1.
Structures in the cell bodies that are made up of genes are called:
Correct Answer
B. Chromosomes
Explanation
Chromosomes are structures in the cell bodies that are made up of genes. They contain the genetic information in the form of DNA. Genotypes refer to the specific combination of genes an individual possesses. Phenotypes are the physical characteristics or traits that are expressed as a result of the interaction between genes and the environment. DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. Therefore, chromosomes are the correct answer as they are the specific structures that contain genes.
2.
Complete the Sequence: Human Body -> Cell -> _________ -> __________ -> ___________
Correct Answer
C. Chromosomes, DNA, Genes
Explanation
The sequence goes from most complex to the components of the next. The correct sequence is therefore Chromosones -> DNA -> Genes.
3.
How many pairs of chromosomes are in a normal human?
Correct Answer
A. 23
Explanation
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human, half coming from each parent.
4.
Genes are segments are DNA that are involved in what?
Correct Answer
D. Producing chemicals that make up the structure of cells and direct their activities
Explanation
The chemicals that make up the structure of cells are called proteins.
5.
According to the Human Genome Project, how many genes do humans approximately have?
Correct Answer
C. 30000
Explanation
The Human Genome Project, a project looking to map the structure of DNA, discovered that Humans have just under 30000 Genes.
6.
Which of the following is not an example of an Allele?
Correct Answer
C. Genotype
Explanation
An Allele is one member of a gene pair that is located on a chromosome. A Dominant/Recessive Gene (such as red hair) is made up of ONE Allele. While a Genotype is a combination of two Alleles.
7.
The Phenotype is:
Correct Answer
C. Observable pHysical characteristics resulting from genes and the environment
Explanation
The phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of an organism, which are determined by both its genes and the environment. These characteristics can include things like eye color, height, and behavior. The phenotype is the result of the expression of specific alleles (variants of genes) in an individual, as well as the influence of external factors such as nutrition, exposure to certain substances, and other environmental conditions.
8.
Bob has the alleles for Blue Hair (Dominant) and Pink Hair (Recessive). Which of the following are true about Bob (check all that apply).
Correct Answer(s)
B. Bob's Hair Color is Blue
C. Bob's pHenotype is Blue
F. Bob's Genotype is heterozygous
Explanation
Bob has two different alleles, making him have a heterozygous Genotype. Since the Blue Hair is dominant over the Pink Hair, bob will have Blue Hair (Phenotype). Bob looking weird is debatable.
9.
The male has two X chromosomes and the Female has an X and Y chromosome.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
It's the other way around.
10.
Which of the following statements is genetically correct? (Choose all that apply)
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
If you answered anything other than "None of the Above" then I'm seriously surprised you got accepted to UBC...
11.
Who used Pea Plants to learn about Genotypes and Phenotypes?
Correct Answer
A. Mendel
Explanation
Mendel used pea plants to learn about genotypes and phenotypes. He conducted experiments on pea plants and observed their traits, such as flower color and seed shape. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance and developed the laws of genetics. His work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and heredity.
12.
Characteristics and disorders involving a number of genes are known as "polygenic"
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Polygenic characteristics and disorders are those that are influenced by multiple genes. Unlike monogenic traits, which are controlled by a single gene, polygenic traits are determined by the combined effects of many genes working together. These traits often exhibit a wide range of variation in the population, as the contribution of each gene can vary. Examples of polygenic traits include height, skin color, and intelligence. Therefore, the statement that characteristics and disorders involving a number of genes are known as "polygenic" is true.
13.
The Egg and Sperm are each individually known as what?
Correct Answer
D. Gametes
Explanation
The egg and sperm are known as gametes. Gametes are reproductive cells that have half the number of chromosomes as normal body cells. They are responsible for the transfer of genetic material from one generation to the next during sexual reproduction. The egg is the female gamete, produced in the ovaries, while the sperm is the male gamete, produced in the testes. Together, they unite during fertilization to form a zygote, which develops into a new individual.
14.
