1.
______________are the people involved in or affected by project activities and include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project
Correct Answer
B. Stakeholders
Explanation
Stakeholders are the individuals or groups who have an interest in or are affected by the outcomes of a project. They can include the project sponsor, project team members, support staff, customers, users, suppliers, and even opponents of the project. Stakeholders play a crucial role in the success of a project as they can influence decisions, provide resources, and impact the project's objectives. Therefore, stakeholders need to be identified, engaged, and managed effectively throughout the project lifecycle to ensure their needs and expectations are met.
2.
Projects are often defined narrowly when they begin.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Projects are often defined broadly when they begin. This allows for flexibility and the ability to adapt to changes and new information as the project progresses. Narrowly defining a project at the beginning can limit creativity and hinder problem-solving, as it may not account for unforeseen circumstances or new opportunities that arise during the project. Therefore, the correct answer is False.
3.
Managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs between scope, time, and cost goals for a project
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that managing the triple constraint refers to the process of balancing and prioritizing the three key elements of a project: scope, time, and cost. These three factors are interdependent, meaning that a change in one will impact the others. For example, if the scope of a project increases, it may require more time and resources, which can lead to increased costs. Therefore, managing the triple constraint involves making trade-offs and decisions to ensure that all three goals are met within the project's limitations.
4.
When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you do a better job of ensuring project success
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
When you separate business and organizational issues from project management planning, you may not be able to address all the factors that can impact project success. By considering both business and organizational issues during project management planning, you can ensure that the project aligns with the overall goals and objectives of the organization and also takes into account any potential challenges or constraints that may arise from the business or organizational context. This holistic approach helps in better project planning and increases the chances of project success.
5.
External project stakeholders generally include the project sponsor, project team, support staff, and internal customers for the project.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The given statement is false. External project stakeholders include individuals or groups outside of the project team who have an interest or influence in the project. This can include customers, suppliers, regulatory bodies, government agencies, and the general public. The project sponsor, project team, support staff, and internal customers are considered internal stakeholders as they are directly involved in the project.
6.
Information technology is usually a support function in an organization.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Information technology is typically considered a support function in an organization because it provides the tools, systems, and infrastructure necessary for other departments to carry out their work effectively. IT departments are responsible for managing and maintaining technology resources, troubleshooting technical issues, and ensuring data security and privacy. While IT can play a strategic role in driving innovation and digital transformation, its primary function is to support the overall operations and goals of the organization. Therefore, the statement that information technology is usually a support function in an organization is true.
7.
A milestone list is an output list associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
A milestone list is not an output list associated with the Project Scope Management knowledge area.
8.
Strategic planning involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of an organization, studying opportunities and threats in the business environment, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Strategic planning is a process that involves analyzing various factors such as an organization's strengths and weaknesses, studying the business environment for opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and services. This process helps in determining long-term objectives for the organization. Therefore, the given statement is true.
9.
The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority ones take less time.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because it is more efficient for an organization to prioritize high-priority projects over low-priority ones, regardless of the time it takes to complete them. High-priority projects usually have greater impact or urgency, and completing them first can lead to better outcomes and overall success for the organization. Prioritizing low-priority projects before high-priority ones, even if they take less time, can result in missed opportunities or delayed progress on more important initiatives.
10.
The project scope statement should provide basic scope information, and the preliminary project scope statement should continue to clarify and provide information that is more specific.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because the project scope statement should provide basic scope information, while the preliminary project scope statement should provide more specific and detailed information.
11.
If you want some time-based flow for the work, you can create a WBS using the project management process groups of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing as level 1 in the WBS.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The given statement is true. The work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into smaller, more manageable components. It is commonly used in project management to organize and plan the work. By using the project management process groups (initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing) as level 1 in the WBS, it allows for a time-based flow of the work. This means that the WBS reflects the sequence of activities and tasks that need to be completed in each process group, providing a clear understanding of the project's timeline and progress.
12.
The WBS is often dissected further during the activity definition process as the project team members further define the activities required for performing the work.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
During the activity definition process, the project team members break down the work breakdown structure (WBS) into smaller, more detailed activities. This is done to further define and specify the activities that are needed to complete the project work. Therefore, the statement that the WBS is often dissected further during the activity definition process is true.
13.
