Evidence Based Practice Exams Prep Test

Intra-rater reliability refers to the consistency of a rater's own ratings. It measures the degree to which a rater consistently assigns the same ratings or scores when evaluating the same set of data or observations. This means that if a rater has high intra-rater reliability, it indicates that they are consistent in their judgments and their ratings can be trusted. On the other hand, low intra-rater reliability suggests that the rater's ratings may vary or be inconsistent, making their judgments less reliable.

A quasi-experimental design is a research method that involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, but lacks either a control group or randomization. This means that the researcher cannot randomly assign participants to different groups or conditions, which limits the ability to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. However, the researcher can still compare groups or conditions to examine the effects of the independent variable, making it a suitable option in situations where randomization or a control group is not feasible or ethical.

The Hawthorne effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior or performance simply because they are aware that they are being observed or receiving special attention. In the context of the question, subjects may be performing better on the study task not because of the actual treatment they are receiving, but because they are aware that they are being given special attention. This effect highlights the influence of psychological factors on performance and the need to consider the potential bias introduced by the awareness of being observed.

Random error refers to the variability in measurements or observations that occur due to chance factors. In the context of the question, wrong results that are due to chance can be considered as random errors. These errors are not systematic or biased, but rather occur randomly and can lead to inaccurate or incorrect results. Therefore, random error is the most appropriate explanation for the given correct answer.

Semi-structured interviews have an overall loose structure, where questions function as an agenda for the interview. They allow questions to branch out to a more open type of questioning, giving interviewees the opportunity to offer more detailed responses. However, the statement "Very closed in questioning, that only allows for limited answers" is not true for semi-structured interviews. In semi-structured interviews, there is a certain level of flexibility in questioning, allowing for more extensive and varied responses from the interviewees.

Sample selection in qualitative research is different from quantitative methods because it focuses on gathering as much information as possible rather than aiming for statistical representativeness. Subjects are strategically selected based on their potential for providing rich and meaningful information, rather than randomly sampling from a larger population. The term "theoretical sampling" is often used to describe this approach, highlighting the emphasis on theoretical concepts and theoretical saturation in qualitative research.

Saturation in a qualitative study occurs when it can be reasonably concluded that the recruitment of additional subjects no longer provides additional information or insights to the level of understanding achieved with the subject area. This means that the researcher has gathered enough data and reached a point where new participants will not contribute any new or meaningful information. Saturation indicates that the researcher has achieved a comprehensive understanding of the topic and can confidently analyze and interpret the data collected.

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Likert scales typically provide you with subjective information and useful outcome measures. Subjective information is obtained through the respondents' opinions, attitudes, or beliefs, which are often measured using Likert scales. On the other hand, useful outcome measures refer to the quantitative data collected through Likert scales that can be analyzed and used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, programs, or treatments. Therefore, answers 1 and 3 are correct because Likert scales offer both subjective information and useful outcome measures.

Experimental designs are used for determining cause and effect. This means that through experimental designs, researchers aim to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. They manipulate one or more variables (independent variables) and measure the effect on another variable (dependent variable). By carefully controlling and manipulating variables, experimental designs allow researchers to draw conclusions about the causal relationship between variables.

This statement is false because statistically significant results do not necessarily imply clinical importance. Statistical significance only indicates that the observed results are unlikely to have occurred by chance. However, clinical importance takes into consideration factors such as magnitude of effect, practical significance, and relevance to patient care. Therefore, while statistically significant results are important, they may not always have clinical significance.

Systematic errors are errors that occur due to bias within the study design. These errors can arise from flaws in the research methodology, such as sampling bias or measurement errors. Unlike random errors, which are unpredictable and can occur by chance, systematic errors are consistent and can lead to skewed or inaccurate results. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is systematic errors.

Convenience sampling is the likely sampling method in this scenario because the occupational therapist is recruiting participants from the same outpatient orthopedic clinic where the research study is being conducted. This method involves selecting individuals who are readily available and easily accessible, which is convenient in this case. It may not provide a representative sample of the larger population, but it is a practical choice given the circumstances in a small, rural town.

Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to answer research questions. Conducting an experiment is one of the key methods used in quantitative research to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships. By manipulating variables and observing their effects on outcomes, experiments provide researchers with the ability to control and isolate factors, ensuring more reliable and valid results. Therefore, it is indeed necessary to have an experiment in quantitative research to gather data and draw meaningful conclusions.

