Psychology Practice Quiz For Final Exam

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  • 1/249 Questions

    All of the following are influential perspectives in personality theory EXCEPT the

    • Act
    • The enduring characteristics each person is born with
    • Human Factors approach
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About This Quiz

This Psychology practice quiz is designed for final exam preparation, focusing on personality theories. It tests knowledge on key concepts such as Freud's theories, defense mechanisms, and the nature of temperament, assessing understanding through scenario-based questions.

Psychology Practice Quiz For Final Exam - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Personality may be defined as the sum total of who you are and the unique ways that you think, feel and

    • Touch

    • Smell

    • Act

    Correct Answer
    A. Act
    Explanation
    Personality refers to the overall characteristics and behaviors that make up an individual's identity. It encompasses the way a person behaves, conducts themselves, and interacts with others. This includes their actions, mannerisms, and the way they carry themselves in various situations. Therefore, the correct answer in this case is "act", as it aligns with the concept of personality being defined by the way someone behaves.

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  • 3. 

    Temperament refers to

    • The way a person feels

    • The thought process of Freud's work

    • The enduring characteristics each person is born with.

    Correct Answer
    A. The enduring characteristics each person is born with.
    Explanation
    Temperament refers to the enduring characteristics each person is born with. It is the innate and stable aspect of an individual's personality that influences their behavior, emotions, and reactions to different situations. These characteristics are believed to be present from birth and remain relatively consistent throughout a person's life. Temperament traits include aspects such as introversion or extroversion, sensitivity, adaptability, and mood. Understanding one's temperament can provide insights into their natural tendencies and help in predicting their responses to various stimuli and environments.

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  • 4. 

    Freud believed that there was a portion of the brain that remained hidden from the individual except in symbolic form in dreams and other behaviors. This portion of the brain is called the

    • Conscious

    • Unconscious

    • Frontal lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Unconscious
    Explanation
    Freud believed that there was a portion of the brain that remained hidden from the individual except in symbolic form in dreams and other behaviors. This hidden portion of the brain is called the unconscious. According to Freud, the unconscious contains thoughts, desires, and memories that are repressed or forgotten, but still influence our behavior and experiences. It is believed to be the source of our deepest motivations and drives, and understanding its influence can help uncover the root causes of psychological issues.

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  • 5. 

    John's boss yells at him. As John walks meekly out of the boss's office, Dana walks past him and says, "hello!" John yells at Dana and proceeds to berate her for the job she did on the last contract. Freud would say John is using ________ as a way of dealing with his stress.

    • Just being the usual type A

    • A defense mechanism

    • Aggressive

    Correct Answer
    A. A defense mechanism
    Explanation
    Freud would say that John is using a defense mechanism as a way of dealing with his stress. Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to cope with anxiety, stress, or conflict. In this situation, John's boss yelled at him, causing him to feel stressed and overwhelmed. Instead of directly addressing his own feelings, John displaces his anger onto Dana by yelling at her and berating her for her work on the last contract. This defense mechanism allows John to temporarily alleviate his own stress by redirecting it towards someone else.

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  • 6. 

    According to Freud, the desired outcome of the phallic stage of psychosexual development is

    • Crawling

    • Identification with the same-sex parent.

    • Learning to identify with the opposite sex parent.

    Correct Answer
    A. Identification with the same-sex parent.
    Explanation
    During the phallic stage of psychosexual development, Freud believed that children experience the Oedipus complex or Electra complex, where they develop unconscious sexual desires for their opposite-sex parent and view their same-sex parent as a rival. The desired outcome of this stage is for the child to resolve these conflicts by identifying with the same-sex parent, adopting their gender roles and values. This process is known as identification and helps the child develop their gender identity and internalize societal norms and expectations. Crawling and learning to identify with the opposite sex parent are not specific outcomes of the phallic stage.

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  • 7. 

    According to Freud, the ________ stage occurs from age 6 to the onset of puberty.

    • Phallic

    • Adolescent

    • Latency

    Correct Answer
    A. Latency
    Explanation
    According to Freud, the latency stage occurs from age 6 to the onset of puberty. This stage is characterized by a decrease in sexual interest and energy as the child focuses on developing social and intellectual skills. During this stage, children may engage in activities such as hobbies, sports, and schoolwork. It is a period of relative calm before the onset of the next stage, which is adolescence.

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  • 8. 