The critical path always includes the most critical activities
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because the critical path includes the activities that have the longest duration and are essential for completing the project on time. It does not necessarily mean that these activities are the most critical in terms of importance or impact on the project's success. Other activities may also be critical but have shorter durations.
14.
If a project manager gets sick for two weeks or an important supplier goes out of business, management reserve could be set aside to cover the resulting costs.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Management reserve is a contingency fund set aside to cover unforeseen events or risks that may impact the project. In this scenario, if the project manager gets sick or an important supplier goes out of business, it can lead to delays or additional costs. By using the management reserve, the project can allocate funds to cover these unexpected expenses and ensure the project can continue without major disruptions. Therefore, the statement is true.
15.
Bottom-up models are based on historical information and use parameters that are readily quantifiable. These models are flexible in terms of the size of the project
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Bottom-up models are not based on historical information and do not use readily quantifiable parameters. Instead, they are based on detailed analysis and estimation of individual components or tasks of a project. These models are not flexible in terms of the size of the project as they require a thorough breakdown of the project into smaller components. Therefore, the given answer "False" is correct.
16.
The ___________focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management.
Correct Answer
A. Structural frame
Explanation
The structural frame focuses on different groups' roles and responsibilities in order to meet the goals and policies set by top management. This frame emphasizes the organization's hierarchy, division of labor, and formal systems and processes. It views organizations as machines or factories, with a clear chain of command and a focus on efficiency and effectiveness. The structural frame helps ensure that everyone in the organization understands their roles and responsibilities and works together to achieve the organization's objectives.
17.
The __________assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups
Correct Answer
A. Political frame
Explanation
The political frame assumes that organizations are coalitions composed of varied individuals and interest groups. This means that within an organization, there are different individuals and groups with their own interests and agendas, and they engage in political behavior to influence decision-making and achieve their goals. In this frame, power, conflict, and negotiations are seen as important aspects of organizational dynamics. This perspective recognizes the importance of understanding the political landscape within an organization and how it can impact decision-making and outcomes.
18.
A common ___________is performance reporting, where project stakeholders can identify any necessary changes that may be required to keep the project on track.
Correct Answer
C. Monitoring and controlling process
Explanation
The correct answer is monitoring and controlling process. In this process, project stakeholders can track and assess the progress of the project and compare it with the planned objectives. Performance reporting is a key component of this process, as it allows stakeholders to identify any deviations or issues that may require changes or adjustments to keep the project on track. This process ensures that the project stays aligned with its goals and objectives and enables timely decision-making to address any potential risks or challenges.
19.
The project cost management knowledge area maps to the _________process group through the activities of cost estimating and cost budgeting.
Correct Answer
B. Planning
Explanation
The project cost management knowledge area is primarily concerned with planning and controlling the costs of a project. The activities of cost estimating and cost budgeting are part of the planning process group, where the project team develops a detailed cost estimate for the project and establishes a budget to manage and control costs throughout the project's lifecycle. Therefore, the project cost management knowledge area maps to the planning process group through these activities.
20.
The outputs of ___________include approved and rejected change requests, approved corrective and preventive actions, approved and validated defect repair, deliverables, and updates to the project management plan and project scope statement.
Correct Answer
D. Perform integrated change control
Explanation
Performing integrated change control involves reviewing all change requests, determining their impact on the project, and deciding whether to approve or reject them. This process also includes approving corrective and preventive actions, defect repairs, and updates to the project management plan and project scope statement. Therefore, the outputs mentioned in the answer are all related to performing integrated change control.
21.
In which information technology planning stage do organizations document key business processes that could benefit from information technology?
Correct Answer
B. Business Area Analysis
Explanation
Business Area Analysis is the correct answer because in this stage of information technology planning, organizations identify and document key business processes that could benefit from information technology. This involves analyzing the current business processes, identifying areas where technology can improve efficiency or effectiveness, and prioritizing which processes should be targeted for IT implementation. This analysis helps organizations align their IT strategy with their overall business goals and objectives.
22.
__________involves formalizing acceptance of the project scope. Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables of the project during this process
Correct Answer
D. Scope Verification
Explanation
Scope Verification involves formalizing acceptance of the project scope. Key project stakeholders, such as the customer and sponsor for the project, inspect and then formally accept the deliverables of the project during this process. This ensures that the project has met all the requirements and objectives outlined in the scope statement. It is an important step in ensuring that the project is completed successfully and meets the expectations of the stakeholders.
