Psych 135 UCLA Social Psych Shapiro Ch. 1/2

1. Observer bias

The extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases

A group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe

A - generalizability
C - representative sample

Explanation

A - generalizability
C - representative sample

2. Describe the self serving bias

Tendency to see ourselves as more favorable then we might actually be (IE biased to see ourselves as above average)

Tendency to believe you "knew it all along"

Tendency to believe we should be different every time, repeating doesn't seem random

Tendency to believe we are in control when we are not (IE heads and tails flipping

B - hindsight bias
C - Randomness Bias
D - Illusion of Control Bias

Explanation

B - hindsight bias
C - Randomness Bias
D - Illusion of Control Bias

3. Self perception

The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors

Current psychological state and thoughts

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position out to behave

A - over justification effect
C - feelings
D - social roles

Explanation

A - over justification effect
C - feelings
D - social roles

4. What is a confounding variable?

When subjects drop out of a multi-session study over time

One that depends on self-selection: who chooses to participate in your study

B - attrition

Explanation

B - attrition

5. Social comparison

The process of comparing ourselves with those who are less well of

The process of comparing ourselves with those who are better off than ourselves

Come to know ourselves by comparing abilities, attitudes, and beliefs with those of others

A - downward social comparison
B - upward social comparison

Explanation

A - downward social comparison
B - upward social comparison

6. Will power

The self-control strength used to overcome counterproductive impulses to achieve difficult goals

A mental representation capturing our views and beliefs about ourselves. The answers to the question "who am ?"

A mental representation of a specific episode, event, or individual

A mental representation capturing the general characteristics of a particular class of episodes, events or individuals

B - self concept
C - exemplar
D - schema

Explanation

B - self concept
C - exemplar
D - schema

7. Priming

The process of activating knowledge or goals, of making them ready for use

Favorable or unfavorable evaluations of a particular person, object, event or idea

Relatively intense feelings characterized by physiological arousal and complex cognitions

Relatively long-lasting feelings that are diffuse and not directed toward particular targets

B - attitudes
C - emotions
D - moods

Explanation

B - attitudes
C - emotions
D - moods

8. Self report doesn't always work because

Social desirability - you have an idea of what you are supposed to say

Sometimes we are simply wrong - we don't know of have insight into our own behaviors

All the above

IE: pantyhose experiment

Explanation

IE: pantyhose experiment

9. Demand characteristic

The extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect

The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances

Cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave

The manipulation of independent variables using unknowing variables using unknowing participants in natural settings

The correct answer is "cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave". This refers to demand characteristic, which is a cue or clue that participants pick up on during an experiment, leading them to behave in a way that they believe is expected of them. This can occur consciously or unconsciously and can influence the results of the experiment, as participants may alter their behavior to match their perception of the experimenter's expectations.

Explanation

The correct answer is "cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave". This refers to demand characteristic, which is a cue or clue that participants pick up on during an experiment, leading them to behave in a way that they believe is expected of them. This can occur consciously or unconsciously and can influence the results of the experiment, as participants may alter their behavior to match their perception of the experimenter's expectations.

10. Judgment of self changes to become more different from the target (IE thinking about an extremely smart peer makes you feel dumber than you did before)

When we compare ourselves to someone who is extremely smart, it often leads to a contrast effect. This means that our judgment of ourselves changes and we perceive ourselves as being less intelligent or capable in comparison to the target person. The contrast effect occurs because the difference between our own abilities and those of the target person becomes more apparent, causing us to feel dumber than we did before. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "contrast".

Explanation

When we compare ourselves to someone who is extremely smart, it often leads to a contrast effect. This means that our judgment of ourselves changes and we perceive ourselves as being less intelligent or capable in comparison to the target person. The contrast effect occurs because the difference between our own abilities and those of the target person becomes more apparent, causing us to feel dumber than we did before. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "contrast".

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11. The experimental method

The experimental factor that a researcher manipulated

The variable being measures

The only way to determine causality, the only way to rule out the directionality problem and the third variable problem

We manipulate one or two independent variables while trying to hold everything else constant

A - independent variable
B - dependent variable
D - control (needed in an experiment)
E - Random assignment

Explanation

A - independent variable
B - dependent variable
D - control (needed in an experiment)
E - Random assignment

12. Judgement of self changes to become more similar to the target (IE thinking about an extremely smart peer makes you feel smarter than you did before)

Assimilation refers to the process in which an individual's judgment of themselves changes to become more similar to a specific target. This means that when someone thinks about a highly intelligent peer, they may start to perceive themselves as smarter than they did before. Assimilation involves incorporating the qualities or attributes of the target into one's self-concept, leading to a shift in self-perception.

Explanation

Assimilation refers to the process in which an individual's judgment of themselves changes to become more similar to a specific target. This means that when someone thinks about a highly intelligent peer, they may start to perceive themselves as smarter than they did before. Assimilation involves incorporating the qualities or attributes of the target into one's self-concept, leading to a shift in self-perception.

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13. What is the sociocultural perspective?

A rule or expectation for appropriate social behavior

The beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place

Theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups

A - social norms
B - culture

Explanation

A - social norms
B - culture

14. Effects of social comparison: assimilation and

Social comparison refers to the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one's abilities, opinions, and attributes to others. The effects of social comparison can be categorized into assimilation and contrast. Assimilation occurs when individuals perceive themselves as similar to others, leading to a convergence of opinions and behaviors. On the other hand, contrast occurs when individuals perceive themselves as different from others, resulting in a divergence of opinions and behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer, "contrast," refers to one of the effects of social comparison where individuals perceive themselves as different from others.