In the given options, ROM can be considered as the dependent variable because it is the variable that is being measured or observed in response to the other variables. The dependent variable is the outcome or result that is influenced by the independent variable(s) and any biases or controlled design components. Therefore, ROM can be seen as the variable that is dependent on other factors in the example.

The scenario indicates a threat to inter-rater reliability because the two occupational therapists, John Smith and Donald Holmes, are using different instructions when measuring the participant's grip strength. This difference in instructions could lead to variations in how the participant performs the task, resulting in inconsistent measurements between the two raters. To ensure inter-rater reliability, it is important for all raters to use standardized instructions and procedures when measuring the same variable.

Inclusion criteria are the specifications or characteristics that define the targeted study population and are relevant to the research question. These criteria are used to determine who can participate in the study and ensure that the sample represents the population of interest. By specifying certain characteristics, researchers can control for potential confounding variables and ensure that the study results are applicable to the intended population.

It is best to determine what type of statistical analysis is to be performed on the data as an integral part, from the beginning, of the research design. This ensures that the research design is tailored to the specific statistical analysis that will be conducted, allowing for appropriate data collection methods and sample sizes. By considering the statistical analysis from the beginning, researchers can also make informed decisions about the variables and measures to include in their study, ensuring that the data collected will be suitable for analysis.

Stratification helps ensure subjects are representative of the group from which they are chosen. This is because stratification involves dividing the population into subgroups based on specific characteristics and then selecting a proportional number of subjects from each subgroup. By doing so, stratification ensures that the sample includes individuals from different subgroups in the same proportion as they exist in the population. This helps to reduce bias and increase the generalizability of the findings to the larger population.

Rigorous quantitative research involves manipulation, control, and randomization to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. These features help researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships and minimize bias. However, focus group discussions are a qualitative research method that involves a small group of participants discussing a specific topic. While focus groups can provide valuable insights, they do not align with the principles of rigorous quantitative research, which relies on statistical analysis and generalizability.

The given question asks for an aspect of Theoretical Samples that is not included in the options provided. Sample size is not an aspect of Theoretical Samples, as it refers to the number of individuals or units included in a sample, which is a consideration in sampling methods but not specific to Theoretical Samples.

The given answer states that none of the statements regarding transferability (external validity) are false. This means that all the statements provided in the question are true regarding transferability. The statements include using a panel of judges to select informants representative of the phenomenon under study, comparing characteristics of informants in the study to information available in the literature, and providing an accurate description of units of analysis, concepts generated, population characteristics, and setting. Therefore, the answer suggests that all of these practices are valid and contribute to ensuring transferability in research.

Non-experimental designs are considered to be at Level IV of evidence. This means that the evidence obtained from non-experimental designs, such as observational studies or case-control studies, is considered to be of lower quality compared to experimental designs. Non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation of variables or random assignment of participants, which limits the ability to establish causality. Therefore, the evidence derived from non-experimental designs is generally considered to be less reliable and conclusive compared to higher levels of evidence.

The correct answer is "Observer alters the human behavior natural environment." This statement is true because the presence of an observer can influence the behavior of the individuals being observed. When people are aware that they are being observed, they may modify their behavior to align with social norms or expectations, leading to a change in their natural environment. This alteration in behavior can potentially impact the accuracy and validity of the observations made by the researcher.

Quasi-experimental studies are included at Level III of evidence. This level refers to non-randomized controlled trials or well-designed cohort or case-control studies. Quasi-experimental studies are a type of study design that lacks randomization but still includes an intervention or treatment and a comparison group. While they do not meet the criteria for Level II evidence, which includes randomized controlled trials, they are considered to provide valuable evidence in evaluating the effectiveness of interventions or treatments.

T-tests are statistical tests that are used to compare the means of two groups. They are suitable for interval and ratio data because these types of data have a natural numerical order and can be measured on a continuous scale. Nominal and ordinal data, on the other hand, do not have a numerical order and are better analyzed using non-parametric tests. Therefore, t-tests cannot be used on nominal and ordinal data.

The given answer includes several aspects that pertain to data analysis. The inductive process suggests that the analysis is based on specific observations and patterns rather than preconceived theories. The continuous process implies that the analysis is ongoing and not limited to a specific phase. Beginning from the first interview and continuing throughout the research process ensures a comprehensive analysis. The systematic process indicates that the analysis follows a structured and organized approach. The researcher seeks to identify major recurrent themes and subthemes, which is a crucial aspect of data analysis. Finally, transcribing audio taped interviews is an essential step in analyzing the data.

