Pathophysiology Practice 5

1. Which hormone is not released from the anterior pituitary?

ADH

TSH

FSH

ACTH

LH

2. In primary aldosteronism, where is the likely defect?

Renal artery occlusion

Zona glomerulusa

Zona reticularis

Congestive heart failure

3. Which of the following inhibits bone resorption?

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

Vitamin D

Calcitriol

4. Which hormone is not necessary for normal growth?

Insulin

Thyroid hormones

Androgens

Glucocorticoids

Prolactin

5. Which is true in diagnosing type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 diabetics are usually obese

Clinical onset of type 2 diabetes is sudden

Antibodies to the islets are found in type 1

Family history is under 15% in type 2

More African Americans have type 1 diabetes; more caucasians have type 2

6. Where is the defect in a secondary endocrine disorder?

The cerebral cortex

The hypothalamus

The pituitary gland

The target gland

7. Which layer of the adrenal gland is affected by pheochomocytoma?

Zona reticularis

Zona fasciculata

Zona glomerulosa

Adrenal medulla

8. Which is false of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

TgAb, TPOAb, and TSH-R block Ab cause destruction of thyroid tissue

5:1 prevalence in favor of females

It is marked by goiter, transient hypothyroidism, then a hyperthyroid state

It is the most common type of hypothyroidism

9. Which is false of hormones?

A single function can be regulated by several hormones

One hormone can regulate several functions

Hormones have an autocrine function that acts locally in the area they are released on other cells

Most are present in the body fluids at all times in inactive forms

Peptide hormones are produced as precursor hormones

10. Which is not a lab finding of primary hyperthyroidism?

Increased free T4

Decreased TSH

Falsely high cholesterol

Increased free T3

11. Myxedema refers to:

Euthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyrodism

Grave's disease

Enlargement or masses of the thyroid

12. What is the normal range of phosphate?

1.5-2.2 mEq/L

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

4.5-5.5 mg/dL

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

13. Which is most concerning in a patient with Addison's disease?

Decreased sodium retention

Water loss

Potassium retention

Increased insulin sensitivity

14. Which is not a presentation of isosexual precocious puberty?

Menarche

Thelarche

Normal or tall stature as adults

Adrenarche

Genital enlargement

15. Which is not a finding of aldosteronism?

Hypertension

Increased urinary renin in secondary aldosteronism

Hyperkalemia

Hypernatremia

Decreased urinary renin in primary aldosteronism

16. Which of the following is not a clinical feature of hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss

Periorbital edema

Atrial fibrillation

Palpitations

Goiter

17. Which is not a cause of hypoglycemia?

Treatment of diabetes with insulin

Starvation

Alcohol abuse

Low-carb, high-protein diet

Hormonal deficiency

18. The normal range for magnesium is:

1.5 - 2.2 mEq/L

2.5 - 4.5 mEq/L

4.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

8.5 - 10.5 mEq/L

19. Which of the following occurs in response to hypoglycemia in a healthy patient when fasting?

Release of insulin

Stimulation of glyconeogenesis

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Stimulation of glycogenolysis

20. Which layer is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone?

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Adrenal medulla

21. Which is not a role of hormones of the endocrine system?

Regulation of digestion

Initiation of reactions on specific target cells

Use and storage of nutrients

Growth and development

Electrolyte and water metabolism

22. Which is incorrect?

Protein and peptide hormones are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid-soluble steroid hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Protein and peptide hormones are released as they are synthesized

Steroid and thyroid hormones are usually transmitted in bound forms

Hormones must be inactivated continuously to prevent accumulation and toxicity

23. Which is not a protein that binds to thyroid hormones?

TBG

TGB

TBPA

TBA

24. Which of the following is false?

Insulin has a half life of fifteen minutes once it is released into circulation

Increased amino acids can stimulate secretion of glucagon

When tissues are saturated with glycogen, more glucose is stored in triglycerides

Increased amino acids in the liver increase glucose levels

Amylin counteracts the actions of insulin

25. Which statement is incorrect?

Secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs in response to hypocalcemia

