Patient care Ch. 15

Prolonged fever after surgery is often a sign of infection. Infections can occur as a result of surgical procedures due to the introduction of bacteria into the body during surgery. The body's immune response to the infection can lead to fever as a symptom. Therefore, the presence of a prolonged fever after surgery suggests that an infection may be present.

The correct answer is rectal. In order to measure internal body temperature accurately, a rectal thermometer is used. The bulb of the thermometer is lubricated and inserted into the rectum, which is the opening at the end of the digestive tract. It is held in place for a few minutes to ensure an accurate reading.

Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure and may be identified by a blood pressure of less than 95/60 mm Hg. This means that the pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels is lower than normal. Hypotension can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. It can be caused by various factors including dehydration, medication side effects, heart problems, and hormonal imbalances. Treatment for hypotension depends on the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle changes, medication, or medical interventions.

(HERBB)

Homeostasis refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It is achieved through adaptive responses that promote healthy survival. This process ensures that various physiological parameters such as body temperature, pH levels, and blood sugar levels remain within a narrow range. By maintaining homeostasis, the body can function optimally and respond effectively to external stressors.

Axillary temperatures are obtained by placing the thermometer high between the upper arm and torso. This is because the axilla, which is the area under the arm where the arm meets the torso, is a common site for measuring body temperature. The axillary temperature is considered to be a less accurate measurement compared to oral or rectal temperatures, but it is often used in situations where other methods are not feasible or appropriate, such as for infants or individuals with oral or rectal conditions.

Bradypnea is the correct term used to describe a decrease in the respiratory rate. Bradypnea refers to an abnormally slow breathing rate, usually below 12 breaths per minute. This can be caused by various factors such as certain medications, neurological conditions, or metabolic disorders. It is important to monitor and address bradypnea as it can lead to inadequate oxygen intake and potential health complications.

The persistent elevation of blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is known as hypertension. Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure, which can lead to various health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. It is important to manage hypertension through lifestyle changes and medication to prevent complications and maintain overall health.

Apnea is the term used to identify the absence of spontaneous ventilation. This means that there is a temporary cessation or pause in breathing. During apnea, there is no movement of the diaphragm or chest wall, resulting in a lack of airflow in and out of the lungs. This can be caused by various factors such as airway obstruction, respiratory muscle weakness, or neurological disorders. Apnea can be a potentially life-threatening condition and may require immediate medical intervention to restore normal breathing.

The correct answer is 60-100 or 60 to 100. This range represents the normal resting heart rate for adults. A pulse rate within this range indicates a healthy cardiovascular system and proper blood circulation. It is important to monitor and maintain a regular pulse rate within this range to ensure overall well-being and physical fitness.

The correct answer is 21 because room air typically contains 21% oxygen, which is sufficient to maintain homeostasis in the body. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, and oxygen plays a crucial role in various physiological processes. Adequate oxygen levels in room air ensure that the body's cells receive enough oxygen for proper functioning, including cellular respiration and energy production.

When the diaphragm goes up, it creates more space in the chest cavity, causing the pressure to increase. This is because the upward movement of the diaphragm allows the lungs to expand, drawing in more air. As a result, the increased volume of air in the lungs leads to an increase in pressure within the chest cavity.

The correct answer is 12-20 or 12 to 20 because these ranges represent the normal breathing rate for an adult. The average adult breathes between 12 and 20 breaths per minute.

Dyspnea is a commonly used term to describe difficulty breathing. It refers to the sensation of not being able to breathe properly or feeling short of breath. It can be caused by various factors such as lung diseases, heart problems, or even anxiety. Dyspnea is a symptom that can be experienced in different degrees, ranging from mild to severe, and it is important to identify and address the underlying cause to provide appropriate treatment and relief for the patient.

A pulse oximeter is a noninvasive device used to provide ongoing assessment of the hemoglobin oxygen saturation of arterial blood as well as the patient's pulse rate. It measures the oxygen saturation level in the blood by emitting light through a sensor attached to a finger or earlobe. The sensor detects the amount of light absorbed by the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, and based on this information, it calculates the oxygen saturation level. Additionally, it also measures the pulse rate by analyzing the pulsatile blood flow. This device is commonly used in healthcare settings to monitor patients' oxygen levels and pulse rate.