    Alfred Adler believed that the defense mechanism of compensation is used by individuals who ____________________.

    • Just give up completely

    • Are striving to become inferior in some area of their life

    • Are striving to become superior in some area of their life.

    Correct Answer
    A. Are striving to become superior in some area of their life.
    Explanation
    Alfred Adler believed that the defense mechanism of compensation is used by individuals who are striving to become superior in some area of their life. This means that when individuals feel inadequate or inferior in certain aspects, they may compensate by overachieving or excelling in other areas to boost their self-esteem and regain a sense of superiority. Adler believed that this compensation mechanism is a way for individuals to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for superiority.

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  • 9. 

    One criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it ____________________.

    • Has many ambiguous concepts and they are difficult to evaluate.

    • It can be proven but not used

    • He dealt too much with sexual problems

    Correct Answer
    A. Has many ambiguous concepts and they are difficult to evaluate.
    Explanation
    Freud's psychoanalytic theory has been criticized for its numerous ambiguous concepts that are challenging to evaluate. This means that the theory lacks clarity and precision in its concepts, making it difficult to measure or assess its validity. The criticism implies that the theory may not be effectively applicable or reliable due to its lack of concrete and easily understandable concepts.

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  • 10. 

    Bandura defined ________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

    • Loyalty

    • self-efficacy

    • Grace

    Correct Answer
    A. self-efficacy
    Explanation
    Bandura defined self-efficacy as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own abilities to succeed in specific situations. It is a key factor in determining motivation, behavior, and achievement.

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  • 11. 

    Self-actualizing tendency refers to ____________________.

    • Realizing your full potential

    • Striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities.

    • Finding your meaning in life

    Correct Answer
    A. Striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities.
    Explanation
    Self-actualizing tendency refers to the innate drive or motivation within individuals to strive towards fulfilling their full potential, utilizing their unique capacities and capabilities. It is the inherent desire to become the best version of oneself and to reach one's highest level of personal growth and development. This concept, introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow, suggests that individuals have an inherent need to continuously improve and evolve, seeking self-fulfillment and self-actualization in various aspects of their lives.

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  • 12. 

    Micah's husband tells her how much happier he would be if she stayed home to raise their children. She believes he would stop loving her if she decided to take a job. Micah's husband is offering ____________________

    • Conditional positive regard.

    • Unconditional positive regard

    • Negative reguard

    Correct Answer
    A. Conditional positive regard.
    Explanation
    Micah's husband is offering conditional positive regard. This means that he is expressing his love and approval for Micah only if she meets his condition of staying home to raise their children. He believes that her decision to take a job would result in him no longer loving her, implying that his love is contingent upon her fulfilling his expectations. This type of regard is conditional and dependent on specific actions or behaviors, rather than being unconditional and accepting of Micah's choices and individuality.

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  • 13. 

    According to Cattell's 16PF self-report inventory, airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more ____________________.

    • Artistic

    • Self centered

    • Controlled

    Correct Answer
    A. Controlled
    Explanation
    According to Cattell's 16PF self-report inventory, airline pilots tend to be more controlled compared to writers. This means that pilots are likely to exhibit higher levels of self-discipline, restraint, and the ability to regulate their behavior and emotions. This trait is important for pilots as they need to remain calm, focused, and composed in high-pressure situations while operating an aircraft. On the other hand, writers may be more inclined towards creativity and artistic expression, which suggests that they may possess a more imaginative and free-spirited nature.

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  • 14. 

    To be described as unreliable, lazy, careless, and negligent, one would receive a low score on the trait known as ____________________

    • Lazy

    • Conscientiousness.

    • Stupid

    Correct Answer
    A. Conscientiousness.
    Explanation
    If someone is described as unreliable, lazy, careless, and negligent, it indicates that they lack conscientiousness. Conscientiousness is a personality trait that refers to being diligent, responsible, and organized. Individuals with low conscientiousness are often seen as lazy and unreliable because they tend to be less motivated, less organized, and less focused on completing tasks effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the correct answer is conscientiousness.

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  • 15. 

    The psychological defense mechanism of projection is when someone ____________________.

    • Prefers to do things on their own

    • Pushes others away

    • Places one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others.

    Correct Answer
    A. Places one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others.
    Explanation
    The psychological defense mechanism of projection occurs when an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or desires onto others. This allows them to avoid acknowledging or dealing with these aspects of themselves and instead project them onto someone else. By doing so, they can distance themselves from these thoughts and maintain a sense of self-worth or moral superiority. This defense mechanism helps protect their ego and maintain their self-image.