The genetic potential of variation from any two human parents is roughly:
Correct Answer
D. 8,000,000
Explanation
The genetic potential of variation from any two human parents is estimated to be around 8,000,000. This is because each parent contributes half of their genetic material to their offspring, and the human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. This immense genetic diversity arises from the numerous combinations and possibilities that can occur during the process of genetic recombination and mutation.
15.
Behavioral Genetics methods of study generally focuses on twins and adopted peoples.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Behavioral genetics is a field of study that investigates the influence of genetics and environmental factors on human behavior. One of the commonly used methods in behavioral genetics is studying twins and adopted individuals. Twin studies allow researchers to compare the similarities and differences in behavior between identical (monozygotic) twins, who share 100% of their genetic material, and fraternal (dizygotic) twins, who share only 50% of their genetic material. Adopted individuals provide insights into the role of genetics versus environment by comparing their behavior with that of their biological and adoptive families. Therefore, it is true that behavioral genetics methods of study generally focus on twins and adopted individuals.
16.
What does Heritability tell us about?
Correct Answer
B. An estimate of a population's shared characteristics
Explanation
Heritability tells us about an estimate of a population's shared characteristics. It measures the extent to which individual differences in a trait within a population can be attributed to genetic factors. It helps us understand the proportion of variation in a trait that is due to genetic differences among individuals, as opposed to environmental factors. Heritability does not provide information about specific genes contributing to a trait or the percentage of genes causing a trait in an individual. It also does not reveal the underlying mechanism of a trait.
17.
A heritability of 1.0 tells us that:
Correct Answer
C. Genes are the sole reason for individual differences
Explanation
A heritability of 0.0 tells us that they don't contribute, while in between 0.0-1.0 may mean there are other factors.
18.
Cystic Fibrosis has a disease concordance of 100%. In a pair of monozygotic twins, if one twin has cystic fibrosis, the other will have it too.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, share the same genetic material as they develop from a single fertilized egg. Therefore, if one twin inherits the mutated CFTR gene and develops cystic fibrosis, the other twin will also have the same mutation and consequently have the disease. This is why the disease concordance, which refers to the likelihood of both twins having the same disease, is 100% in monozygotic twins with cystic fibrosis.
19.
Genes completely dictate who we are
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Genes simply guide our development. Other factors can change how we are finally shaped. Remember, genes are like an undeveloped photograph. They could go either way.
20.
How many genes distinguish one race from another?
Correct Answer
B. 0
Explanation
The answer is 0 because race is a social construct and not a biological concept. There is no set number of genes that can be used to distinguish one race from another as there is more genetic variation within races than between them.
21.
Neurons are specialized for which function?
Correct Answer
C. Communication
Explanation
Neurons are specialized to communicate with one another.
22.
Which of the following is not a function of a neuron?
Correct Answer
D. Enzyme deactivation
Explanation
Enzyme deactivation is not a function of a neuron. Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit and process information through electrical and chemical signals. They perform functions such as taking in information from neighboring neurons, integrating signals, and passing signals along. However, enzyme deactivation is not a function typically associated with neurons. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, and their deactivation is more commonly associated with other cellular processes outside of neuronal function.
23.
The All-Or-None principle says that the nodes of Ranvier will either fire or they won't.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
All-Or-None Principle says that neurons will either fire or they won't.
24.
Match the following description with its part of the neuron:Short, branchlike appendages that increase the neuron's receptive field and detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons.
Correct Answer
A. Dendrites
Explanation
Dendrites are short, branchlike appendages that increase the neuron's receptive field and detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons. They receive incoming signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. Dendrites play a crucial role in the process of receiving and integrating information within the neuron, allowing for communication and signal processing.
25.
Match the following description with its part of the neuron:A long, narrow outgrowth that electrical impulses are transmitted along.
Correct Answer
B. Axon
Explanation
The axon is a long, narrow outgrowth of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses. It is responsible for carrying the information away from the cell body and towards the terminal buttons, where it can be passed on to other neurons through the synaptic cleft. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect it, allowing for faster transmission of the electrical impulses.
