2.
A(n) _________is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems.
Explanation
The correct answer is "systems development lifecycle (SDLC)". This term refers to a framework that describes the various stages involved in developing information systems. The SDLC typically consists of phases such as requirements gathering, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides a structured approach for organizations to follow when creating or modifying their information systems, ensuring that all necessary steps are taken and that the system meets the organization's needs.
3.
The ___________plan coordinates and encompasses information from all other plans.
Explanation
The project management plan is responsible for coordinating and integrating information from all other plans. It serves as a central document that outlines the objectives, scope, schedule, budget, resources, and other important aspects of a project. By encompassing information from all other plans, the project management plan ensures that all aspects of the project are aligned and working towards the same goals. It provides a comprehensive overview of the project and serves as a guide for the project team to execute and monitor the project effectively.
4.
___________is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project management.
Explanation
Planning is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project management because it requires careful analysis, forecasting, and decision-making. It involves determining project objectives, defining tasks and timelines, allocating resources, and identifying potential risks and challenges. Planning requires a deep understanding of the project scope and goals, as well as the ability to anticipate and mitigate potential issues. It is often overlooked or rushed through, leading to poor project outcomes and increased chances of failure. Effective planning is crucial for project success, but it is often undervalued and underutilized.
5.
Even though many information technology projects can be completed quickly, it is still important to ___________ them.
Explanation
In the context of information technology projects, prioritizing them is crucial. This means determining the order in which projects should be completed based on their importance, urgency, and potential impact. Prioritization helps ensure that resources are allocated effectively and that the most critical projects are addressed first. It also helps in managing time, budget, and overall project success. Without prioritization, projects may be executed haphazardly, leading to inefficiencies and potentially compromising the organization's objectives.
6.
A WBS can also be shown in ___________ form as an indented list of tasks that shows the same groupings of the work.
Explanation
A WBS can also be shown in tabular form as an indented list of tasks that shows the same groupings of the work. This means that the tasks are organized in a table format, with each task listed in a separate row and the hierarchy of tasks represented through indentation. The tabular form allows for a clear and structured representation of the work breakdown structure, making it easier to understand and manage the different tasks and their relationships.
7.
A(n) ___________ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities.
Explanation
A network diagram is a visual representation that shows the logical relationships and sequencing of project activities. It helps in understanding the flow of tasks and dependencies between them. By using symbols and arrows, a network diagram illustrates the order in which activities should be performed, allowing project managers to identify critical paths, estimate project duration, and allocate resources effectively. This diagram is a valuable tool for planning and managing projects, as it provides a clear overview of the project's activities and their interdependencies.
8.
___________uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.
Explanation
Parametric modeling is a technique that uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs. It involves identifying key variables and parameters that have an impact on the project costs, and then using these variables to develop a mathematical formula or algorithm that can predict the costs based on the given characteristics. This approach is useful when there is a significant amount of historical data available, as it allows for more accurate cost estimation by considering the relationships between different project characteristics.
9.
__________ and SPI less than one or less than 100 percent indicate problems.
Explanation
CPI stands for Cost Performance Index. It is a measure used in project management to assess the efficiency of cost utilization. A CPI value less than one indicates that the project is over budget, while a CPI value less than 100 percent suggests that the project is not utilizing its budget effectively. Therefore, both scenarios indicate problems in cost performance.
10.
Many organizations now collect and control an entire suite of projects or investments as one set of interrelated activities in one place, called a(n) __________.
Explanation
In order to efficiently manage multiple projects or investments, organizations often gather them together in a single location or system, known as a portfolio. This allows them to have a comprehensive view of all the activities and make informed decisions based on their interrelationships. By having a portfolio, organizations can prioritize, allocate resources, and monitor the progress of their projects or investments more effectively.
11.
The WBS is often dissected further during the activity definition process as the project team members further define the activities required for performing the work.
Explanation
During the activity definition process, the project team members break down the work breakdown structure (WBS) into smaller, more detailed activities. This is done to further define and specify the activities that are needed to complete the project work. Therefore, the statement that the WBS is often dissected further during the activity definition process is true.
12.
One attribute that helps define a project is that a project has a unique purpose
Explanation
A project is a temporary endeavor with a specific goal or objective. The unique purpose of a project sets it apart from other ongoing operations or activities. This purpose provides clarity and direction to the project team and stakeholders, guiding their efforts towards achieving the desired outcome. Without a unique purpose, a project would lack focus and may result in confusion or inefficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that a project does indeed have a unique purpose, making the statement "True" correct.
13.
Because projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, projects rarely finish according to discrete scope, time, and cost goals originally planned.
