Ndt 101: Neuroanatomy And Physiology Quiz

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal balance by regulating body temperature, hunger and thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone production. It also controls the autonomic nervous system and is involved in various physiological processes, such as controlling blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing.

The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering around the axon. It acts as an insulating layer, allowing for faster and more efficient conduction of electrical impulses along the axon. This sheath is formed by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The myelin sheath is interrupted at regular intervals by gaps called nodes of Ranvier, which play a crucial role in the propagation of the nerve impulses.

A synapse is a region where communication occurs between two neurons, or between a neuron and a target cell or skeletal muscle. It is the junction between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. At the synapse, electrical impulses are converted into chemical signals called neurotransmitters, which are released by the presynaptic neuron and received by the postsynaptic neuron or target cell. This allows for the transmission of information and signals between neurons, enabling the functioning of the nervous system.

The Substantia Nigra is associated with the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the Substantia Nigra. The decrease in dopamine levels leads to the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement.

The ethmoid bone is a light and spongy bone that forms the superior portions of the nasal septum. It is located between the nasal cavity and the orbit of the eye. The ethmoid bone is responsible for separating the nasal cavity into two halves and providing support to the nasal passages. It also contains small air cells that help to lighten the skull and contribute to the sense of smell.

The vertebral column is not responsible for forming the skeleton of the head of the body. This is the function of the skull, which is a separate structure. The vertebral column primarily supports the head, encloses and protects the spinal cord, and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs.

Broca's area is responsible for translating thoughts into speech. It is located in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left hemisphere in right-handed individuals. Damage to Broca's area can result in a condition called Broca's aphasia, where individuals have difficulty producing coherent speech but can still understand language. This area plays a crucial role in the production and articulation of speech, making it the correct answer for this question.

If there is a blockage in the middle cerebral area, it would affect the blood flow to the brain, specifically the areas supplied by this artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to various regions of the brain, including the sensory cortex responsible for processing sensations from different parts of the body. Therefore, a blockage in this area would lead to a reduction in sensation in multiple body areas, including the fingers, eyes, and elbow.

The explanation for the given answer is that the posterior median sulcus is actually a shallow, narrow groove on the posterior side of the spinal cord, not the anterior side. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for mobilizing energy and resources during times of stress and arousal. It activates the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and releasing stress hormones such as adrenaline. This system prepares the body for action in response to perceived threats or challenges.

The spinal cord contains 31 pairs of nerves. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that originate from the spinal cord and exit through the spaces between the vertebrae. These nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain and for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the muscles. Each pair of nerves is connected to a specific region of the body, allowing for communication between the brain and various parts of the body.

The medulla oblongata is the correct answer because it is responsible for regulating vital functions such as heart rate and breathing rhythm. It contains several nuclei that control autonomic functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The medulla oblongata receives input from various sensory receptors and sends signals to the heart and lungs to adjust their activity accordingly. This region of the brainstem plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the proper functioning of these essential bodily processes.

Grey matter is indeed a large collection of cell bodies found on the outer surface of the brain and the inner surface of the spinal cord. It is responsible for processing information in the brain and coordinating motor functions. This type of tissue appears grey due to the lack of myelin, which is a fatty substance that gives white matter its color. Therefore, the statement is true.

The glossopharyngeal nerve is responsible for carrying sensory information from the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue, including taste, pain, touch, and temperature sensations. This nerve also plays a role in swallowing and regulating blood pressure. The facial nerve is primarily involved in facial movements and taste sensation for the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue. The hypoglossal nerve controls the movements of the tongue. The trigeminal nerve carries sensory information from the face, including touch and pain sensations, but it is not specifically involved in taste sensation.

Ependymal cells are specialized glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. They play a crucial role in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which helps to protect and nourish the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, ependymal cells also have cilia on their surface, which aid in the movement of CSF. Therefore, ependymal cells are the correct answer as they are specifically responsible for lining the ventricles and central canal.

The patient's symptoms of numbness of the fingers, bronchitis, stomach problems, and ulcers suggest that the nerves impaired are most likely in the thoracic section of the spine. The thoracic section of the spine is responsible for innervating the chest, abdomen, and upper limbs, which aligns with the patient's symptoms in these areas.

A plexus is indeed a network of nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels. This network is formed by the branching and intermingling of these structures, creating a complex web-like structure. Plexuses are found throughout the body and play a crucial role in the transmission of signals, the transportation of fluids, and the overall functioning of the nervous and circulatory systems.

The axon hillock is a small conical elevation that originates from the cell body of a neuron. It is located at the base of the axon and serves as the site where action potentials are generated. The axon hillock contains a high density of voltage-gated ion channels, which are responsible for the initiation of electrical impulses that propagate along the axon. This structure plays a crucial role in the transmission of information within the nervous system.