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  • 16. 

    The Rorschach inkblot test ____________________.

    • Is made up of completely black pictures

    • Has only 20 pictures

    • Has neither right nor wrong answers.

    Correct Answer
    A. Has neither right nor wrong answers.
    Explanation
    The Rorschach inkblot test is a psychological assessment tool that presents individuals with a series of inkblot images. The test does not have a specific set of correct or incorrect responses. Instead, it focuses on the individual's interpretation of the images, allowing for a wide range of subjective responses. The test aims to provide insights into the person's thought processes, emotions, and personality characteristics based on their unique interpretations, rather than determining right or wrong answers.

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  • 17. 

    If a test measures what it is supposed to measure, that test has ____________________.

    • Passed

    • Validity.

    • Been reliable

    Correct Answer
    A. Validity.
    Explanation
    Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. If a test has validity, it means that it accurately assesses the specific construct or concept it is designed to measure. This is different from reliability, which refers to the consistency and stability of test scores over time. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is validity, as it directly relates to the test measuring what it is supposed to measure.

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  • 18. 

    Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and got a very similar score. This personality test is ____________________.

    • Reliable.

    • Valid

    • True

    Correct Answer
    A. Reliable.
    Explanation
    The fact that Marjorie took the same personality test in April and June and got a very similar score suggests that the test is reliable. Reliability refers to the consistency of the results obtained from a test, and in this case, the test consistently measures Marjorie's personality traits. Validity, on the other hand, refers to whether the test measures what it is intended to measure, which is not evident from the given information. Therefore, the most appropriate explanation is that the personality test is reliable.

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  • 19. 

    The diagnosis of mental retardation depends on all of the following criteria EXCEPT ____________________.

    • The limitations must be present before the age of 12.

    • Only found in adulthood

    • Has a i.q of 100

    Correct Answer
    A. The limitations must be present before the age of 12.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "the limitations must be present before the age of 12." This statement contradicts the criteria for the diagnosis of mental retardation. According to the question, all of the mentioned criteria are necessary for the diagnosis except for this one. Therefore, the absence of limitations before the age of 12 is not a requirement for diagnosing mental retardation.

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  • 20. 

    Someone with an IQ score of 60 has ________ developmental delay.

    • Normal

    • Very severe

    • Mild

    Correct Answer
    A. Mild
    Explanation
    Someone with an IQ score of 60 has a mild developmental delay. IQ scores are used to measure a person's intellectual abilities, and a score of 60 is considered to be in the range of mild intellectual disability. This means that the individual may have some difficulties in areas such as learning, problem-solving, and communication, but they are still able to function relatively independently and may benefit from support or accommodations in certain areas.

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  • 21. 

    ________ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty conditions and one that usually produces relatively mild retardation.

    • Incest

    • Familial retardation

    • Downs

    Correct Answer
    A. Familial retardation
    Explanation
    Familial retardation is a developmental delay that is associated with living in poverty conditions. It typically results in mild retardation. This suggests that the environment and socioeconomic factors play a role in the development of this condition. The term "familial" implies that it may be related to the family's circumstances and living conditions, rather than being solely determined by genetic factors.

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  • 22. 

    Terman determined that gifted people ____________________.

    • Are least resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence

    • Are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence.

    • Are really not gifted at all

    Correct Answer
    A. Are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence.
    Explanation
    Terman's research found that gifted individuals are more resistant to mental illnesses compared to those with average intelligence. This suggests that higher intelligence may provide some protective factors against mental health issues.

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  • 23. 

    According to Goleman, ________ is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence.

    • I.q intelligence

    • Emotional intelligence

    • Average intelligence

    Correct Answer
    A. Emotional intelligence
    Explanation
    Goleman suggests that emotional intelligence is a more powerful influence on success in life than more traditional views of intelligence such as IQ. Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions, as well as recognize and empathize with the emotions of others. Goleman argues that emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in areas like personal relationships, leadership, and decision-making, ultimately leading to greater success in life.

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  • 24. 

    Which type of research provides evidence that genetics influences a great deal of personality development?