Explanation
Projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, which means that it is rare for projects to finish exactly according to the initial scope, time, and cost goals that were planned. Factors such as unexpected challenges, changes in requirements, and resource constraints can all contribute to deviations from the original plan. Therefore, it is true that projects rarely finish according to discrete scope, time, and cost goals originally planned.
14.
A program is "a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually."
Explanation
This statement is true because a program refers to a collection of projects that are managed together in order to achieve certain benefits and control that cannot be obtained by managing them separately. By coordinating the projects within a program, organizations can streamline resources, align objectives, and achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness in delivering desired outcomes.
15.
Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager.
Explanation
Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager because they are responsible for not only overseeing the project and ensuring its successful completion but also for guiding and motivating the team members. As a leader, they provide direction, set goals, and inspire the team to achieve them. As a manager, they handle the administrative tasks, allocate resources, and make decisions to keep the project on track. This dual role requires them to possess both leadership and management skills to effectively lead the team and manage the project.
16.
Since the organization usually commits more money as a project continues, a management review should occur after each phase to evaluate progress, potential success, and continued compatibility with organizational goals
Explanation
A management review after each phase of a project is necessary because as the project progresses, more money is usually committed by the organization. This review allows the organization to evaluate the progress made so far, assess the potential success of the project, and ensure that it is still aligned with the overall goals of the organization. By conducting these reviews, the organization can make informed decisions about whether to continue investing in the project or make adjustments as necessary.
17.
The number of interfaces can increase exponentially as the number of people involved in a project increase.
Explanation
As the number of people involved in a project increases, the number of interfaces can increase exponentially. This means that each person involved in the project may have their own interface or interaction point with the project, leading to a potentially large number of interfaces. This can result in increased complexity and coordination challenges for the project team. Therefore, the statement is true.
18.
As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.
Explanation
The statement is true because as projects progress, the organization needs to constantly reassess the need, funding, and commitment to each project. This is important to ensure that resources are being allocated effectively and that projects align with the organization's goals and priorities. By regularly evaluating projects, the organization can make informed decisions about whether to continue, redefine, or terminate them based on their ongoing relevance and feasibility.
19.
Many projects that are started never finish because of cost management problems.
Explanation
Many projects fail to finish due to cost management problems. This suggests that the statement is true.
20.
Estimates are usually done at various stages of a project and should become more accurate as time progresses.
Explanation
Estimates for a project are typically done at different stages, allowing for adjustments and improvements as more information becomes available. As the project progresses, more details and data are gathered, enabling a more accurate estimation of the time, resources, and costs required. Therefore, it is true that estimates should become more accurate as time goes on.
21.
If a project manager gets sick for two weeks or an important supplier goes out of business, management reserve could be set aside to cover the resulting costs.
Explanation
Management reserve is a contingency fund set aside to cover unforeseen events or risks that may impact the project. In this scenario, if the project manager gets sick or an important supplier goes out of business, it can lead to delays or additional costs. By using the management reserve, the project can allocate funds to cover these unexpected expenses and ensure the project can continue without major disruptions. Therefore, the statement is true.
22.
Using a systems approach is critical to successful project management.
Explanation
A systems approach is essential in project management because it allows for a holistic view of the project, considering all the interconnected components and their relationships. It helps in identifying potential risks, understanding dependencies, and making informed decisions. By using a systems approach, project managers can effectively plan, execute, and control projects, ensuring their successful completion. Therefore, the statement that using a systems approach is critical to successful project management is true.
23.
Monitoring and controlling processes overlap all of the other project management process groups.
Explanation
Monitoring and controlling processes in project management involve tracking project progress, comparing it to the planned objectives, and taking corrective actions if necessary. These processes are not standalone but are integrated with other process groups such as initiating, planning, executing, and closing. They overlap with these groups because monitoring and controlling activities are ongoing throughout the project lifecycle. By continuously monitoring and controlling, project managers ensure that the project stays on track and any deviations or issues are addressed promptly. Therefore, the statement that monitoring and controlling processes overlap all other project management process groups is true.
24.
Some organizations might use a contract in place of a charter.
Explanation
Some organizations might use a contract in place of a charter because a contract can serve as a legally binding agreement between parties, outlining the rights and obligations of each party. While a charter typically defines the purpose, structure, and governance of an organization, in certain cases, a contract may be used instead to establish similar terms and conditions for the organization's operation. This can be particularly relevant in situations where a formal charter may not be required or where the organization prefers a more flexible and customizable agreement.
25.
Schedule performance can be estimated by subtracting the original time estimate from how long it really took to complete the project.