The cranial meninges refer to the protective membranes that surround the brain, while the spinal meninges surround the spinal cord. These two sets of meninges are continuous with each other, meaning that they are connected and form a continuous structure. This allows for the protection and support of both the brain and spinal cord, as well as the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, the statement that cranial meninges are continuous with spinal meninges is true.

The correct answer is the Primary Somatosensory Area. This area is located directly posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain from various parts of the body.

The correct order from superficial to deep is Epidural, Dura, Subdural, Arachnoid, Subarachnoid, Pia.

Efferent neurons carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands in the body. These neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system, allowing for motor responses and the control of bodily functions. Unlike afferent neurons, which carry information towards the brain and spinal cord, efferent neurons carry information away from these structures. Therefore, the correct answer is efferent.

The relative refractory period is a phase during which a section action potential can be initiated, but it requires a stronger-than-normal stimulus. This period occurs after the absolute refractory period, where no action potential can be initiated. During the relative refractory period, the cell is in the process of repolarizing but has not yet reached its resting membrane potential. As a result, it is more difficult to initiate another action potential, but not impossible with a strong stimulus.

Commissural tracts are the type of tracts that comprise the white matter of the corpus callosum. These tracts connect corresponding areas of the two cerebral hemispheres and allow for communication and coordination between them. They enable the transfer of information, such as sensory and motor signals, between the left and right sides of the brain.

Wernicke's Area is the correct answer because it is a functional area of the cerebral cortex that is responsible for interpreting the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words. It is located in the left hemisphere of the brain and plays a crucial role in language comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's Area can result in a language disorder known as Wernicke's aphasia, where individuals have difficulty understanding and producing coherent speech.

The correct answer lists the segments of the spinal cord in descending order starting from the highest point to the lowest point. It begins with the Foramen magnum, which is the opening at the base of the skull, followed by the Cervical enlargement, which is the widened area in the neck region. Next is the Spinal cord itself, which runs through the vertebral canal. After that is the Lumbar enlargement, which is another widened area in the lower back. Then comes the Conus medullaris, which is the tapering end of the spinal cord. Finally, the list ends with the Caude equina, which is a bundle of nerves that extends from the Conus medullaris.

Neurofibrils are bundles of intermediate filaments that provide shape and support within cells. They are found in neurons and help maintain the structural integrity of the cell. Neurofibrils are composed of various proteins, including neurofilaments, which are important for the organization and stability of the cytoskeleton. These filaments play a crucial role in supporting the axons and dendrites of neurons, allowing for proper signal transmission and neuronal function. Therefore, neurofibrils are the correct answer as they are directly associated with providing shape and support.

The middle cerebral artery supplies most of the temporal lobes and bulk of the lateral surface of the hemispheres. This artery is one of the main branches of the internal carotid artery and is responsible for providing blood to important areas of the brain involved in language, motor function, and sensory perception. It is the largest branch of the internal carotid artery and is highly susceptible to blockages or occlusions, which can lead to significant neurological deficits.

The spinal nerves that do not form a plexus are the thoracic nerves. Plexuses are formed when the ventral rami of spinal nerves join together and then split into multiple branches. This allows for the distribution of nerves to various regions of the body. However, the thoracic nerves do not form a plexus and instead directly innervate the intercostal muscles and the skin of the thoracic region.

The correct sequence of cerebrospinal fluid flow starts with the production of cerebrospinal fluid by the choroid plexus. The fluid then flows through the foramina of Monro, which connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle. From there, it passes through the aqueduct of Sylvius, which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle. Finally, the fluid exits the fourth ventricle through the foramen of Magendie and foramen of Luschka, and is reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi.

Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cells found in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a crucial role in producing the myelin sheath, which is a protective covering around neurons. Unlike Schwann cells, which are found in the peripheral nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for supporting multiple neurons at once, forming myelin sheaths around several axons. Astrocytes and microglia have different functions in the CNS and are not directly involved in producing myelin sheaths. Therefore, oligodendrocytes are the correct answer as they specifically support the network around CNS neurons and help produce the myelin sheath.

The depolarizing phase of a nerve impulse is characterized by the inflow of Na+ ions, not K+ ions. During depolarization, the potential changes from -55mV to +30mV due to the influx of Na+ ions, which causes the inside of the cell to become more positive. Therefore, the statement that the depolarizing phase is characterized by the inflow of K+ ions and a potential change from -55mV to +30mV is incorrect.

The frontal lobe is most likely impaired in this patient. This is because the frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions, including impulse control and memory. Impairment in this area can result in difficulties in controlling impulses and memory problems. The parietal lobe is mainly involved in sensory processing, the occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing, and the temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and memory.

