Evidence Based Practice Exams Prep Test

Measures that occupational therapists use can include

• Client response (interview/survey results)

• Standard measures, tests, inventories

• Observations

• All of the above

Which of the following is a data collection method

• Structured interviews

• Semi-structured interviews

• In-depth interviews

• Focus groups

• Observational methods

• All the above

OT practitioners can utilize evidence-based outcomes measures to:

• Establish a baseline

• Contribute to the client's (client-centered) care plan

• Monitor progress

• All of the above

Which of the following is part of the criteria for judging trustworthiness?

• Credibility - internal validity

• Transferability - external validity

• Dependability - reliability

• Conformability - objectivity

• All the above

Which of the following is correct regarding Dependability (Reliability)

• Methods of data gathering, analysis, and interpretation must be described

• Aspects are: Auditability, Stepwise replication, & Code-recode procedure

• Dependability - Triangulation

• All of the above

Use, without proper acknowledgement, of the ideas, phrases, sentences, or larger units of discourse from another writer or speaker is a definition of:

• Paraphrasing

• Content validity

• Citation

• Plagiarism

Surveys are quantitative research methodology only

• True

• False

Method of subject selection and assignment designed to reduce the risk of systematic bias

• Manipulation

• Randomization

• Control

• Beatification

Evidence-based practice is comprised of all of these components EXCEPT

• Client values, goals, beliefs

• Salary caps

• Practitioner expertise

• Best evidence

You can have both descriptive and inferential analyses of all for types of data

• True

• False

Regression analysis allows for predictive indicators to be identified

• True

• False

Select the ones that pertain to the analysis of data

• Read all the narratives

• Extract significant statements

• Create meanings by coding repetitive issues

• Aggregate issues into clusters of themes

• Write an exhaustive description

• Determine similar concepts

• Return to subjects for validation as necessary

In the acronym "PICO," the "I" means:

• Population

• Intervention

• Interpretation

• Interest group

Book titles and journal titles (not article titles) should be italicized in APA format

• True

• False

Although EBP is promoted as a concept, in reality it is impossible to actually employ it in the clinic

• True

• False

The component which allows the researcher to say that the results are due to manipulation of variables and not due to chance interferences of other variables best describes the feature of:

• Substance

• Stamina

• Practice

• Control

Parametric tests are appropriate in instances where the sample is randomly selected

• True

• False

Sample size is determined by saturation

• True

• False

Subject performs better on later tests simply because they have learned the material on the test rather than because of the experimental intervention is

• A threat to validity: replication

• A threat to reliability: subject learning

• A threat to reliability: subject ability

• A threat to validity: subject ability

Once an intervention is found that is based upon the evidence (i.e. EBP), that approach to a client will never change. You will always use that specific intervention forever after

• True

• False

The ability to apply the results of one study to another group of a similar population/similar characteristics is a feature of

• Reliability factor

• Generalizability

• Dependability

• Conceptualization

High-quality systematic reviews are considered to be at what level of evidence?

• Level I

• Level II

• Level III

• Level IV

Expert opinion is considered to be at what level of evidence?

• Level II

• Level III

• Level IV

• Level V

You are conducting a research project that includes goniometric measures of upper extremity ROM. Your participants are adults who have had a stroke and have a resultant hemiplegia. Your intervention is e-stim to facilitate movement. In this example, the intervention of e-stim would be considered the:

• The outcome measure

• The independent variable

• The dependent variable

• Validity threat

You are writing a paper for one of your classes and you found a reference for an article that you would like to quote. You provide the in text quote and citation but are not sure how to cite the reference in the "Reference" section of your paper. The best course of action in determining the appropriate reference citation is:

• Consult that APA manual to determine the appropriate format

• Stop by Dr. Novalis office and ask her

• Use the app that automatically provides the APA citation

• Ask a classmate or a second year OT student

Select all that apply to the use of Qualitative Research

• To learn the terms or words in common use to write a survey questionnaire - How do upper extremity amputation patients describe their participation challenges?

• To validate quantitative research of provide a different perspective on the same phenomena - A quantitative study indicates that a majority of stroke patients do not take their blood pressure medications regularly; Qualitative Study -> Why has there been poor compliance with blood pressure medication in stroke patients?