26.
Match the following description with its part of the neuron:Exposed segments along the axons that contain the ion channels. Allowing negatively and positively charged ions to pass in and out of the cell
Correct Answer
E. Nodes of Ranvier
Explanation
Nodes of Ranvier are exposed segments along the axons that contain the ion channels. These ion channels allow negatively and positively charged ions to pass in and out of the cell. The nodes of Ranvier are important for the propagation of action potentials along the axon. The presence of these nodes allows for the rapid and efficient conduction of electrical signals along the axon.
27.
Match the following description with its part of the neuron:A layer of fatty insulator that encases the axon. Made of glial cells.
Correct Answer
D. Myelin sheath
Explanation
The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty insulation that surrounds the axon of a neuron. It is made up of glial cells and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, preventing the electrical signal from dissipating and allowing it to travel more efficiently. It also helps to protect the axon and support its structure. The myelin sheath is essential for proper functioning of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in neural communication.
28.
Match the following description with its part of the neuron:Small nodules at the axon's ends that receive the electrical impulses and release chemical signals.
Correct Answer
B. Terminal Buttons
Explanation
Terminal buttons are small nodules at the ends of the axon that receive electrical impulses and release chemical signals. The cell body is responsible for the basic functioning of the neuron, while the synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs. However, in this case, the description matches with the terminal buttons as they are specifically mentioned as the part of the neuron that receives electrical impulses and releases chemical signals.
29.
Same crap as the last five questions:Gaps between the axon of the sending neuron and dendrites of the receiving neuron.
Correct Answer
B. Synaptic cleft
Explanation
In case you were wondering, the cell body is where the information is collected from all the neurons and processed.
30.
The resting membrane potential is the electrical charge of the neuron when active.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
When INACTIVE.
31.
Potassium and Sodium ions are the only ions involved in Neutral activity.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Other ions are involved in neural activity (pg 94 in the textbook). However, Potassium and Sodium are the only important ones you are required to know.
32.
Action Potential is also known as neural firing.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Action potential refers to the brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron, allowing for communication between neurons. This process is often referred to as neural firing because it involves the transmission of an electrical signal from one neuron to another. Therefore, the statement that "Action Potential is also known as neural firing" is true.
33.
A neurotransmitter is...
Correct Answer
D. Chemical substances that carry signals across the synaptic cleft
Explanation
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that carry signals across the synaptic cleft. They are released from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, transmitting signals from one neuron to another. These chemical messengers play a crucial role in communication between neurons and are involved in various physiological processes such as learning, memory, and mood regulation.
34.
Neurotransmitters and _________ create an excitatory or inhibitory signal for the postsynaptic neuron, thus encouraging or discouraging neural firing.
Correct Answer
B. Receptors
Explanation
Receptors are responsible for creating an excitatory or inhibitory signal for the postsynaptic neuron. They receive neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic neuron and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic neuron, either encouraging or discouraging neural firing. Terminal buttons are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters, not creating the excitatory or inhibitory signal. Agonists and antagonists are substances that can bind to receptors and mimic or block the effects of neurotransmitters, but they do not create the excitatory or inhibitory signal themselves.
35.
In psychology, Antagonists are:
Correct Answer
D. None of the above
Explanation
Antagonists are drugs and toxins that inhibit neurotransmitters activities.
36.
Some neurotransmitters will inhibit actions while some enhance actions.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
ALL neurotransmitters can either inhibit or enhance actions depending on its reception.
37.
This is a list of common neurotransmitters and their major functions. You might have to know this.Acetylcholine - Motor control over muscles. Learning, memory, sleeping and dreamingEpinephrine - EnergyNorepinephrine - Arousal and vigilanceSerotonin - Emotional states and impulsiveness. Dreaming.Dopamine - Reward and motivation. Motor control over voluntary movements.Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - Inhibition of actino potentials. Anxiety and intoxication.Glutamate - Enhances action potentials. Learning and memory.Endorphins - Pain reduction. Reward.Substance P - Pain perception. Mood and anxiety.Are you going to learn this? (Question is not graded)
Correct Answer
C. Maybe, I'm not sure if its all that important.
38.
