Psych 111 Practice Test 2

Sleep is not a complete shutting down of the brain. While certain brain activities may decrease during sleep, the brain remains active and performs important functions such as memory consolidation, hormone regulation, and restoration of the body. Sleep is a complex process that involves different stages and cycles, including periods of both rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep.

The effect is called Hypnotic analgesia.

Split brain refers to a condition in which the corpus callosum, the bundle of nerves that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, is severed or damaged. This condition prevents the left hemisphere from communicating with the right hemisphere of the brain. As a result, the two hemispheres function independently and do not share information or coordinate their activities effectively. This can lead to various cognitive and perceptual impairments, such as difficulties in language processing, motor coordination, and visual recognition.

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human, half coming from each parent.

The occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. They are located at the back of the brain and contain the primary visual cortex, which receives visual input from the eyes and processes it into meaningful images. The occipital lobes play a crucial role in visual perception, including the recognition of shapes, colors, and movements. They are specialized for visual processing and are essential for our ability to see and interpret the world around us.

Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of sleep. People with narcolepsy often experience excessive daytime sleepiness and may fall asleep unexpectedly, even in the middle of activities. This condition is caused by a dysfunction in the brain's ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles. Unlike other options, such as REM behaviorism disorder (which involves acting out dreams during sleep) or somnambulism (sleepwalking), narcolepsy specifically refers to the sudden onset of sleep. Restless leg syndrome, on the other hand, is a condition marked by uncomfortable sensations in the legs and an irresistible urge to move them, which can disrupt sleep but does not involve falling asleep unexpectedly.

Genes simply guide our development. Other factors can change how we are finally shaped. Remember, genes are like an undeveloped photograph. They could go either way.

The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty insulation that surrounds the axon of a neuron. It is made up of glial cells and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals along the axon. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator, preventing the electrical signal from dissipating and allowing it to travel more efficiently. It also helps to protect the axon and support its structure. The myelin sheath is essential for proper functioning of the nervous system and plays a crucial role in neural communication.

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): All other nerve cells in the body.

The correct answer is "Broca's." This area in the front of the brain is named after French physician Paul Broca, who discovered its role in language production. It is specifically located in the left hemisphere of the brain and is responsible for the coordination of speech movements. Damage to Broca's area can result in a condition known as Broca's aphasia, which causes difficulty in producing coherent speech.

Its the other way around.

Marijuana is indeed the most widely used illegal drug. Its popularity can be attributed to various factors such as its relatively easy availability, the perception of it being less harmful compared to other drugs, and its use for recreational and medicinal purposes. The widespread use of marijuana is evident in various surveys and studies conducted globally, indicating its status as the most commonly used illegal substance.

If you answered anything other than "None of the Above" then I'm seriously surprised you got accepted to UBC...

The statement accurately describes the process of hypnosis, which involves a social interaction where a person responds to suggestions and experiences changes in memory, perception, and voluntary action. This implies that the statement is true.

The parietal lobe is indeed important for the sense of touch and spatial layout of environments. This region of the brain processes sensory information from different parts of the body, allowing us to perceive touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. It also plays a crucial role in our ability to navigate and understand the spatial relationships between objects and ourselves. Damage to the parietal lobe can result in difficulties with sensory processing, spatial awareness, and body awareness. Therefore, the statement that the parietal lobe is important for the sense of touch and spatial layout of environments is true.

Alcohol is not an effective treatment for depression. While it may temporarily mask symptoms and provide temporary relief, it can actually worsen depression in the long run. Alcohol is a depressant and can disrupt the chemical balance in the brain, leading to increased feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and anxiety. Additionally, alcohol can interfere with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications and can increase the risk of substance abuse and addiction. Therefore, it is important to seek appropriate medical treatment for depression rather than relying on alcohol.

The phenotype refers to the observable physical characteristics of an organism, which are determined by both its genes and the environment. These characteristics can include things like eye color, height, and behavior. The phenotype is the result of the expression of specific alleles (variants of genes) in an individual, as well as the influence of external factors such as nutrition, exposure to certain substances, and other environmental conditions.