    • Genetics

    • Twin studies

    • Down syndrome

    Correct Answer
    A. Twin studies
    Explanation
    Twin studies provide evidence that genetics influences a great deal of personality development. This is because twin studies involve comparing the similarities in personality traits between identical twins, who share 100% of their genes, and fraternal twins, who share only 50% of their genes. If identical twins show a higher similarity in personality traits compared to fraternal twins, it suggests that genetics plays a significant role in personality development. This supports the idea that genetics influences a great deal of personality development.

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  • 25. 

    Putting the care of the family ahead of your own care is called ____________________.

    • Not being selfish

    • Attribution.

    • Collectivism.

    Correct Answer
    A. Collectivism.
    Explanation
    Putting the care of the family ahead of your own care is called collectivism. This term refers to a cultural or social outlook that emphasizes the importance of the group or community over individual interests. In collectivist societies, individuals prioritize the well-being of their family or community and often make sacrifices for the greater good. This contrasts with individualism, which emphasizes personal independence and self-interest. Therefore, collectivism is the most appropriate term to describe the behavior of prioritizing family care over self-care.

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  • 26. 

    ________ are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts.

    • Biases

    • Ideas

    • Opinions

    Correct Answer
    A. Biases
    Explanation
    Biases are personal judgments based on beliefs rather than facts. Biases can influence how individuals perceive and interpret information, leading to subjective opinions that may not align with objective reality. Biases can stem from various factors such as personal experiences, cultural influences, or cognitive processes. They can affect decision-making, behavior, and attitudes towards certain individuals or groups. Recognizing and addressing biases is important to ensure fair and unbiased judgments and to promote a more objective understanding of the world.

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  • 27. 

    Talking, facial expressions, and movements are elements of ____________________.

    • Behavior

    • Speech

    Correct Answer
    A. Behavior
    Explanation
    The question asks for the elements that include talking, facial expressions, and movements. These elements collectively contribute to how an individual behaves. Behavior encompasses a wide range of actions and reactions, including verbal communication (speech), nonverbal communication through facial expressions, and body language through movements. Therefore, behavior is the correct answer as it encompasses all these elements.

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  • 28. 

    Within the field of psychology, mental processes refer to ____________________.

    • All internal, covert activity.

    • Mental thoughts

    Correct Answer
    A. All internal, covert activity.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is all internal, covert activity. Within the field of psychology, mental processes encompass all the internal, covert activities that occur in our minds. This includes processes such as perception, memory, thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making. Mental processes are not directly observable, but they can be inferred and studied through behavior and other indicators. Understanding these internal processes is crucial for comprehending human cognition and behavior.

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  • 29. 

    Description involves ________ a person's behavior

    • Observing what is happening in

    • Naming what it is

    Correct Answer
    A. Observing what is happening in
    Explanation
    The correct answer suggests that in order to understand and describe a person's behavior, it is important to observe and pay attention to what is happening in their surroundings. By observing the context and the events taking place, one can gain insights into the factors influencing a person's behavior and make accurate descriptions. This answer highlights the significance of environmental factors and their impact on behavior.

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  • 30. 

    The process of objectively examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities is known as ____________________.

    • Objective introspection.

    • Mental process

    Correct Answer
    A. Objective introspection.
    Explanation
    Objective introspection is the correct answer because it refers to the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities in an unbiased and impartial manner. It involves observing and analyzing one's thoughts, emotions, and sensations without any personal biases or preconceived notions. This process allows individuals to gain insight into their own cognitive processes and understand the underlying mechanisms of their mental activities.

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  • 31. 

    ________ is known as the "father of psychology."

    • Freud

    • Wilhelm Wundt

    Correct Answer
    A. Wilhelm Wundt
    Explanation
    Wilhelm Wundt is known as the "father of psychology" because he is considered to be the founder of experimental psychology. He established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879, which marked the beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline. Wundt's emphasis on studying conscious experiences through introspection and his use of experimental methods laid the foundation for modern psychology. His work greatly influenced the development of psychology as a separate field of study and earned him the title of the "father of psychology."

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  • 32. 

    Some psychologists believe that every experience can be broken down into its individual emotion and sensation. This is known as ____________________.

    • Structuralism.

    • Objective introspection.

    • Positivism

    Correct Answer
    A. Structuralism.
    Explanation
    Structuralism is the belief that every experience can be analyzed and understood by breaking it down into its individual components, such as emotions and sensations. This approach focuses on the structure of the mind and aims to identify the basic elements that make up conscious experience. Objective introspection, on the other hand, refers to the process of objectively examining and reporting one's own thoughts and experiences. Positivism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and scientific methods in understanding the world.

