Psych 135 UCLA Social Psych Shapiro Ch. 1/2

A - generalizability
C - representative sample

B - hindsight bias
C - Randomness Bias
D - Illusion of Control Bias

A - over justification effect
C - feelings
D - social roles

B - attrition

A - downward social comparison
B - upward social comparison

B - self concept
C - exemplar
D - schema

B - attitudes
C - emotions
D - moods

IE: pantyhose experiment

The correct answer is "cue that makes participants aware of how the experimenter expects them to behave". This refers to demand characteristic, which is a cue or clue that participants pick up on during an experiment, leading them to behave in a way that they believe is expected of them. This can occur consciously or unconsciously and can influence the results of the experiment, as participants may alter their behavior to match their perception of the experimenter's expectations.

When we compare ourselves to someone who is extremely smart, it often leads to a contrast effect. This means that our judgment of ourselves changes and we perceive ourselves as being less intelligent or capable in comparison to the target person. The contrast effect occurs because the difference between our own abilities and those of the target person becomes more apparent, causing us to feel dumber than we did before. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "contrast".

A - independent variable
B - dependent variable
D - control (needed in an experiment)
E - Random assignment

Assimilation refers to the process in which an individual's judgment of themselves changes to become more similar to a specific target. This means that when someone thinks about a highly intelligent peer, they may start to perceive themselves as smarter than they did before. Assimilation involves incorporating the qualities or attributes of the target into one's self-concept, leading to a shift in self-perception.

A - social norms
B - culture

Social comparison refers to the process of evaluating oneself by comparing one's abilities, opinions, and attributes to others. The effects of social comparison can be categorized into assimilation and contrast. Assimilation occurs when individuals perceive themselves as similar to others, leading to a convergence of opinions and behaviors. On the other hand, contrast occurs when individuals perceive themselves as different from others, resulting in a divergence of opinions and behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer, "contrast," refers to one of the effects of social comparison where individuals perceive themselves as different from others.

B - social cognitive perspective
C - descriptive method
D - naturalistic observation

A - evolutionary perspective
C - adaptation

A - affordances
B - self presentation

Automaticity refers to the ability of a behavior or cognitive process to operate without conscious guidance once it has been learned and put into motion. This means that the behavior or cognitive process becomes automatic and does not require conscious effort or attention to perform. It is a type of processing that is well-practiced and does not require significant attention.

Counterfactual thinking refers to the mental process of imagining alternative scenarios or "might have been" versions of actual events. It involves considering what could have happened if different choices or actions were made. This type of thinking helps individuals reflect on past experiences, evaluate their decisions, and explore different outcomes. It can also influence emotions and behavior by highlighting regrets, feelings of relief, or lessons learned from the imagined alternatives.

The concept of "explicit" thinking refers to deliberate, reflective, and conscious thought processes. When someone tries to suppress certain thoughts, it often leads to ironic effects known as the "rebound effect," where the suppressed thoughts come back even stronger. This phenomenon can be explained by the concept of "controlled processing," which refers to the intentional and effortful mental processes involved in thought suppression. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "controlled processing."

A - random sample
C - Correlational study

A - person
C- situation
D - motivation
E - goal

The correct answer is reflected appraisal process and social comparison. These two processes help us acquire information about ourselves. Reflected appraisal process refers to how we develop our self-concept based on the feedback and evaluations we receive from others. Social comparison involves comparing ourselves to others in order to evaluate our own abilities, traits, and attitudes. Both processes play a significant role in shaping our self-perception and understanding of ourselves.

directionality problem : hard to tell which variable causes which IE Martial dissatisfaction and depression positively related
Third Variable Problem: maybe NO relation, due to third variable

The looking glass self refers to the concept in sociology where individuals develop their sense of self by imagining how others perceive them. This process involves observing the reactions and feedback from others and using that information to form an understanding of one's own identity. It suggests that our self-image is shaped by the social interactions and judgments of others, and that we often see ourselves through the eyes of others. This concept highlights the importance of social interaction in the formation of self-identity.