Parkinsons Disease is caused by depletion of what common neurotransmitter?
Correct Answer
C. Dopamine
Explanation
Parkinson's Disease is caused by the depletion of dopamine, a common neurotransmitter in the brain. Dopamine plays a crucial role in regulating movement and coordination. In Parkinson's Disease, there is a progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in a specific region of the brain called the substantia nigra. This depletion of dopamine leads to the characteristic symptoms of Parkinson's Disease, including tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement. Medications that increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects are commonly used to manage the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease.
39.
Which of the following are types of neurons (check all that apply):
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sensory (afferent)
B. Motor (efferent)
Explanation
Sensory (From body to brain)
Motor (From brain to body)
Interneurons (Integrate information among neurons)
40.
Which of the following isn't a major event that terminates the transmitter's influence in the synaptic cleft?
Correct Answer
A. Neural Firing
Explanation
Reuptake: Process whereby a neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic terminal buttons, thereby stopping its activity.
Enzyme Deactivation: Where enzymes destroy the transmitter substance in the cleft.
Autoreception: Neurotransmitters bind to receptors and monitor the amount of transmitter released. When an excess is detected it tells the neuron to stop sending it.
41.
The two parts of the nervous system are the Central and Secondary nervous systems.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other nerve cells in the body.
42.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Sleep and arousal
Correct Answer
H. Reticular formation
Explanation
The reticular formation is responsible for the function of sleep and arousal. It is a network of neurons located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle and maintaining arousal. It receives sensory information from various parts of the body and relays it to the cerebral cortex, helping to keep us awake and alert during the day and promoting sleep at night. Dysfunction of the reticular formation can lead to sleep disorders such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness.
43.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Motor function (movement and balance).
Correct Answer
D. Cerebellum
Explanation
Cerebellum: "little brain" in Latin. A large, convoluted protuberance at the back of the brainstem, essential for co-ordinated movement and balance.
44.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Sensory gateway
Correct Answer
G. Thalamus
Explanation
Thalamus: The gateway to the brain. It receives almost all incoming sensory information before it reaches the cortex.
45.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Movement (Planned), reward
Correct Answer
B. Basal ganglia
Explanation
Basal ganglia: A system of subcortical structures that are important for the initiation of planned movement. The structure nucleus accumbens is found in the Basal ganglia and is used for experiencing reward.
46.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Emotion
Correct Answer
A. Amygdala
Explanation
Amygdala: A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and processing emotional information.
47.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Regulates body function
Correct Answer
D. Hypothalamus
Explanation
Hypothalamus: A small brain structure that is vital for temperature regulation, emotion, sexual behavior and motivation.
48.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Thought, Planning
Correct Answer
B. Cerebral Cortex
Explanation
Cerebral Cortex: The outer layer of brain tissue, which forms the convoluted surface of the brain. It is the site of all thoughts, detailed perceptions and consciousness. (All things that make us human)
49.
Which of the following parts of the brain is responsible for the function below:Memory
Correct Answer
B. Hippocampus
Explanation
Hippocampus: A brain structure important for the formation of certain types of memory.
Brainstem: A section of the bottom of the brain, housing the most basic programs of survival, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination and orgasm.
50.
Which of the following part of the cerebral cortex processes auditory information?
Correct Answer
C. Temporal Lobes
Explanation
The temporal lobes are responsible for processing auditory information. This part of the cerebral cortex is located on the sides of the brain, above the ears. It contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives and processes sound signals from the ears. This processing includes analyzing the frequency, intensity, and location of sounds. The temporal lobes also play a role in higher-level auditory processing, such as speech perception and language comprehension. Therefore, the correct answer is the temporal lobes.