The statement is true because cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, share the same genetic material as they develop from a single fertilized egg. Therefore, if one twin inherits the mutated CFTR gene and develops cystic fibrosis, the other twin will also have the same mutation and consequently have the disease. This is why the disease concordance, which refers to the likelihood of both twins having the same disease, is 100% in monozygotic twins with cystic fibrosis.

Neurons are specialized to communicate with one another.

Dendrites are short, branchlike appendages that increase the neuron's receptive field and detect chemical signals from neighboring neurons. They receive incoming signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. Dendrites play a crucial role in the process of receiving and integrating information within the neuron, allowing for communication and signal processing.

In case you were wondering, the cell body is where the information is collected from all the neurons and processed.

And the right hemisphere is dominant for spatial relationships.

The axon is a long, narrow outgrowth of a neuron that transmits electrical impulses. It is responsible for carrying the information away from the cell body and towards the terminal buttons, where it can be passed on to other neurons through the synaptic cleft. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect it, allowing for faster transmission of the electrical impulses.

Action potential refers to the brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron, allowing for communication between neurons. This process is often referred to as neural firing because it involves the transmission of an electrical signal from one neuron to another. Therefore, the statement that "Action Potential is also known as neural firing" is true.

Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breaths during sleep. These pauses can last for a few seconds to minutes and can occur multiple times throughout the night. This condition can lead to disrupted sleep patterns and a decrease in the oxygen levels in the body. Therefore, the statement that sleep apnea is a disorder where a person stops breathing when asleep is true.

Hippocampus: A brain structure important for the formation of certain types of memory.

Brainstem: A section of the bottom of the brain, housing the most basic programs of survival, such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination and orgasm.

The given statement is true. Subliminal perception refers to the processing of information by the brain without conscious awareness. This means that individuals can receive and process stimuli without being consciously aware of it. Subliminal perception has been studied in various contexts, such as advertising and psychology, and has been shown to have some influence on behavior and perception. Therefore, the statement that information processed without conscious awareness is subliminal perception is correct.

Mendel used pea plants to learn about genotypes and phenotypes. He conducted experiments on pea plants and observed their traits, such as flower color and seed shape. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of inheritance and developed the laws of genetics. His work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and heredity.

Hormones are chemical substances released into the bloodstream through endocrine glands (thyroids, pineal, hypothalamus, pituary, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, gonads)

Polygenic characteristics and disorders are those that are influenced by multiple genes. Unlike monogenic traits, which are controlled by a single gene, polygenic traits are determined by the combined effects of many genes working together. These traits often exhibit a wide range of variation in the population, as the contribution of each gene can vary. Examples of polygenic traits include height, skin color, and intelligence. Therefore, the statement that characteristics and disorders involving a number of genes are known as "polygenic" is true.

Terminal buttons are small nodules at the ends of the axon that receive electrical impulses and release chemical signals. The cell body is responsible for the basic functioning of the neuron, while the synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs. However, in this case, the description matches with the terminal buttons as they are specifically mentioned as the part of the neuron that receives electrical impulses and releases chemical signals.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is indeed divided into two main components: the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System. The Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary movements and sensory information, while the Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary processes such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. Therefore, the statement is true.

Blindsight is a condition where blind people can still sometimes react to stimuli in fields of vision they have lost. This means that even though they are unable to consciously see objects or events in certain areas of their visual field, they can still unconsciously detect and react to stimuli in those areas. This suggests that there are alternative pathways in the brain that can process visual information without the person being aware of it.

Enzyme deactivation is not a function of a neuron. Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit and process information through electrical and chemical signals. They perform functions such as taking in information from neighboring neurons, integrating signals, and passing signals along. However, enzyme deactivation is not a function typically associated with neurons. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, and their deactivation is more commonly associated with other cellular processes outside of neuronal function.