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that schedule performance can indeed be estimated by subtracting the original time estimate from the actual time taken to complete the project. This calculation helps in determining whether the project was completed within the planned schedule or if there were any delays. By comparing the estimated time with the actual time, project managers can assess the efficiency and effectiveness of their scheduling process and make necessary adjustments for future projects.
26.
It is important that the people who help determine what resources are necessary include people who have experience and expertise in similar projects and with the organization performing the project.
Explanation
Including people with experience and expertise in similar projects and with the organization performing the project is important because they can provide valuable insights and knowledge. They understand the challenges and requirements of similar projects and can help determine the necessary resources more accurately. Their expertise can also help in identifying potential risks and finding appropriate solutions. Overall, their involvement ensures that the resource planning is well-informed and effective, increasing the chances of project success.
27.
When using the confrontation mode, project managers directly face a conflict using a problem-solving approach that allows affected parties to work through their disagreements.
Explanation
When using the confrontation mode, project managers directly face conflicts and use a problem-solving approach to address them. This approach allows the parties involved in the conflict to work through their disagreements and find a resolution. It involves open communication, active listening, and finding common ground to resolve the conflict effectively. Therefore, the given statement "True" is correct as it accurately describes the confrontation mode used by project managers.
28.
Risk management is a frequently overlooked aspect of project management.
Explanation
Risk management is indeed a frequently overlooked aspect of project management. Many project managers often focus on other areas such as planning, scheduling, and budgeting, but fail to adequately address potential risks that could impact the project's success. By recognizing and addressing risks early on, project managers can implement strategies to mitigate or minimize their impact, increasing the chances of project success. Therefore, the statement "Risk management is a frequently overlooked aspect of project management" is true.
29.
Before you can improve project risk management, you must understand what risk is.
Explanation
To improve project risk management, it is essential to have a clear understanding of what risk is. Without this understanding, it would be challenging to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks effectively. By comprehending the concept of risk, project managers can develop strategies and implement measures to minimize the impact of risks on project outcomes. Therefore, the statement "Before you can improve project risk management, you must understand what risk is" is true.
30.
The level of activity and length of each process group varies for every project
Explanation
The statement is true because the level of activity and length of each process group can vary for every project. This means that different projects may require different amounts of time and effort for each process group. The specific needs and requirements of each project will determine the level of activity and length of each process group. Therefore, it is important to customize the project management approach and adapt it based on the unique characteristics of each project.
31.
Many information technology projects are failures in terms of meeting scope, time, and cost projections.
Explanation
The statement is true because it is widely recognized that a significant number of information technology projects fail to meet their scope, time, and cost projections. This can be attributed to various factors such as poor planning, inadequate resources, lack of stakeholder involvement, and changing requirements. These failures can result in wasted time, money, and resources, as well as negative impacts on the organization's reputation and overall success.
32.
Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that managing the triple constraint refers to the process of balancing and prioritizing the three key elements of a project: scope, time, and cost. These three factors are interdependent, meaning that a change in one will impact the others. For example, if the scope of a project increases, it may require more time and resources, which can lead to increased costs. Therefore, managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs and decisions to ensure that all three goals are met within the project's limitations.
33.
Initiating processes take place during each phase of a project.
Explanation
Initiating processes are an essential part of project management and occur during each phase of a project. These processes involve defining the project's objectives, identifying stakeholders, and developing a project charter. They help in setting the project's direction, establishing its goals, and obtaining the necessary resources and approvals. Therefore, it is true that initiating processes take place during each phase of a project.
34.
Many problems and directives must be resolved quickly.
Explanation
The statement suggests that there are numerous problems and directives that need to be addressed promptly. This implies that there is a sense of urgency in resolving these issues. Therefore, the correct answer is "True" as it aligns with the given information.
35.
Deliverables are only product-related, such as a piece of hardware or software.
Explanation
Deliverables are not limited to just product-related items such as hardware or software. They can also include any tangible or intangible outcome or result of a project, such as reports, documents, training materials, or even services. Therefore, the statement that deliverables are only product-related is false.
36.
The WBS is not a required input to the cost budgeting process.
Explanation
The WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) is a required input to the cost budgeting process. It provides a hierarchical breakdown of the project scope, allowing for the identification of all the work packages and activities that need to be budgeted for. Without a WBS, it would be difficult to accurately estimate and allocate costs to specific tasks and deliverables. Therefore, the statement is false.
37.
Quality is a lower priority than project scope, time, and cost.