23.
Generally, each work package in a WBS should represent roughly ___hours of effort.
Correct Answer
D. 80
Explanation
Each work package in a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) should represent roughly 80 hours of effort. This means that each task or deliverable in the project should take approximately 80 hours to complete. This allows for better planning and estimation of resources and timelines for the project. It also helps in breaking down the project into manageable chunks and ensures that tasks are not too small or too large to be effectively managed.
24.
In the________ , you use a similar project's WBS as a starting point
Correct Answer
D. Analogy approach
Explanation
In the analogy approach, you use a similar project's Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) as a starting point. This means that you compare the current project to a previous project that is similar in nature and use its WBS as a reference. By doing so, you can identify and include similar tasks and deliverables in the current project's WBS, saving time and effort in planning and organizing the project. This approach allows for consistency and efficiency in project management by leveraging past experiences and successful practices.
25.
Outputs from_________ include performance measurements, requested changes, recommended corrective actions, and updates to the schedule model data, the schedule baseline, organizational process assets, the activity list and attributes, and the project management plan.
Correct Answer
C. Schedule control
Explanation
Schedule control is the process of monitoring the project's progress against the schedule baseline and taking corrective actions if necessary. It involves measuring the project's performance, identifying requested changes, recommending corrective actions, and updating various project documents such as the schedule model data, schedule baseline, activity list and attributes, and project management plan. Therefore, the outputs mentioned in the question align with the activities and outcomes of schedule control.
26.
The _____is a network diagramming technique in which boxes represent activities.
Correct Answer
A. PDM
Explanation
PDM stands for Precedence Diagramming Method, which is a network diagramming technique used in project management. In PDM, boxes or nodes represent activities, and arrows indicate the dependencies or relationships between these activities. This technique helps in visually representing the sequence and logical flow of activities in a project, allowing for better planning and scheduling. AOA (Activity on Arrow), ADM (Arrow Diagramming Method), and POA (Precedence on Arrow) are other network diagramming techniques used in project management, but PDM specifically uses boxes to represent activities.
27.
Enterprise environmental factors, organizational process assets, the project scope statement, activity list, activity attributes, activity resource requirements, resource calendars, and the project management plan all include information that affect__________.
Correct Answer
D. Duration estimates
Explanation
The given answer is "duration estimates". This is because all the mentioned factors and documents, such as enterprise environmental factors, organizational process assets, project scope statement, activity list, activity attributes, activity resource requirements, resource calendars, and the project management plan, provide information that can influence the estimation of the duration of activities in a project.
28.
__________allow for future situations that are unpredictable.
Correct Answer
B. Management reserves
Explanation
Management reserves are set aside to account for future situations that are unpredictable and may require additional resources or funding. These reserves are used to cover unexpected risks or changes in scope, schedule, or budget that were not accounted for in the initial project plan. By having management reserves, organizations can be better prepared to handle unforeseen circumstances and ensure that they have the necessary resources to address any unexpected issues that may arise during the project.
29.
A _________is done very early in a project or even before a project is officially started.
Correct Answer
C. Rough order of magnitude estimate
Explanation
A rough order of magnitude estimate is done very early in a project or even before a project is officially started. This type of estimate provides a high-level approximation of the project's cost, timeline, and resources needed. It is typically based on limited information and is used to determine if the project is feasible and worth pursuing further. The rough order of magnitude estimate helps stakeholders get a general idea of the project's potential scope and provides a starting point for more detailed planning and budgeting.
30.
___________involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total
Correct Answer
C. Bottom-up estimates
Explanation
Bottom-up estimates involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total. This approach is often used when there is a high level of detail available for the project, and it allows for a more accurate estimate by considering each specific task or activity. By breaking down the project into smaller components and estimating each one separately, the overall estimate can be more reliable. This method is time-consuming but provides a more detailed and accurate estimate compared to other estimation techniques.
31.
_________, loosely defined, is a set of principles that guide our decision making based on personal values of what is "right" and "wrong."
Correct Answer
ethics
Explanation
Ethics refers to a set of principles that help individuals make decisions based on their personal values of what is considered "right" and "wrong". It provides a framework for individuals to navigate moral dilemmas and make choices that align with their own moral compass. Ethics can vary between individuals and cultures, but ultimately it serves as a guide for ethical decision-making.