The ascending tracts of the spinal cord are actually composed primarily of sensory nerves, not motor nerves. These tracts carry sensory information from the body to the brain, allowing us to perceive sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature. Motor nerves, on the other hand, are part of the descending tracts of the spinal cord, which carry signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement.

The resting membrane potential refers to the electrical charge difference across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest. It is typically around -70mv, which means that the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside. This electrical gradient is maintained by the selective movement of ions across the membrane through ion channels and pumps.

The correct answer matches the numbers with the correct arteries of the Circle of Willis. According to the answer, the vertebral artery is matched with number 1, the basilar artery is matched with number 2, the posterior cerebral artery is matched with number 3, the posterior communicating artery is matched with number 4, the middle cerebral artery is matched with number 5, the anterior communicating artery is matched with number 6, and the anterior cerebral artery is matched with number 7.

The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain's temporal lobe. It is known to play a crucial role in the processing and storage of emotional memories. Numerous studies have shown that damage to the amygdala can lead to impairments in emotional memory formation. Additionally, research has demonstrated that the amygdala is involved in the consolidation of both positive and negative emotional memories. Therefore, it can be concluded that the amygdala is indeed responsible for where memories, particularly emotional ones, are stored in the brain.

The correct sequence and number of vertebrae for each section in descending order is as follows: Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), Lumbar (5), Sacrum (5), Coccyx (4). This means that the cervical section has 7 vertebrae, the thoracic section has 12 vertebrae, the lumbar section has 5 vertebrae, the sacrum section has 5 vertebrae, and the coccyx section has 4 vertebrae.

The given correct answer is "Axon." An axon is a long, thin, cylindrical projection that extends from the cell body of a neuron. It is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Axons are covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of the electrical signals. Axon collaterals are smaller branches that can emerge from the axon and make connections with other neurons. Dendrites, on the other hand, are short, branch-like projections that receive signals from other neurons. The axon hillock is the region where the axon originates from the cell body.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and sensory receptors. Neural stem cells, however, are not part of the peripheral nervous system. Neural stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into various types of nerve cells, but they are not considered a component of the peripheral nervous system.

The statement is false because nuclei are not collections of axons. Nuclei are actually collections of cell bodies (neurons) in the central nervous system (CNS) that have similar functions and are grouped together. Axons, on the other hand, are long projections of neurons that transmit signals to other neurons or cells. Therefore, nuclei are not collections of axons, but rather collections of cell bodies.

The statement is false because both the Olfactory cranial nerve (I) and the Oculomotor cranial nerve (III) do originate from the brain stem. The Olfactory nerve originates from the olfactory bulbs which are located in the forebrain, while the Oculomotor nerve originates from the midbrain.

Cerebrospinal fluid is constantly being produced and absorbed in the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for cushioning and protecting these vital organs. The correct answer of 3 suggests that cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed and reproduced approximately three times per day. This constant circulation helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and spinal cord, ensuring their proper functioning.

The Posterior Cerebral Artery supplies the occipital and inferior parietal and temporal lobes of the brain. This artery is responsible for providing blood flow to these specific regions, which are involved in visual processing, sensory perception, and language comprehension.

The correct answer is Subthalamus. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are both located in the subthalamus region of the brain. The red nucleus is involved in motor coordination and the substantia nigra is responsible for producing dopamine, a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in movement control. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating various bodily functions, the epithalamus is involved in sleep and wakefulness, and the cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions.

The middle cerebellar peduncles connect to the pons. The pons is a structure located in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in relaying signals between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain. It serves as a bridge connecting the cerebellum to other parts of the central nervous system. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the middle cerebellar peduncles, which are important pathways for communication between the cerebellum and the brainstem, connect to the pons.

A blockage in the anterior cerebral artery would inhibit motor function in the foot. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, which are responsible for motor control. Therefore, if there is a blockage in this artery, it would disrupt the blood supply to the frontal lobes and impair motor function in the area of the body that is controlled by these lobes, which in this case is the foot.

The adult vertebral column contains 26 bones. The vertebral column, also known as the spine or backbone, is made up of individual bones called vertebrae. In an adult, there are typically 26 vertebrae, which are divided into different regions: 7 cervical vertebrae in the neck, 12 thoracic vertebrae in the chest, 5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back, the sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and the coccyx (4 fused vertebrae). These vertebrae provide support, flexibility, and protection for the spinal cord.

The brain weighs approximately 3 pounds. This is the average weight of the adult human brain. The brain is a vital organ that controls various functions in the body and is composed of neurons, glial cells, and other structures. Its weight can vary slightly depending on factors such as age, gender, and overall health.

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord comprises the segments C-4 to T-1. This means that the spinal cord widens in this region to accommodate the nerves that innervate the upper limbs. The cervical enlargement is responsible for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the upper limbs and receiving sensory signals from the upper limbs to be sent back to the brain.