Explanation
The statement suggests that quality is not a lower priority than project scope, time, and cost. In other words, quality should not be compromised or sacrificed in favor of completing the project within the specified scope, time, and cost. This is important because delivering a high-quality product or service is crucial for customer satisfaction and long-term success. Therefore, the correct answer is False.
38.
It is important to clarify what functions and features the system must perform, and what functions and features are optional.
Explanation
The statement suggests that it is crucial to determine the essential functions and features that the system needs to have, as well as identifying any additional functions and features that are not mandatory but could be included. This clarification helps in setting clear requirements and priorities for the system development process.
39.
Minimizing defects does not matter if an organization is making a product that no one wants to buy.
Explanation
If an organization is making a product that no one wants to buy, it doesn't matter how much they minimize defects because there will still be no demand for the product. The focus should be on creating a product that meets the needs and desires of the target market, rather than solely on minimizing defects. Therefore, the statement is true.
40.
If companies plan their projects well, they can avoid the need for overtime, or they can make it clear that overtime is optional.
Explanation
If companies plan their projects well, they can avoid the need for overtime or make it clear that overtime is optional. This means that if companies effectively manage their projects and allocate resources properly, they can ensure that employees are not required to work overtime. Additionally, if overtime is necessary, companies can communicate to their employees that it is optional, giving them the choice to work extra hours or not. Therefore, the statement is true as it suggests that proper planning can prevent or provide flexibility in overtime requirements.
41.
The executing process group generally requires the most resources.
Explanation
The executing process group generally requires the most resources because it involves the actual implementation and completion of project activities. During this phase, resources such as labor, materials, equipment, and budget are heavily utilized to carry out the project tasks. This is when the project plan is put into action, and therefore, the executing process group typically demands the highest amount of resources compared to the other process groups.
42.
_________ is the ration of revenues to profits.
Correct Answer
A. Profit margin
Explanation
Profit margin is the ratio of revenues to profits. It is a financial metric that indicates the profitability of a company by measuring the percentage of each dollar of revenue that translates into profit. A higher profit margin indicates that a company is able to generate more profit from its revenue, which is a positive indicator of its financial health and efficiency.
43.
Legitimate power involves using personal knowledge and expertise to get people to change their behavior
Explanation
Legitimate power actually refers to the authority and influence that comes from a person's position or role in an organization. It is not based on personal knowledge or expertise, but rather on the formal authority granted to someone in a position of power. This power is derived from the organization's structure and is used to direct and control the behavior of others. Therefore, the given statement is false as it inaccurately describes the concept of legitimate power.
44.
Strategic planning involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
Explanation
Strategic planning is a process that involves analyzing various factors such as an organization's strengths and weaknesses, studying the business environment for opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services. This process helps in determining long-term objectives for the organization. Therefore, the given statement is true.
45.
If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing as level 1 in the WBS.
Explanation
The given statement is true. The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into smaller, more manageable components. It is commonly used in project management to organize and plan the work. By using the project management process groups (initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing) as level 1 in the WBS, it allows for a time-based flow of the work. This means that the WBS reflects the sequence of activities and tasks that need to be completed in each process group, providing a clear understanding of the project's timeline and progress.
46.
The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the_______.
Correct Answer
A. Triple constraint
Explanation
The triple constraint refers to the limitations of scope, time, and cost goals in a project. These constraints are interdependent, meaning that any changes to one constraint will affect the others. For example, if the scope of a project is increased, it will likely require more time and resources, thus impacting the cost goal. Similarly, if the time goal is shortened, it may require reducing the scope or increasing the cost. Therefore, the term "triple constraint" accurately describes these interconnected limitations.
47.
Project _________management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the projec
Explanation
Scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project. This includes determining the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. It also involves controlling any changes to the project's scope to ensure that it remains within the agreed-upon parameters. By effectively managing the project's scope, the project team can ensure that they are delivering the intended outcomes and that the project stays on track.
48.
In the long-term view, it is better to have huge success on an unimportant project than to have a moderate success on an important project.
Explanation
In the long-term view, it is better to have a moderate success on an important project rather than a huge success on an unimportant project. Important projects have a greater impact and contribute more to the overall success and growth of an individual or organization. While a huge success on an unimportant project may bring temporary satisfaction, it does not contribute significantly to long-term success and may even be a distraction from more valuable endeavors.
49.
The information technology field is relatively stable and unchanging.
Explanation
The statement contradicts the reality of the information technology field. The IT field is known for its constant evolution and rapid changes. New technologies and advancements are constantly emerging, requiring IT professionals to continuously update their skills and knowledge. Therefore, the statement that the IT field is relatively stable and unchanging is false.