Explanation

Social comparison refers to the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one's abilities, opinions, and attributes to others. The effects of social comparison can be categorized into assimilation and contrast. Assimilation occurs when individuals perceive themselves as similar to others, leading to a convergence of opinions and behaviors. On the other hand, contrast occurs when individuals perceive themselves as different from others, resulting in a divergence of opinions and behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer, "contrast," refers to one of the effects of social comparison where individuals perceive themselves as different from others.

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15. Social learning perspective

A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors

A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, and remembering social experiences

Recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings

B - social cognitive perspective
C - descriptive method
D - naturalistic observation

Explanation

B - social cognitive perspective
C - descriptive method
D - naturalistic observation

16. Natural selection?

The process by which characteristics that help animals survive and reproduce are passed on to their offspring

A characteristic that is well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment

A - evolutionary perspective
C - adaptation

Explanation

A - evolutionary perspective
C - adaptation

17. Self-regulation

An opportunity or threat provided by a situation

The process though which we try to control the impressions people for of us

The process through which people select, monitor and adjust their strategies in an attempt to reach their goals

A - affordances
B - self presentation

Explanation

A - affordances
B - self presentation

18. The ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it's put into motion, a type of processing- well practices- limited attention

Automaticity refers to the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it has been learned and put into motion. This means that the behavior or cognitive process becomes automatic and does not require conscious effort or attention to perform. It is a type of processing that is well-practiced and does not require significant attention.

Explanation

Automaticity refers to the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it has been learned and put into motion. This means that the behavior or cognitive process becomes automatic and does not require conscious effort or attention to perform. It is a type of processing that is well-practiced and does not require significant attention.

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19. The process of imagining alternative "might have been" versions of actual events

Counterfactual thinking refers to the mental process of imagining alternative scenarios or "might have been" versions of actual events. It involves considering what could have happened if different choices or actions were made. This type of thinking helps individuals reflect on past experiences, evaluate their decisions, and explore different outcomes. It can also influence emotions and behavior by highlighting regrets, feelings of relief, or lessons learned from the imagined alternatives.

Explanation

Counterfactual thinking refers to the mental process of imagining alternative scenarios or "might have been" versions of actual events. It involves considering what could have happened if different choices or actions were made. This type of thinking helps individuals reflect on past experiences, evaluate their decisions, and explore different outcomes. It can also influence emotions and behavior by highlighting regrets, feelings of relief, or lessons learned from the imagined alternatives.

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20. "explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious; ironic effects of thought suppression --> "rebound effect" IE don't think about white bears

The concept of "explicit" thinking refers to deliberate, reflective, and conscious thought processes. When someone tries to suppress certain thoughts, it often leads to ironic effects known as the "rebound effect," where the suppressed thoughts come back even stronger. This phenomenon can be explained by the concept of "controlled processing," which refers to the intentional and effortful mental processes involved in thought suppression. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "controlled processing."

Explanation

The concept of "explicit" thinking refers to deliberate, reflective, and conscious thought processes. When someone tries to suppress certain thoughts, it often leads to ironic effects known as the "rebound effect," where the suppressed thoughts come back even stronger. This phenomenon can be explained by the concept of "controlled processing," which refers to the intentional and effortful mental processes involved in thought suppression. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "controlled processing."

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21. What is the observational method of psychology?

One in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion

Simply documents that rate or level of behavior

A study in which we observe two behaviors simultaneously to see if they correlate

A - random sample
C - Correlational study

Explanation

A - random sample
C - Correlational study

22. What is the "interactionist perspective"?

Features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations

Behavior plus person

Environmental events or circumstances outside the person

Drives us toward desires outcomes

A desired outcome

A - person
C- situation
D - motivation
E - goal

Explanation

A - person
C- situation
D - motivation
E - goal

23. How do we acquire info about ourselves?

Reflected appraisal process

Looking in the mirror

Social comparison

Loving ourselves

The correct answer is reflected appraisal process and social comparison. These two processes help us acquire information about ourselves. Reflected appraisal process refers to how we develop our self-concept based on the feedback and evaluations we receive from others. Social comparison involves comparing ourselves to others in order to evaluate our own abilities, traits, and attitudes. Both processes play a significant role in shaping our self-perception and understanding of ourselves.

Explanation

The correct answer is reflected appraisal process and social comparison. These two processes help us acquire information about ourselves. Reflected appraisal process refers to how we develop our self-concept based on the feedback and evaluations we receive from others. Social comparison involves comparing ourselves to others in order to evaluate our own abilities, traits, and attitudes. Both processes play a significant role in shaping our self-perception and understanding of ourselves.

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24. The correlational method has two advantages: BLANK variables and BLANK BLANK and suffers from two disadvantages: the BLANK problem and the third variable problem

directionality problem : hard to tell which variable causes which IE Martial dissatisfaction and depression positively related
Third Variable Problem: maybe NO relation, due to third variable

Explanation

directionality problem : hard to tell which variable causes which IE Martial dissatisfaction and depression positively related
Third Variable Problem: maybe NO relation, due to third variable

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25. The process through people come to know themselves by observing or imagining how others view them:

The looking glass self refers to the concept in sociology where individuals develop their sense of self by imagining how others perceive them. This process involves observing the reactions and feedback from others and using that information to form an understanding of one's own identity. It suggests that our self-image is shaped by the social interactions and judgments of others, and that we often see ourselves through the eyes of others. This concept highlights the importance of social interaction in the formation of self-identity.

Explanation

The looking glass self refers to the concept in sociology where individuals develop their sense of self by imagining how others perceive them. This process involves observing the reactions and feedback from others and using that information to form an understanding of one's own identity. It suggests that our self-image is shaped by the social interactions and judgments of others, and that we often see ourselves through the eyes of others. This concept highlights the importance of social interaction in the formation of self-identity.

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