Tachycardia is a condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate. When the heart contractions increase by more than 20 beats per minute (BPM) in a resting adult or reach a rate greater than 100 BPM, it is considered tachycardia. This condition can be caused by various factors such as stress, exercise, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. It can lead to symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain. Prompt medical attention may be necessary to determine the cause of tachycardia and provide appropriate treatment.

Its only normal for fever to last 1 to 2 days after surgery.

When the oral temperature is higher than 99.5 degrees, it is considered hyperthermia. Hyperthermia refers to an elevated body temperature that exceeds the normal range. It is often associated with an underlying medical condition or as a response to external factors such as hot weather or intense physical activity. Hyperthermia can be a sign of infection or inflammation in the body and is commonly associated with fevers.

The air-entrainment mask is a high-flow device that is designed to deliver a precise concentration of oxygen to the patient. It achieves this by directing a high velocity of source oxygen through a narrow opening near the mask. This high-flow system ensures that the patient receives an accurate and consistent amount of oxygen, making it an effective tool for oxygen therapy.

The normal body temperature is 98.6 degrees. A 1-2 degree difference or a 1 to 2 degree difference is considered a normal daily variation.

Body temperature reflects the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body. It is a measure of the internal temperature and is influenced by various factors such as metabolism, activity level, and environmental conditions. Body temperature is typically around 98.6°F (37°C) and is regulated by the hypothalamus in the brain. An abnormal body temperature can indicate an underlying health condition or illness. Monitoring body temperature is important for assessing overall health and detecting any potential abnormalities or infections.

A diastolic blood pressure reading of less than 80 mm Hg indicates that the pressure in the arteries during the resting phase of the heart is below 80 mm Hg. This is considered to be within the normal range for diastolic blood pressure, as a reading below 80 mm Hg is generally considered to be healthy.

A child typically breathes at a rate of 20 to 30 breaths per minute.

When a patient's temperature falls below the normal range, it indicates the presence of hypothermia. Hypothermia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low body temperature, typically below 95°F (35°C). It occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce, leading to symptoms such as shivering, confusion, drowsiness, and slowed heart rate. Hypothermia can be caused by prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, immersion in cold water, certain medical conditions, or medication side effects. Prompt medical attention is necessary to prevent further complications and restore the patient's body temperature to a safe range.

Tachypnea is the term used to describe respiratory rates greater than 20 breaths per minute in adult patients. Tachypnea can be a normal response to physical activity or stress, but it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition such as pneumonia, asthma, or heart failure. Monitoring respiratory rate is important in assessing a patient's overall health and can provide valuable information about their respiratory function.

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When the diaphragm goes down, it creates more space in the chest cavity, causing the pressure inside to decrease. This is because the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When it contracts and moves downward, it increases the volume of the chest cavity, leading to a decrease in pressure. Therefore, the statement "When the diaphragm goes down, chest cavity pressure goes down" is true.

Hypoxia causes hypoxemia.

A patient with a temperature is said to be febrile and hyperthermic because both terms refer to an elevated body temperature. Febrile specifically indicates the presence of a fever, while hyperthermic describes a condition where the body temperature is significantly higher than the normal range. Therefore, both terms accurately describe a patient with an increased body temperature.

The correct answer is 8, eight. This answer suggests that flow rates up to a maximum of 8 liters per minute (LPM) can be administered through a cannula. A cannula is a small tube that is inserted into a vein or body cavity to administer medication or fluids. This answer provides the specific numerical value and also states it in word form for clarity.

Tachycardia is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate, usually above 100 beats per minute. It can be caused by various factors, including a nervous stimulus. When the body experiences stress or anxiety, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, leading to an increase in heart rate. This is known as a nervous stimulus and can result in tachycardia. Therefore, the statement "Trachycardia is caused by a nervous stimulus" is true.

A nonrebreathing mask can deliver a higher percentage of oxygen compared to a nasal cannula or simple mask. This is because a nonrebreathing mask has a reservoir bag attached, which allows for the accumulation of oxygen and prevents the rebreathing of exhaled air. The oxygen is delivered directly to the patient's lungs, resulting in a higher concentration of oxygen being delivered. In contrast, a nasal cannula or simple mask does not have a reservoir bag and relies on the patient's inhalation to draw in oxygen from the surrounding environment, resulting in a lower percentage of oxygen being delivered.