The answer is 0 because race is a social construct and not a biological concept. There is no set number of genes that can be used to distinguish one race from another as there is more genetic variation within races than between them.

The endocrine system is responsible for producing and releasing hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones can have a significant impact on thoughts, behaviors, and actions. They can affect mood, emotions, and even cognitive processes. The endocrine system works in conjunction with the nervous system to coordinate and regulate these functions, making the statement true.

Repairing brain connections is a possible explanation but we ultimately do not know what the purpose of sleep is.

The temporal lobes are responsible for processing auditory information. This part of the cerebral cortex is located on the sides of the brain, above the ears. It contains the primary auditory cortex, which receives and processes sound signals from the ears. This processing includes analyzing the frequency, intensity, and location of sounds. The temporal lobes also play a role in higher-level auditory processing, such as speech perception and language comprehension. Therefore, the correct answer is the temporal lobes.

Chromosomes are structures in the cell bodies that are made up of genes. They contain the genetic information in the form of DNA. Genotypes refer to the specific combination of genes an individual possesses. Phenotypes are the physical characteristics or traits that are expressed as a result of the interaction between genes and the environment. DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. Therefore, chromosomes are the correct answer as they are the specific structures that contain genes.

The correct answer is "The subjective experience of the world and of mental activity." Consciousness refers to our awareness and perception of the world around us, as well as our thoughts, feelings, and experiences. It is a subjective experience because it is unique to each individual and cannot be directly observed or measured by others. Consciousness encompasses our subjective awareness of both the external world and our internal mental processes.

Music, television, drugs, hypnosis, and meditation can all alter our consciousness. Music has the ability to evoke emotions and change our mood, which can alter our state of consciousness. Television can captivate our attention and immerse us in a different reality, temporarily altering our consciousness. Drugs can directly impact our brain chemistry and perception, leading to altered states of consciousness. Hypnosis can induce a trance-like state, where the individual becomes highly responsive to suggestions, altering their consciousness. Meditation involves focusing the mind and achieving a state of deep relaxation and heightened awareness, leading to an altered state of consciousness. None of the above activities do not alter our consciousness.

It's the other way around.

The genetic potential of variation from any two human parents is estimated to be around 8,000,000. This is because each parent contributes half of their genetic material to their offspring, and the human genome consists of approximately 3 billion base pairs. This immense genetic diversity arises from the numerous combinations and possibilities that can occur during the process of genetic recombination and mutation.

Cerebral Cortex: The outer layer of brain tissue, which forms the convoluted surface of the brain. It is the site of all thoughts, detailed perceptions and consciousness. (All things that make us human)

The statement is true because there are indeed four stages of sleep. These stages are known as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. NREM sleep consists of three stages, with each stage characterized by different brain wave patterns. These stages are N1 (light sleep), N2 (slightly deeper sleep), and N3 (deep sleep). REM sleep is the stage where dreaming occurs and is associated with rapid eye movements and increased brain activity. Therefore, the statement is correct.

Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are characterized by delta waves. Delta waves are slow, high amplitude brain waves that are associated with deep sleep. During this stage, the body is in a state of complete relaxation and it becomes difficult to wake up. These delta waves are important for the restorative functions of sleep, such as tissue repair, hormone release, and immune system strengthening.

The Human Genome Project, a project looking to map the structure of DNA, discovered that Humans have just under 30000 Genes.

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that carry signals across the synaptic cleft. They are released from the presynaptic terminal and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, transmitting signals from one neuron to another. These chemical messengers play a crucial role in communication between neurons and are involved in various physiological processes such as learning, memory, and mood regulation.

Amygdala: A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and processing emotional information.

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep occurs after approximately 90 minutes. REM sleep is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and increased brain activity. It is an important phase of the sleep cycle and typically occurs multiple times throughout the night. During REM sleep, our brain is highly active, and our muscles are relaxed, which is believed to be important for memory consolidation and emotional processing. This stage usually begins about 90 minutes after falling asleep and becomes longer with each subsequent sleep cycle.