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  • 33. 

    William James was responsible for developing the theory of ____________________.

    • Functionalism.

    • Structuralism

    • Positivism

    Correct Answer
    A. Functionalism.
    Explanation
    William James was responsible for developing the theory of functionalism. Functionalism is a psychological theory that focuses on the purpose and function of mental processes and behavior, rather than just the structure or elements of consciousness. James believed that mental processes and behavior serve a purpose in adapting to the environment and achieving goals. He emphasized the importance of studying the mind in relation to its function in everyday life, rather than analyzing it into its basic components like structuralism. This theory had a significant impact on the development of modern psychology.

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  • 34. 

    Gestalt psychology ____________________.

    • Focused on perception of patterns and whole figures.

    • Focused on the mind

    Correct Answer
    A. Focused on perception of patterns and whole figures.
    Explanation
    Gestalt psychology focused on the perception of patterns and whole figures. This means that it emphasized how individuals perceive and interpret visual stimuli as organized wholes, rather than simply as a collection of individual parts. This approach emphasized the importance of context and the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt psychologists believed that individuals naturally organize sensory information into meaningful patterns and that perception is influenced by factors such as proximity, similarity, and closure.

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  • 35. 

    Freud proposed that there is a(n) ________ mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires.

    • Unconscious

    • Conscious

    • Sleepful

    Correct Answer
    A. Unconscious
    Explanation
    Freud proposed that there is an unconscious mind into which we repress threatening urges and desires. The unconscious mind refers to a part of our mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are not currently in our conscious awareness. According to Freud, these repressed urges and desires can influence our behavior and emotions without us being aware of them. This concept of the unconscious mind is central to Freud's psychoanalytic theory and his understanding of human psychology.

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  • 36. 

    Pavlov's work with dogs focused on the concept of ____________________.

    • Positivism

    • Structuralism

    • Conditioning.

    Correct Answer
    A. Conditioning.
    Explanation
    Pavlov's work with dogs focused on the concept of conditioning. Conditioning refers to the process of learning associations between stimuli and responses. Pavlov conducted experiments where he conditioned dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presentation of food, causing the dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell alone. This demonstrated that organisms can be trained to respond to a neutral stimulus (the bell) in the same way they would respond to a naturally occurring stimulus (the food). Conditioning became a fundamental concept in the field of psychology and had a significant impact on our understanding of learning and behavior.

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  • 37. 

    ________ was denied a Ph.D degree because she was a woman.

    • Mary Whiton Calkins

    • Anna Grayson

    • Donna Lee Loyd

    Correct Answer
    A. Mary Whiton Calkins
    Explanation
    Mary Whiton Calkins was denied a Ph.D. degree because she was a woman. This discrimination was likely due to the prevailing sexist attitudes and biases against women in academia during that time. Despite her significant contributions to the field of psychology, Calkins was not granted the recognition and opportunities that her male counterparts received. This injustice highlights the challenges and barriers faced by women in pursuing higher education and professional success in the past.

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  • 38. 

    When Rashid graduated from college, he believed he had finally achieved his full potential. Maslow called this ____________________.

    • Self-actualization.

    • Socialization

    • Self worth

    Correct Answer
    A. Self-actualization.
    Explanation
    Self-actualization refers to a state in which an individual realizes and fulfills their highest potential and personal growth. Maslow, a psychologist, coined this term to describe the highest level of psychological development. In this context, Rashid's belief that he has achieved his full potential after graduating from college aligns with the concept of self-actualization.

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  • 39. 

    ________ suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences.

    • Operant conditioning

    • Convalent conditioning

    Correct Answer
    A. Operant conditioning
    Explanation
    Operant conditioning suggests that behavioral responses are reinforced when rewarded with pleasurable consequences. This means that when individuals receive positive reinforcement for a behavior, they are more likely to repeat that behavior in the future. This form of conditioning focuses on the relationship between behavior and its consequences, emphasizing the role of rewards in shaping and maintaining behavior.

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  • 40. 

    Which perspective focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics?

    • Biopsychological

    • Evolutionary

    Correct Answer
    A. Evolutionary
    Explanation
    The perspective that focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics is the evolutionary perspective. This perspective suggests that certain mental characteristics and behaviors have evolved over time due to natural selection, as they have provided adaptive advantages for survival and reproduction. It examines how our ancestors' behaviors and traits have been passed down through generations and how they have contributed to our current mental processes. This perspective seeks to understand the universal aspects of human cognition and behavior by studying their evolutionary origins.