The correct answer is 70-120 or 70 to 120. This range represents the normal pulse rate for a child, which is the number of times their heart beats per minute. A pulse rate between 70 and 120 beats per minute is considered within the healthy range for a child's heart rate.

Hypoxia is a condition where there is a lack of oxygen supply to the tissues at the cellular level. It can occur due to various reasons such as reduced blood flow, low oxygen levels in the blood, or impaired oxygen utilization by the cells. When tissues do not receive enough oxygen, they are unable to carry out their normal functions, leading to cellular damage or even death. Therefore, hypoxia is used to describe an inadequate amount of oxygen at the tissue level.

The statement "Oxygen tents cover the child's bed" is true. Oxygen tents are used in medical settings to provide oxygen to patients who have difficulty breathing. They are made of a clear plastic material and are placed over the patient's bed to create a sealed environment. This allows for the administration of oxygen at a higher concentration to the patient, helping them to breathe more easily. Oxygen tents are commonly used for children who may have respiratory conditions or who are recovering from surgery.

Nebulizers are devices that generate an aerosol mist with precise oxygen concentrations. They can be connected to various types of masks or adapters for different medical purposes.

The normal body temperature is approximately 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. This is considered the average body temperature for a healthy adult. It is important to note that body temperature can vary slightly from person to person and may also fluctuate throughout the day. However, a temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is generally accepted as the standard for normal body temperature.

Pulmonary arterial (PA) lines are commonly referred to as Swan-Ganz catheters, named after the developers of the catheter.

When a patient's cardiopulmonary system fails to provide enough oxygen to the tissues, an artificial airway is inserted into their trachea. This airway is then connected to a mechanical ventilator. A ventilator is a device that helps the patient breathe by delivering oxygen-rich air into their lungs and removing carbon dioxide. It provides the necessary support to ensure the patient receives adequate oxygenation and ventilation when their natural respiratory system is compromised.

Newborns have a relatively high respiratory rate compared to older children and adults. The average respiratory rate for newborns is between 30 and 60 breaths per minute. This range is considered normal and healthy for newborns. It is important for healthcare providers to monitor the respiratory rate of newborns to ensure that they are breathing properly and getting enough oxygen.

When measuring temperature tympanically, a thermometer is placed in the ear and within 3 seconds, a stable reading is displayed. This indicates that the thermometer quickly measures the temperature and provides an accurate reading within a short period of time.

Tracheal intubation is the process of inserting a tube into the trachea to establish an airway. This is commonly done using a translaryngeal approach via the mouth or nose. However, in some cases, such as when there is obstruction or injury to the upper airway, a tracheostomy may be necessary. A tracheostomy involves creating a surgical opening in the neck and directly inserting a tube into the trachea. Both methods achieve the goal of establishing a secure airway but differ in the approach used.

Pulses obtained by listening to the chest with a stethoscope placed over the heart and counting each heartbeat are called apical pulses. The term "apical" refers to the apex or the tip of the heart, where the heartbeat can be best heard. Therefore, when using this method to measure the pulse, it is referred to as "apical pulses" to differentiate it from other methods of pulse measurement.

CV stands for Central Venous, which refers to catheters that are inserted into a large vein. This type of catheter is used for various medical procedures such as administering medications, fluids, or blood products, as well as monitoring central venous pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is CV, Central Venous.

They have a rounded, bulbous end.

The correct answer is .25 to 8. Oxygen flow rates of .25 to 8 LPM are used with a nasal cannula to deliver approximately 24% to 36% oxygen. This range allows for a gradual increase or decrease in the oxygen flow rate to meet the patient's needs. Higher flow rates may be required for patients with severe respiratory distress, while lower flow rates may be sufficient for patients with mild respiratory issues.

Oxyhoods are generally used on infants.

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The thermometer should remain in place for 5 to 10 minutes when measuring temperature using the axillary method. This allows enough time for an accurate reading to be obtained from the axillary (armpit) area.