In-depth interviews are a qualitative research method where the interviewer engages in a detailed conversation with the respondent to gain in-depth insights. The given options describe different characteristics of in-depth interviews. The correct answer, "Strict structured agenda," is not true regarding in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews typically do not have a pre-set agenda and allow the respondents to lead the conversation and provide their full responses. The interviewer may ask follow-up questions based on the responses obtained, but the interview is not strictly structured with a predetermined agenda.

Focus groups typically consist of 8 to 12 individuals who are gathered to discuss a common issue. These groups are led by 1 to 2 facilitators who guide the discussion and ensure that everyone has an opportunity to share their opinions. The facilitators also play a role in providing a diverse range of perspectives on the subject matter, allowing for a broad range of opinions to be expressed in a relatively short amount of time. Additionally, focus groups are known for their large group dynamic, which can lead to lively discussions and the exploration of different viewpoints.

Validity refers to the extent to which an instrument or measure accurately assesses what it is intended to measure. In other words, it evaluates whether the instrument is actually measuring the construct or concept it claims to measure. Validity is crucial in research and measurement as it ensures that the results obtained from the instrument are meaningful and representative of the intended variable. It is different from accuracy, which refers to the degree of correctness or precision in the instrument's measurements, and reliability, which pertains to the consistency and stability of the instrument's results over time and across different situations.

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The lack of calibration of the dynamometer in the given example poses a threat to content validity. Content validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool accurately represents the content or construct it is intended to measure. In this case, the lack of calibration means that the dynamometer may not be accurately measuring what it is supposed to, leading to potential errors or inaccuracies in the results obtained.

The given answer suggests that the clients' experiences with carpal tunnel may not be a reasonable consideration. This implies that the clients' experiences with carpal tunnel are not relevant to the study or its outcomes. However, it is important to consider the representativeness of the clients in order to ensure that the study results can be generalized to the larger population. Therefore, this answer is incorrect as it overlooks a crucial consideration in research design.

Subject ability refers to the skills, knowledge, or capabilities of the participants in a study. When participants drop out of a study, it can impact the study's internal validity because it may introduce bias or affect the representativeness of the sample. If participants with higher or lower abilities are more likely to drop out, it can affect the results and generalizability of the findings. Therefore, subject ability is the type of threat most closely associated with drop out in a study.

The term "Schools of Thought" refers to different philosophical approaches or perspectives that guide researchers in asking specific types of questions and generating ideas about what constitutes an answer. In this context, the three aspects mentioned - Ethnography, Phenomenology, and Grounded Theory - can be seen as examples of different schools of thought within the field of research. Each of these approaches has its own set of principles, methods, and assumptions that shape the researcher's perspective and guide their inquiry.

Confirmability (Objectivity) is a criterion in research that ensures the findings are based on the data collected and not influenced by the researcher's biases or preferences. It emphasizes the transparency and accountability of the research process. The given answer states that methods of data gathering, analysis, and interpretation do not need to be described, which is incorrect. In fact, Confirmability requires researchers to clearly describe and document their methods to allow for transparency and reproducibility of the study.

The correct answer is control group. The control group is a group of subjects who are similar to the experimental group in terms of day-to-day experiences and influences but do not receive the study treatment. This allows researchers to compare the effects of the treatment by measuring any differences between the experimental and control groups. The control group helps to isolate the effects of the treatment and determine its effectiveness.

The type of data collected, which includes the frequency, duration, and time logs for each occupational therapy treatment, can be used to support descriptive analysis. Descriptive analysis involves summarizing and describing the data collected, such as calculating averages, frequencies, and percentages. This type of analysis will provide a clear understanding of the functional status of clients at different time points and the characteristics of the occupational therapy treatments received. It will help in identifying patterns and trends in the data and providing a comprehensive description of the research project's findings.

In order for a study to qualify as a true experimental design, it must have a control group. A control group is a group that does not receive the treatment or intervention being studied. By comparing the results of the control group to the experimental group, researchers can determine the effectiveness of the treatment. The control group serves as a baseline for comparison and helps to eliminate confounding variables that could affect the results. Therefore, having a control group is essential in ensuring the validity and reliability of the study's findings.