Intra-rater reliability is:

• The degree to which a rater is consistent with their own ratings

• The degree to which each rater or observer is consistent with another rater's or observer's rating

• A component in the Population of the PICO

• Confidence level

A ________ contains an independent variable that is manipulated in order to look for an effect on a dependent variable, but either use of a control group or randomization is lacking

• A systematic review

• Qualitative design

• Quasi-experimental design

• True experimental design

• Option 5

Subjects who are performing better on the study task simply because they are getting special attention, and not necessarily because of the treatment they are receiving is called the

• Special effect

• Double-blind effect

• Contamination effect

• Hawthorne effect

Wrong results that are due to chance is an example of?

• Systematic bias

• Tester skill bias

• Random error

• Chance design 

All the following are true regarding Semi-Structured Interviews EXCEPT

• Overall loose structure

• Questions function as an agenda for the interview

• Very closed in questioning, that only allows for limited answers

• Questions branch out to a more open type of questioning

• Interviewees are allowed to offer more detailed responses

Select all the following that are TRUE regarding to Sample Selection

• Different from quantitative methods

• Subjects strategically selected based on their potential for providing information

• Emphasis is on gathering as much information as possible

• Also referred to as Theoretical Sampling

________ in a qualitative study occurs when it can be reasonably concluded that the recruitment of additional subjects no longer provide additional information or insights to the level of understanding achieved with the subject area

An example of a background question is

• Do patients who receive paraffin treatment report a decrease in pain?

• What is paraffin treatment?

• Is paraffin treatment more effective in reducing pain than massage in treating older women?

• Pain reduction can be achieved through paraffin application

Likert scales typically provide you with

• Subjective information

• Objective information

• Useful outcome measures

• None of the above

• Answers 1 and 3 only

Experimental designs are used for:

• Development of search terms

• Exploring peoples' lived experiences through a series of open ended questions

• Increasing the participant poll

• Determining cause and effect

All statistically significant results are clinically important

• True

• False

Errors that occur due to bias within the study design are called?

• Human errors

• Systematic errors

• Expedited errors

• Biasmatic errors

A research study on splint use in carpal tunnel syndrome is initiated by an OT in an outpatient orthopedic clinic in a small, rural town. The occupational therapist is recruiting participants from this same outpatient orthopedic clinic. The sampling method is likely to be

• Convenience sampling

• Multistage sampling

• Systematic random sampling

• Cluster sampling

In quantitative research, it is always necessary to have an experiment

• True

• False

In considering the previous example, ROM could be considered:

• A bias

• The controlled design component

• The independent variable

• The dependent variable

John Smith, OTR/L is measuring Study Participant's A's gross grasp/grip strength with the use of a dynamometer, instruction to this participant is: "squeeze as hard as you can when I say go" Donald Holmes, OTR/L takes the same measure a week later on the same participant. Donald's instruction to the participant is: "Keep your arm at your side, bending your elbow like this (Donald demonstrates) and squeeze until I ask you to stop.  The above scenario indicates a threat to: 

• Stratification

• Randomization

• Intra-rater reliability

• Inter-rater reliability

Specification of the characteristics that define the targeted study population that are relevant to the research question are referred to as

• Characteristics list

• Research designation specifications

• Specification bias

• Inclusion criteria

When considering your own research process, when is it best to determine what type of statistical analysis is to be performed on the data?

• As an integral part, from the beginning, of the research design

• After you formulate your outcome measure

• After you collect the data

• None of the above

________ helps ensure subjects are representative of the group from which they are chosen

• Placebo

• Randomization

• Stratification

• Manipulation

Three features of rigorous quantitative research include all of the following except

• Manipulation

• Control

• Focus group discussion

• Randomization

All of the following are aspects of Theoretical Samples EXCEPT

• Convenience

• Quota

• Snowball

• Typical case

• Maximum variation

• Sample size

Which of the following is FALSE regarding Transferability (External Validity)?

• Transferability = sample selection

• Use of a panel of judges to select informants representative of the phenomenon under study

• Comparing characteristics of informants in the study to information available in the literature

• Accurate description must be provided of units of analysis, concepts generated, population characteristics, and setting

• None of the above are false