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  • 41. 

    Which professional has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings?

    • Psychologist

    • Physiology

    Correct Answer
    A. Psychologist
    Explanation
    A psychologist is a professional who has a doctorate degree and works with humans or animals in a variety of settings. They study the human mind and behavior, diagnose and treat mental disorders, and provide therapy and counseling. They may work in hospitals, schools, research institutions, or private practices, helping individuals cope with emotional or psychological issues. Psychologists use scientific methods to understand and explain human behavior, and their expertise is valuable in improving mental health and well-being.

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  • 42. 

    The first step in the scientific method is ____________________.

    • Perceiving the question

    • Answering the question

    • Making a claim

    Correct Answer
    A. Perceiving the question
    Explanation
    The first step in the scientific method is perceiving the question. This involves observing and identifying a problem or phenomenon that needs to be investigated. It is important to clearly define and understand the question before proceeding with any scientific inquiry. By perceiving the question, scientists can develop a focused and purposeful approach to conducting their research and experiments.

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  • 43. 

    A ________ is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation.

    • Educated guess

    • Clue

    • Hypothesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Hypothesis
    Explanation
    A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation. It is a proposed explanation that can be tested through further investigation and experimentation. A hypothesis is formed when there is a need to explain a particular observation or phenomenon, and it serves as a starting point for scientific research. It is different from a clue, which is a piece of evidence or information that helps in solving a problem or mystery. An educated guess is an inference or prediction made based on prior knowledge or experience, but it may not necessarily be based on observation or scientific principles.

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  • 44. 

    In psychology, researchers try to find the answers to ________ questions.

    • Sociological

    • Behavioral

    • Empirical

    Correct Answer
    A. Empirical
    Explanation
    In psychology, researchers try to find answers to empirical questions. This means that they rely on evidence and data obtained through observation and experimentation to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes. Empirical research allows psychologists to gather objective information and draw conclusions based on the evidence collected, which helps to advance the understanding of psychological phenomena.

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  • 45. 

    ________ refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

    • Observer bias

    • Judging

    Correct Answer
    A. Observer bias
    Explanation
    Observer bias refers to the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. This means that individuals may interpret and perceive information in a way that aligns with their preconceived notions or beliefs. Observer bias can influence judgments and evaluations, leading to a subjective and potentially inaccurate understanding of a situation or event.

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  • 46. 

    Which of the following is the strongest correlation?

    • 83

    • -.93

    • -90

    Correct Answer
    A. -.93
    Explanation
    The answer -.93 represents the strongest negative correlation. A correlation coefficient measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. In this case, a negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. The absolute value of the coefficient indicates the strength of the correlation, with values closer to 1 indicating a stronger correlation. Therefore, -.93 suggests a very strong negative correlation between the two variables.

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  • 47. 

    A(n) ________ specifically names the steps that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment.

    • Operational definition

    • Experiment

    • Hypothesis

    Correct Answer
    A. Operational definition
    Explanation
    An operational definition is a specific and detailed explanation of how the variables in an experiment will be controlled or measured. It provides a clear and concise description of the procedures and methods that will be used to manipulate or observe the variables. This helps ensure that the experiment is conducted in a consistent and reliable manner, allowing for accurate and valid results to be obtained.

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  • 48. 

    Animals are used in about ________ of all psychological studies.

    • 7%

    • 15%

    • 20%

    Correct Answer
    A. 7%
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 7%. This indicates that animals are used in a small percentage of psychological studies. The low percentage suggests that the use of animals in psychological research is relatively limited compared to other methods or subjects of study.

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  • 49. 

    ________ analyzes personality through handwriting.

    • Graphology

    • Pictographic

    • Anaylist

    Correct Answer
    A. Graphology
    Explanation
    Graphology is the correct answer because it is the study and analysis of handwriting in order to determine a person's personality traits and characteristics. This practice suggests that various aspects of a person's handwriting, such as the size, slant, pressure, and spacing of letters, can provide insights into their emotional state, behavior patterns, and cognitive abilities. By examining these handwriting features, graphologists aim to uncover hidden aspects of an individual's personality and make interpretations about their traits, strengths, and weaknesses.

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  • Nov 30, 2010
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