PTH stimulates bone resorption

PTH allows renal tubular reabsorption of calcium

PTH decreases PO4 excretion via urine

PTH modulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the kidney

26. Which is true about C-peptide?

It is released by the alpha islet cells

It is normal or increased in patients with type 1 diabetes

Hypoglycemia with a low c-peptide level may indicate abuse of insulin

It is inhibited by somatostatin

27. Which indicates Cushing's syndrome but not Cushing's disease?

ACTH overproduction by the pituitary

Spontaneous hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland

Glucocorticoid excess

Pituitary tumors

Ectopic ACTH syndrome

28. Which is false of growth hormone?

It has a half life of 20 to 50 minutes

It increases due to GH and decreases due to somatostatin

It is stimulated by hyperglycemia and decreased level of amino acids

It is secreted throughout life

It is secreted by somatotropes in the pituitary gland

29. Which of the following catalyzes iodide oxidation?

NIS protein

Pendrin

TGB

TPO

TBG

30. The Somogyi effect refers to:

Glucose intolerance associated with pregnancy

Morning hyperglycemia that is not associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia

Rebounding hypoglycemia in response to hyperglycemia

Rebounding hyperglycemia in response to hypoglycemia

Increased risk of big babies and birth defects in mothers with gestational diabetes

31. Which is incorrectly matched?

Acini cells in the pancreas secrete digestive juices that travel to the duodenum

Beta cells release insulin that goes through the portal system to the liver

Alpha cells release glucagon that goes through the portal system to the liver

Delta cells release somatostatin into the blood stream to inhibit the effects of insulin and glucagon

32. Which of the following is not a manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

Refeeding syndrome

Osteomalacia

Calcification

Tremors

Seizures

33. In order for a magnesium level to indicate cardiac arrest, it must be

Greater than or equal to 5 mEq/L

Greater than or equal to 10 mEq/L

Greater than or equal to 15 mEq/L

Greater than or equal to 20 mEq/L

Greater than or equal to 25 mEq/L

34. Which might be caused by excessive glucocorticoid production?

Hirsuitism

Increased inflammatory responses

Striae

Virilism

35. Which of the following is not a feature of syndrome X?

Hypoglycemia

Hyperinsulinemia

Dyslipidemia

Hypertension

36. Which is false of Addison's disease?

Postural hypertension is a BP drop of 20 mmHg when standing

Postural tachycardia is a heart rate increase by 20 bpm when standing

In primary Addison's disease, there is a slight increase in cortisol after exogenous ACTH is given

Patients have low cortisol and high ACTH

Patients have low sodium and high potassium

37. Which statement is false?

T4 has a higher affinity for binding than T3.

T3 makes up 7% of circulating thyroid hormone

T3 has a longer half life than T4

T3 is made from the coupling of one monoiodotyrosine and one diiodotyrosine

Most T4 converts to T3 in tissues

38. Which is not a function of glucocorticoids?

Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Breakdown of protein

Breakdown of bone

Conservation of sodium

Decreasing of inflammation

39. Which is true of pituitary disorders?

50% of the pituitary gland is destroyed before manifestation of clinical symptoms

Symptoms of cold intolerance and decreased sexual function occur suddenly

The first hormone to show a decrease is growth hormone

Carcinomas account for a majority of anterior pituitary disorders

Microadenomas erode the sella turcica and may impinge on the surrounding cranial structures

40. Which is a symptom of virilism but not hirsuitism?

Excessive growth of body hair in a male distribution on a female

Menstrual abnormalities

Breast atrophy

Receding hairline

Acne

41. Which is true?

Goiter is associated with increased secretion of T3 and T4

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is the most common

Papillary thyroid cancer is slow growing

TBG is increased during pregnancy, which may increase free T4

42. Calcitonin is released from the _ and it responds to hypercalcemia by _.

Parathyroid gland...inhibiting bone resorption

Parathyroid gland... stimulating bone resorption

Thyroid gland...inhibiting bone resorption

Thryroid gland...stimulating bone resorption

43. Which electrolyte regulates RNA translation, replication of DNA and ATP reactions?

Calcium

Vitamin D and metabolites

Phosphate

Magnesium

44. Which of the following is not a manifestation of hypocalcemia?

Bone pain

Dysrhythmias

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Convulsions

45. Which is true?

Growth hormone does not cause growth

An increase in sugar levels after exercise would cause release of GH

IGF 2 is most important in terms of growth

Pyschosocial dwarfism does not involve hypopituitarism

Children with idiopathic congenital GH deficiency lack somatotropes

46. Which of the following would cause tremors,athetoid or choreiform movements, confusion and positive Chvostek's or Trousseau's signs?

Hypermagnesemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypomagnesemia

Hyperphosphatemia

47. Which is false concerning Grave's disease?

It is often associated with non-pitting edema

Prevalence is 5:1 in favor of females

Abnormal lymphocytes secrete TSI, which mimics TSH

Exopthalmus occurs in 50-70% of cases

Often presents with multinodular goiter

48. In addition to insulin, what is released from the beta cells of the pancreas? (more than one answer)

Amylin

C-peptide

Glucagon

Digestive juices

Somatostatin

Submit

49. Laxative use is a possible cause of which of the following?

Hyperphosphatemia

Hypercalcemia

Hypomagnesemia

Hypophosphatemia

Hypocalcemia

50. What is the mechanism of regulation of thyroid hormones (more than one answer)?

Low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood stimulate increased secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary

Elevated levels of thyroid hormones in the blood stimulate the pituitary to stop secreting TSH

The feedback mechanism acts primarily on the anterior pituitary and secondarily on the hypothalamus

The hypothalamus spontaneously releases TRH

TSH released by the anterior pituitary stimulates the action of the follicular cells

Submit

Pathophysiology Practice 5

1. Which hormone is not released from the anterior pituitary?

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. In primary aldosteronism, where is the likely defect?

3. Which of the following inhibits bone resorption?

4. Which hormone is not necessary for normal growth?

5. Which is true in diagnosing type 1 vs. type 2 diabetes?

6. Where is the defect in a secondary endocrine disorder?

7. Which layer of the adrenal gland is affected by pheochomocytoma?

8. Which is false of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

9. Which is false of hormones?

10. Which is not a lab finding of primary hyperthyroidism?

11. Myxedema refers to:

12. What is the normal range of phosphate?

13. Which is most concerning in a patient with Addison's disease?

14. Which is not a presentation of isosexual precocious puberty?

15. Which is not a finding of aldosteronism?

16. Which of the following is not a clinical feature of hyperthyroidism?

17. Which is not a cause of hypoglycemia?

18. The normal range for magnesium is:

19. Which of the following occurs in response to hypoglycemia in a healthy patient when fasting?

20. Which layer is responsible for the secretion of aldosterone?

21. Which is not a role of hormones of the endocrine system?

22. Which is incorrect?

23. Which is not a protein that binds to thyroid hormones?

24. Which of the following is false?

25. Which statement is incorrect?

26. Which is true about C-peptide?

27. Which indicates Cushing's syndrome but not Cushing's disease?

28. Which is false of growth hormone?

29. Which of the following catalyzes iodide oxidation?

30. The Somogyi effect refers to:

31. Which is incorrectly matched?

32. Which of the following is not a manifestation of hypophosphatemia?

33. In order for a magnesium level to indicate cardiac arrest, it must be

34. Which might be caused by excessive glucocorticoid production?

35. Which of the following is not a feature of syndrome X?

36. Which is false of Addison's disease?

37. Which statement is false?

38. Which is not a function of glucocorticoids?

39. Which is true of pituitary disorders?

40. Which is a symptom of virilism but not hirsuitism?

41. Which is true?

42. Calcitonin is released from the ___ and it responds to hypercalcemia by ___.

43. Which electrolyte regulates RNA translation, replication of DNA and ATP reactions?

44. Which of the following is not a manifestation of hypocalcemia?

45. Which is true?

46. Which of the following would cause tremors,athetoid or choreiform movements, confusion and positive Chvostek's or Trousseau's signs?

47. Which is false concerning Grave's disease?

48. In addition to insulin, what is released from the beta cells of the pancreas? (more than one answer)

49. Laxative use is a possible cause of which of the following?

50. What is the mechanism of regulation of thyroid hormones (more than one answer)?

42. Calcitonin is released from the _ and it responds to hypercalcemia by _.