32.
A(n) _________is a framework for describing the phases involved in developing information systems.
Correct Answer
systems development lifecycle (SDLC)
Explanation
The correct answer is "systems development lifecycle (SDLC)". This term refers to a framework that describes the various stages involved in developing information systems. The SDLC typically consists of phases such as requirements gathering, system design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. It provides a structured approach for organizations to follow when creating or modifying their information systems, ensuring that all necessary steps are taken and that the system meets the organization's needs.
33.
The ___________plan coordinates and encompasses information from all other plans.
Correct Answer
project management
Explanation
The project management plan is responsible for coordinating and integrating information from all other plans. It serves as a central document that outlines the objectives, scope, schedule, budget, resources, and other important aspects of a project. By encompassing information from all other plans, the project management plan ensures that all aspects of the project are aligned and working towards the same goals. It provides a comprehensive overview of the project and serves as a guide for the project team to execute and monitor the project effectively.
34.
___________is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project management.
Correct Answer
Planning
Explanation
Planning is often the most difficult and unappreciated process in project management because it requires careful analysis, forecasting, and decision-making. It involves determining project objectives, defining tasks and timelines, allocating resources, and identifying potential risks and challenges. Planning requires a deep understanding of the project scope and goals, as well as the ability to anticipate and mitigate potential issues. It is often overlooked or rushed through, leading to poor project outcomes and increased chances of failure. Effective planning is crucial for project success, but it is often undervalued and underutilized.
35.
Even though many information technology projects can be completed quickly, it is still important to ___________ them.
Correct Answer
prioritize
Explanation
In the context of information technology projects, prioritizing them is crucial. This means determining the order in which projects should be completed based on their importance, urgency, and potential impact. Prioritization helps ensure that resources are allocated effectively and that the most critical projects are addressed first. It also helps in managing time, budget, and overall project success. Without prioritization, projects may be executed haphazardly, leading to inefficiencies and potentially compromising the organization's objectives.
36.
A WBS can also be shown in ___________ form as an indented list of tasks that shows the same groupings of the work.
Correct Answer
tabular
Explanation
A WBS can also be shown in tabular form as an indented list of tasks that shows the same groupings of the work. This means that the tasks are organized in a table format, with each task listed in a separate row and the hierarchy of tasks represented through indentation. The tabular form allows for a clear and structured representation of the work breakdown structure, making it easier to understand and manage the different tasks and their relationships.
37.
A(n) ___________ is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities.
Correct Answer
network diagram
Explanation
A network diagram is a visual representation that shows the logical relationships and sequencing of project activities. It helps in understanding the flow of tasks and dependencies between them. By using symbols and arrows, a network diagram illustrates the order in which activities should be performed, allowing project managers to identify critical paths, estimate project duration, and allocate resources effectively. This diagram is a valuable tool for planning and managing projects, as it provides a clear overview of the project's activities and their interdependencies.
38.
___________uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.
Correct Answer
Parametric modeling
Explanation
Parametric modeling is a technique that uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs. It involves identifying key variables and parameters that have an impact on the project costs, and then using these variables to develop a mathematical formula or algorithm that can predict the costs based on the given characteristics. This approach is useful when there is a significant amount of historical data available, as it allows for more accurate cost estimation by considering the relationships between different project characteristics.
39.
__________ and SPI less than one or less than 100 percent indicate problems.
Correct Answer
CPI
Explanation
CPI stands for Cost Performance Index. It is a measure used in project management to assess the efficiency of cost utilization. A CPI value less than one indicates that the project is over budget, while a CPI value less than 100 percent suggests that the project is not utilizing its budget effectively. Therefore, both scenarios indicate problems in cost performance.
40.
Many organizations now collect and control an entire suite of projects or investments as one set of interrelated activities in one place, called a(n) __________.
Correct Answer
portfolio
Explanation
In order to efficiently manage multiple projects or investments, organizations often gather them together in a single location or system, known as a portfolio. This allows them to have a comprehensive view of all the activities and make informed decisions based on their interrelationships. By having a portfolio, organizations can prioritize, allocate resources, and monitor the progress of their projects or investments more effectively.
