Pg Blazer - Online Test Series - Weekly Test 2

Lens is an avascular structure. Nutrition and oxygen for the lens is derived from the aqueous humor (major part) and vitreous humor.

Site of involvement, family history of asthma - indicates diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.

Horrock’s apparatus is used to measure cholrine demand.
Double pot is a method of well water chlorination.
Berkefeld filter is a water filter made of diatomaceous earth or Kieselguhr.

The clinical picture and investigation findings are suggestive of coeliac sprue. The treatment is gluten free diet.

Rhinophyma is a condition of the external nose caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous tissue and inflammation of the tissues around the gland over the skin of nose.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity.

Bcl-2 is another antiapoptotic gene.

Spalding's sign is the observation of overriding of fetal skull bones in xray. It indicates intrauterine fetal death.

Streptomycin can cause congenital deafness. It is contraindicated in pregnancy.

During the early stages of fetal development, hematopoiesis, the process of forming blood cells, primarily occurs in the liver. The liver is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets until around midpregnancy when the bone marrow takes over as the primary site of hematopoiesis. The liver's role in hematopoiesis gradually decreases as the fetus develops, and the bone marrow becomes fully functional after birth.

Based on the information provided, the 30-year-old female presented with unilateral breast cancer associated with axillary lymph node enlargement. Modified radical mastectomy was performed. The treatment plan will involve Adriamycin-based chemotherapy followed by tamoxifen, depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status. This approach is commonly used in the management of breast cancer. Adriamycin-based chemotherapy is a standard treatment for breast cancer, while tamoxifen is a hormonal therapy that is often given to patients with estrogen/progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer. The combination of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy is recommended to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of recurrence.

If there is not standardisation, the mortality rate calculated will be higher in countries with greater proportion of elderly people.

During the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle, the hair follicles are actively producing new cells and the hair is growing. This is the phase of activity and growth, as opposed to the other phases such as the transitional phase (catagen), resting phase (telogen), and degeneration phase. In the anagen phase, the hair shaft is firmly rooted in the follicle and continues to grow longer. This phase can last for several years before transitioning into the catagen phase.

Site of origin of common bone tumours:
Ewing's sarcoma - diaphysis
Osteoclastoma (GCT) - epiphysis
Osteosarcoma - Metaphysis

Inhibin can suppress FSH secretion which in turn delays results in delay in the onset of puberty in boys.

Sharps should not be incinerated.

It is required for development of nervous system and vision in the first 6 months of life.

The correct answer is the Bromsulphalein test (BSP). Dubin Johnson syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the liver's ability to process bilirubin, resulting in a buildup of bilirubin in the body. The BSP test is a diagnostic test that measures the liver's ability to excrete bilirubin into the bile. In individuals with Dubin Johnson syndrome, the BSP test will show impaired bilirubin excretion, confirming the diagnosis. Serum transaminases and gamma glutamyl transferase levels may be elevated in individuals with liver disease, but they are not specific to Dubin Johnson syndrome. The hippurate test is used to assess liver function but is not specific to Dubin Johnson syndrome.

Pityriasis Rosea is a self limiting disease. Herald patch is the characteristic lesion.

Late hyperglycemia is associated with macrosomia.
Hyperglycemia during conception and organogenesis period has increased risk of congenital anomalies.

Glycogenolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.

Foramen transversarium is found only is the cervical vertebrae. In the upper six cervical vertebrae, the foramen transmits the vertebral artery, vertebral vein, and a plexus of sympathetic nerves from inferior cervical ganglion. Foramen transversarium of C7 does not contain the artery, but contains the vein and sympathetic nerves.

Among the options given, soya bean oil has the highest percentage of poly unsaturated fatty acids.

Oxytetracycline is not a recommended drug for treatment of H.pylori.

Red degeneration of fibroid occurs mostly in 2nd trimester.

Blood brain barrier is not permeable to ions. Hence they cannot influence cerebral blood flow.

Catalase negative gram positive cocci in chains - indicates that they are staphylococci. Enterococci are commonly seen in hospital acquired infections and they are resistant to cephalosporins and even to vancomycin.

Recommended test for confirmation of H.pylori eradication - urea breath test.

During lactation, the hormone prolactin is produced in high levels. Prolactin inhibits the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. GnRH is responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. FSH is necessary for the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen. Therefore, the inhibition of GnRH by prolactin leads to a decrease in FSH levels, which ultimately prevents ovulation and the resumption of menstrual cycles, resulting in lactational amenorrhea.

Diverticula are easily visualised with barium enema.

MRSA is resistant to cefaclor. (and other cephalosporins)

The clinical features are suggestive of Patau syndrome - trisomy 13.

'Chancre redux' refers to the reappearance of a chancre, which is a painless ulcer that is characteristic of syphilis. Early relapsing syphilis is a stage of syphilis where symptoms reappear after initial treatment. Therefore, it is likely that 'Chancre redux' is a clinical feature of early relapsing syphilis. Late syphilis refers to the later stages of the disease and is not associated with the reappearance of a chancre. Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi, and recurrent herpes simplex infection is caused by the herpes simplex virus. Neither of these conditions is specifically associated with the reappearance of a chancre.

Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug that inhibits the catabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by irreversibly inhibiting GABA transaminase.

A restrictive lung disease causes decrease in vital capacity and total lung volume. Among the options provided, sarcoidosis is the only one causing a restrictive lung disease.

Branches of cavernous segment of internal carotid artery:
-Cavernous branches
-Meningeal branches
-Inferior hypophyseal branch

Endothelin I is a bronchoconstrictor.

Malunion of supracondylar fracture of humerus results in cubitus varus deformity (gun stock deformity).

Heparin causes hyperkalemia.

The image shows the classical lentiform (biconvex) shape of extradural haemorrhage. The blood accumulates between the skull bone and the dura. This pushes the dura away from the bone and the hematoma assumes a biconvex shape.

Subdural haemorrhage - crescent shape (convexo concave)
Subarachnoid haemorrhage - bleed in the subarachnoid space - can be visualised in the sulci.
Intracerebral hemorrhage - collection of blood seen within the brain parenchyma

Posterior communicating arises from the internal carotid artery before it bifurcates into anterior and middle cerebral artery. It communicates with the posterior cerebral artery and is a part of the circle of Willis.

HMP - The oxidative phase generates NADPH and the Non oxidative phase generates ribose precursors for nucleic acid synthesis.

The patient is in septic shock. Dopamine is the recommended drug for maintenance of BP in a case of septic shock. If there is no response, nor epinephrine should be tried. Since nor epinephrine is the only one given among the options, it is the best answer.

Tuberculides are a group of cutaneous disorders in which the tuberculous etiology is not definite. But they have a tuberculous granuloma in histology. Treatment is by antituberculous treatment.
-Lichen scrofulosorum
-Papulonecrotic tuberculid

INR = (Prothrombin time / control ) ^ Sensitivity index.
(^ indicated raised to the power of)

Hypoxia stimulates RBC glycolysis by promoting release of all glycolytic enzymes from Band 3 on RBC membrane.

Schwartz formula:
Creatinine clearance = K x height / creatinine
(K = a constant which depends on age, muscle mass and method of creatinine estimation)

In toxic synovitis, the hip is held in abduction and external rotation.

Angiography and primary angioplasty is the best modality of treatment in case of ST eleveation MI presenting within 12 hours.

In case of rebleed, laparotomy should be done.