • Radon

    • Terrestrial

    Correct Answer
    A. Radon
    Explanation
    Radon is a type of naturally occurring radiation that contributes the greatest amount to the US population's naturally occurring radiation exposure. Radon is a colorless and odorless gas that is produced by the decay of uranium in soil, rocks, and water. It can enter homes and buildings through cracks in the foundation and accumulate to high levels. Radon exposure is a significant health risk as it is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers and is responsible for thousands of deaths each year. Therefore, it is important to test and mitigate radon levels in homes and buildings to reduce the population's radiation exposure.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following is true about high LET radiations?

    • Large mass

    • No charge

    • No mass

    • Travel fast

    • Sparsely ionizing

    Correct Answer
    A. Large mass
    Explanation
    High LET radiations have a large mass. This means that they have a significant amount of particles or energy associated with them, which can cause more damage to biological tissues compared to low LET radiations. The large mass of high LET radiations allows them to penetrate deeper into matter and interact more strongly with atoms and molecules, leading to greater ionization and potential harm.

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  • 30. 

    Which of the following keVs is the comparison unit utilized to calculate RBE?

    • 100

    • 200

    • 250

    • 300

    • 350

    Correct Answer
    A. 250
    Explanation
    The comparison unit utilized to calculate RBE is 250 keVs.

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  • 31. 

    An acentric fragment of DNA lacks which of the following?

    • Centromere

    • Chromatids

    • Chromosomes

    • Purine

    • Pyrimidine

    Correct Answer
    A. Centromere
    Explanation
    An acentric fragment of DNA lacks a centromere. The centromere is a region of DNA that plays a crucial role in cell division and is responsible for the attachment of the chromosomes to the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis. Without a centromere, the DNA fragment would not be able to properly segregate and distribute during cell division.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following cancers is the example given for TBI in the textbook?

    • Breast

    • Brain

    • Leukemia

    • Lung

    • Skin

    Correct Answer
    A. Leukemia
    Explanation
    The example given for TBI in the textbook is leukemia.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following stage of the cell cycle immediately precedes mitosis?

    • G0

    • G1

    • G2

    • G3

    • M

    Correct Answer
    A. G2
    Explanation
    G2 is the correct answer because it is the stage of the cell cycle that occurs after DNA replication in the S phase and before mitosis. During G2, the cell prepares for cell division by synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for mitosis. This stage allows the cell to ensure that all DNA has been replicated correctly and any errors are repaired before entering mitosis. Therefore, G2 is the immediate stage that precedes mitosis in the cell cycle.

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  • 34. 

    What is the OER range for mammalian cells?

    • 1-2

    • 2-3

    • 3-4

    • 4-5

    • 5-6

    Correct Answer
    A. 2-3
    Explanation
    The OER range for mammalian cells is 2-3. OER stands for Oxygen Enhancement Ratio, which is a measure of how much more radiation is needed to produce the same biological effect in the absence of oxygen compared to its presence. The range of 2-3 indicates that mammalian cells are moderately sensitive to radiation and require 2-3 times more radiation to produce the same effect in the absence of oxygen.

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  • 35. 

    What is the most common result of radiation exposure to the embryo/fetus during the preimplantation stage?

    • Cancer

    • Congenital abnormalities

    • Lethality

    • Growth disorders

    • Spine Bifida

    Correct Answer
    A. Lethality
    Explanation
    Exposure to radiation during the preimplantation stage of embryo/fetus development can result in lethality, meaning it can cause the death of the embryo/fetus. This is because radiation can damage the rapidly dividing cells of the developing embryo/fetus, leading to severe abnormalities or death.

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  • 36. 

    Repair of sublethal damage applies only to:

    • Gamma rays

    • Neutrons

    • X-rays

    • Two of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Two of the above
    Explanation
    Repair of sublethal damage applies to both gamma rays and X-rays. Neutrons, on the other hand, do not cause sublethal damage and therefore do not require repair.

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  • 37. 

    Which of the following terms is best described by the following definition:  natural renewal of a structure by replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type?

    • Acute effects

    • Chronic effects

    • Healing

    • Regeneration

    • Repair

    Correct Answer
    A. Regeneration
    Explanation
    Regeneration is the best term to describe the natural renewal of a structure by replacing damaged cells in an organ with the same cell type. This process involves the growth and development of new cells to restore the organ's normal function. Unlike repair, which involves the formation of scar tissue, regeneration results in the replacement of damaged cells with healthy cells, allowing the organ to fully recover and function as before.

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  • 38. 

    During which period of the cell cycle is the cell considered to be most radiosensitive?

    • G2

    • G1

    • Interphase

    • M

    • S

    Correct Answer
    A. M
    Explanation
    During the M phase of the cell cycle, the cell is considered to be most radiosensitive. This is because the M phase is the stage where the cell undergoes mitosis, which involves the division of the cell's nucleus into two identical daughter nuclei. Radiation can cause damage to the DNA within the nucleus, and during mitosis, the DNA is condensed and highly susceptible to damage. Therefore, cells in the M phase are more sensitive to radiation-induced DNA damage compared to other phases of the cell cycle.

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  • 39. 

    What is the primary cause of death in the bone marrow syndrome?

    • Increased cranial pressure

    • Infection and hemorrhage

    • Increased cranial pressure and electrolyte imbalance

    • Infection, dehyrdation, and electrolyte imbalance

    • Hemorrhage and electrolyte imbalance

    Correct Answer
    A. Infection and hemorrhage
    Explanation
    The primary cause of death in the bone marrow syndrome is infection and hemorrhage. This means that the syndrome leads to the development of infections and bleeding, which can ultimately result in death.

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  • 40. 

    Which of the following attempts to equate the different risks from cancer and genetic effects to the tissue that was irradiated?