41.
One attribute that helps define a project is that a project has a unique purpose
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A project is a temporary endeavor with a specific goal or objective. The unique purpose of a project sets it apart from other ongoing operations or activities. This purpose provides clarity and direction to the project team and stakeholders, guiding their efforts towards achieving the desired outcome. Without a unique purpose, a project would lack focus and may result in confusion or inefficiency. Therefore, it can be concluded that a project does indeed have a unique purpose, making the statement "True" correct.
42.
A project should be developed using progressive elaboration, starting from specific details and broadening in scope as it progresses.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Progressive elaboration is a project management technique where the project is developed in stages, with the details and scope being refined and expanded as the project progresses. This approach allows for flexibility and adaptability, as new information and requirements can be incorporated into the project as it evolves. Therefore, the given statement is incorrect as it states that a project should be developed using progressive elaboration, while in reality, progressive elaboration is a recommended approach for project development.
43.
Because projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, projects rarely finish according to discrete scope, time, and cost goals originally planned.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Projects involve uncertainty and limited resources, which means that it is rare for projects to finish exactly according to the initial scope, time, and cost goals that were planned. Factors such as unexpected challenges, changes in requirements, and resource constraints can all contribute to deviations from the original plan. Therefore, it is true that projects rarely finish according to discrete scope, time, and cost goals originally planned.
44.
A program is "a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and control not available from managing them individually."
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement is true because a program refers to a collection of projects that are managed together in order to achieve certain benefits and control that cannot be obtained by managing them separately. By coordinating the projects within a program, organizations can streamline resources, align objectives, and achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness in delivering desired outcomes.
45.
Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Project managers often take on the role of both leader and manager because they are responsible for not only overseeing the project and ensuring its successful completion but also for guiding and motivating the team members. As a leader, they provide direction, set goals, and inspire the team to achieve them. As a manager, they handle the administrative tasks, allocate resources, and make decisions to keep the project on track. This dual role requires them to possess both leadership and management skills to effectively lead the team and manage the project.
46.
The project _________usually provides direction and funding for the project.
Correct Answer
B. Sponsor
Explanation
A sponsor is someone who typically provides direction and funding for a project. They are responsible for supporting and championing the project, ensuring that it has the necessary resources and guidance to succeed. The sponsor plays a crucial role in overseeing the project's progress, making key decisions, and ensuring that it aligns with the organization's goals and objectives. Therefore, a sponsor is the most appropriate choice for someone who provides both direction and funding for a project.
47.
The limitations of scope, time, and cost goals are sometimes referred to as the_______.
Correct Answer
B. Triple constraint
Explanation
The triple constraint refers to the limitations of scope, time, and cost goals in a project. These constraints are interdependent, meaning that any changes to one constraint will affect the others. For example, if the scope of a project is increased, it will likely require more time and resources, thus impacting the cost goal. Similarly, if the time goal is shortened, it may require reducing the scope or increasing the cost. Therefore, the term "triple constraint" accurately describes these interconnected limitations.
48.
Project _________management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the projec
Correct Answer
A. Scope
Explanation
Scope management involves defining and managing all the work required to complete the project. This includes determining the project's objectives, deliverables, and boundaries. It also involves controlling any changes to the project's scope to ensure that it remains within the agreed-upon parameters. By effectively managing the project's scope, the project team can ensure that they are delivering the intended outcomes and that the project stays on track.
49.
Project _________management is concerned with making effective use of the people involved with the project
Correct Answer
A. Human resource
Explanation
Human resource management in a project focuses on utilizing the skills, knowledge, and abilities of the individuals involved in the project. It involves tasks such as recruiting, training, and managing the project team members to ensure their effective contribution to the project's success. This includes activities like assigning roles and responsibilities, developing team dynamics, and addressing any issues or conflicts that may arise. By effectively managing the human resources, a project can maximize the potential of its team members and enhance overall project performance.
50.
A Gantt chart displays a project's start and finish dates in a__________ format.
Correct Answer
D. Calendar
Explanation
A Gantt chart displays a project's start and finish dates in a calendar format. This means that the chart represents the project timeline by showing the specific dates when tasks or activities are scheduled to start and end. It provides a visual representation of the project schedule, allowing project managers and team members to easily track progress and identify any potential scheduling conflicts or delays.