    • Committed dose equivalent

    • Dose equivalent

    • Effective dose equivalent

    • Genetically significant dose

    • Non-stochastic dose equivalent

    Correct Answer
    A. Effective dose equivalent
    Explanation
    The effective dose equivalent attempts to equate the different risks from cancer and genetic effects to the tissue that was irradiated. It takes into account the type and energy of the radiation, as well as the specific organs or tissues that were exposed. This measure is used to assess the overall health risks associated with radiation exposure and is often used in radiation protection and safety guidelines.

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  • 41. 

    Which of the following is (are) a part of the textbook's summarization of what can happen in a population of cells after irradiation?

    • Some cells will receive no damage to a critical site and will be unaffected

    • Some cells will accumulate enough damage to be lethal and will die in the next division

    • Some cells will accumulate enough damage to revert to stem cells

    • Two of the above

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Two of the above
    Explanation
    The textbook's summarization of what can happen in a population of cells after irradiation includes the following possibilities: Some cells will accumulate enough damage to be lethal and will die in the next division, and some cells will accumulate enough damage to revert to stem cells.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following is the primary early change in the lungs after irradiation?

    • Bronchitis

    • Fibrosis

    • Pneumonitis

    • Pneumothorax

    • Progressive fibrosis

    Correct Answer
    A. Pneumonitis
    Explanation
    Pneumonitis is the primary early change in the lungs after irradiation. Pneumonitis refers to the inflammation of the lung tissue caused by radiation exposure. It is characterized by symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Pneumonitis can occur within a few weeks to months after radiation therapy and is considered an acute side effect. It is important to monitor and manage pneumonitis to prevent further complications and ensure the best possible outcomes for patients undergoing radiation treatment.

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  • 43. 

    Lung cancer is most commonly associated by radiation researchers with which disease, or occupational or clinical exposure?

    • Tb patients

    • Ankylosing spondylitis patients

    • Miners

    • Acne patients

    • Enlarge thymus patients

    Correct Answer
    A. Miners
    Explanation
    Miners are commonly associated with lung cancer due to their occupational exposure to various carcinogens, such as coal dust, silica, asbestos, and radon. These substances are commonly found in mining environments and can increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Therefore, miners are often considered a high-risk group for this disease.

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  • 44. 

    The use of gonadal shields in diagnostic radiology can decrease gonadal doses by:

    • 10%

    • 30%

    • 50%

    • 65%

    • 90%

    Correct Answer
    A. 90%
    Explanation
    The use of gonadal shields in diagnostic radiology can decrease gonadal doses by 90%. This means that the shields are highly effective in reducing radiation exposure to the reproductive organs, which are particularly sensitive to radiation. By placing a shield over the gonads during imaging procedures, such as X-rays or CT scans, the amount of radiation that reaches these organs is significantly reduced, thus minimizing the potential risks of radiation-induced damage or cancer.

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  • 45. 

    Which of the following is an example of a low LET radiation?

    • Beta particles

    • Gamma rays

    • X-rays

    • All of the above

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    All of the options listed - beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays - are examples of low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation. Low LET radiation refers to radiation that deposits its energy over a larger area as it travels through matter. This type of radiation is less ionizing and has a lower potential for causing damage to biological tissue compared to high LET radiation. Therefore, all of the options provided can be classified as low LET radiation.

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  • 46. 

    In which of the following types of cellular reponses to radiation does the cell die before it divides during interphase?

    • Division delay

    • Instant delay

    • Interphase death

    • Reproductive failure

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Interphase death
    Explanation
    Interphase death refers to the type of cellular response to radiation where the cell dies before it can divide during interphase. This means that the cell is unable to progress through the normal cell cycle and divide into two daughter cells. Instead, it undergoes cell death or apoptosis. This response can occur due to severe DNA damage caused by radiation, which triggers mechanisms within the cell to initiate cell death and prevent the transmission of damaged DNA to daughter cells.

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  • 47. 

    During which stage of mitosis do the chromatids migrate along the spindle to opposing poles of the cell?

    • Anaphase

    • Interphase

    • Telophase

    • Metaphase

    • Prophase

    Correct Answer
    A. Anaphase
    Explanation
    During anaphase, the chromatids, which are the replicated copies of chromosomes, migrate along the spindle fibers to opposite poles of the cell. This movement is facilitated by the shortening of the spindle fibers, which pulls the chromatids towards the poles. As a result, each pole of the cell receives a complete set of chromosomes, ensuring that each daughter cell will have the correct number of chromosomes. Therefore, anaphase is the stage of mitosis during which the chromatids migrate to opposing poles of the cell.

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  • 48. 

    Which of the following cell compounds is the basic building block of cells and tissues?

    • Carbohydrate

    • Lipid

    • Nucleic acid

    • Protein

    • Water

    Correct Answer
    A. Protein
    Explanation
    Proteins are the basic building blocks of cells and tissues. They are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. Proteins are made up of amino acids, which are joined together to form long chains. These chains fold into complex three-dimensional shapes, allowing them to carry out a wide range of functions within the cell. Proteins are involved in processes such as cell signaling, enzyme catalysis, and transportation of molecules. They are also responsible for the structural integrity of cells and provide support to tissues.

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  • 49. 

    Of the following, what is considered the most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract?

    • Esophagus & rectum

    • Small intestine

    • Stomach & colon

    • Stomach & small intestine

    • Rectum and small intestine

    Correct Answer
    A. Small intestine
    Explanation
    The small intestine is considered the most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract. This is because it has a high rate of cell turnover and a large number of dividing cells, making it more susceptible to the damaging effects of radiation. The esophagus, rectum, stomach, and colon also contain dividing cells, but the small intestine is particularly sensitive due to its higher cell turnover rate.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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  • Nov 09, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Ajcarlson

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