A&p Lab 4: Nervous System Lab 1

The correct answer is Pia mater. Pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges, the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is a thin and delicate layer that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, providing support and protection.

The brain and the spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is responsible for processing and coordinating information received from the sensory organs and sending out instructions to the rest of the body. It plays a crucial role in controlling and regulating bodily functions, as well as in cognitive processes such as thinking, memory, and emotion.

The spinal nerves and the cranial nerves are both part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is responsible for connecting the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body. The spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and innervate different parts of the body, while the cranial nerves originate from the brain and innervate the head and neck. Together, these nerves play a crucial role in transmitting sensory information from the body to the CNS and carrying motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands.

The correct answer is unipolar or unipolar neuron. This type of neuron has a single process or extension that emerges from the cell body and branches out into two directions, resembling a "T" shape. One branch receives incoming signals, while the other branch transmits outgoing signals. Unipolar neurons are commonly found in sensory neurons, such as those responsible for touch and pain sensations.

Technically, the massa intermedia is located in the thalamus.

The 11 is called the fourth ventricle or 4th ventricle.

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The cerebrum is responsible for storing information and providing higher brain functions. It is the largest part of the brain and is involved in processes such as memory, language, perception, and conscious thought. Additionally, the cerebrum plays a crucial role in decision-making, problem-solving, and overall cognitive functioning.

The neuron pictured to the right is a multipolar neuron. This type of neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon, allowing for the transmission of signals over long distances. The multiple dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the axon transmits signals to other neurons or to muscles or glands. The term "multipolar neuron" is used to specifically describe this type of neuron with multiple processes extending from the cell body.

The nerve that comes off of structure I is called the optic nerve.

The correct answer is "Pituitary gland." The term "Hypophysis" is another name for the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain and is often referred to as the "master gland" because it produces and releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

Multipolar neurons are found in the brain and the spinal cord. These neurons have multiple processes extending from the cell body, including one axon and multiple dendrites. This structural arrangement allows for efficient communication and integration of signals within the central nervous system. The other options, ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord, and the retina of the eye and olfactory bulb of the brain, are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the location of multipolar neurons.

The Pons is a part of the brainstem that relays impulses between the medulla and cerebrum. It plays a crucial role in regulating the depth of breathing by controlling the respiratory centers. This means that it helps in coordinating the inhalation and exhalation process. Additionally, the Pons also contains reflex centers that are responsible for the movement of the eyes and head, as well as maintaining posture.

Satellite cells are a type of glial cell that are found in the peripheral nervous system. They are located in ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies. Satellite cells provide support and protection to the neurons in ganglia, helping to maintain their structure and function. Therefore, the statement that "Satellite cells support ganglia" is true.

The structure labeled 14 is called the Pons.

The subarachnoid space contains cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a cushion, providing support and shock absorption. CSF also helps to remove waste products and deliver nutrients to the central nervous system.

The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating muscle activities, maintaining posture, and communicating with other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). It plays a crucial role in motor control, fine motor skills, and balance. It receives information from sensory systems and integrates it with motor commands to ensure smooth and coordinated movements. Additionally, the cerebellum helps maintain posture by adjusting muscle tone and coordinating muscle contractions. It also communicates with other parts of the CNS to relay information and coordinate overall brain function.

The pituitary gland is responsible for secreting various hormones such as growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, metabolism, and other bodily functions. Therefore, the function of the pituitary gland is to secrete these hormones, not to maintain balance or store information.

Microglia are a type of immune cells in the central nervous system that act as phagocytes, meaning they engulf and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and dead neurons. They also play a role in providing structural support to the brain and spinal cord by maintaining the integrity of neuronal networks and regulating synaptic connections. Therefore, they function as both phagocytes and structural support cells in the central nervous system.

Structure 4 refers to the pineal gland. The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland located in the brain. It produces and secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. The pineal gland also plays a role in regulating various physiological processes, such as reproductive function and immune system activity. It is often referred to as the "third eye" due to its association with light and darkness perception.

The function of the Ependyma is to form a porous layer between the interstitial fluid of the brain, spinal cord, and CSF. This layer helps to regulate the movement of substances between these fluid compartments and provides a protective barrier for the brain and spinal cord.

Axon is the whole length from the soma to the axon terminal

The ventral spinal horns contain efferent nerves/impulses, which are responsible for carrying signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. These efferent impulses are specifically motor in nature, as they control voluntary and involuntary movements of the body.

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The structure labeled with A is the nucleus. The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material, including DNA, and is responsible for controlling the cell's activities and regulating gene expression. The nucleus plays a crucial role in cell division, growth, and reproduction.

The CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) is made in the choroid plexus. The choroid plexus is a network of blood vessels located in the ventricles of the brain. It produces and secretes the CSF, which serves as a protective cushion for the brain and spinal cord. The CSF also helps to remove waste products and deliver nutrients to the brain.

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They originate in the embryo as bipolar neurons.

The structure labeled with F is a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell that wrap around and myelinate nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system. They play a crucial role in insulating and protecting nerve fibers, allowing for efficient transmission of electrical signals. Schwann cells also aid in the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers.

The correct answer is Dura mater. The question is asking for the identity of A, and the correct answer is Dura mater. The Dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges, which is a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. It is a tough and fibrous membrane that helps to protect the central nervous system.

Schwann cells contain myelin sheath

The structure labeled with B is a dendrite. Dendrites are branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body. They are covered in synapses, which are the points of contact with other neurons. Dendrites play a crucial role in the communication and integration of information within the nervous system.

Sulci are the sunken areas or grooves on the surface of the brain. They are responsible for increasing the surface area of the brain, allowing for more neurons and connections. Sulci are important for the overall structure and function of the brain, as they help in organizing different regions and facilitating communication between them.

The correct answer is "Longitudinal fissure." The longitudinal fissure is a deep groove that separates the two hemispheres of the brain, known as the left and right cerebral hemispheres. This fissure extends from the front to the back of the brain and plays a crucial role in the communication and coordination between the two hemispheres.

The structure for G is the olfactory bulb.

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Gyri are the raised portions of the brain. They are the folds or ridges on the surface of the cerebral cortex that increase the surface area of the brain, allowing for more neurons and connections. These gyri play a crucial role in cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, and language processing.

The space above structure 17 is called the third ventricle or 3rd ventricle.

The correct answer is "Cauda equina." The cauda equina is a bundle of nerves located at the base of the spinal cord. It resembles a horse's tail, which is what "cauda equina" means in Latin. This bundle of nerves is responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals to and from the lower extremities, including the legs, feet, and pelvic organs.

The hypothalamus is a small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the body. It is responsible for regulating various important functions such as body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual behavior, and reactions. It helps to maintain the body's internal environment within a narrow range by controlling hormone secretion, autonomic functions, and the release of neurotransmitters. Overall, the hypothalamus acts as a control center for many essential physiological processes in the body.

Neuroglial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons in the nervous system. They help hold the neurons in place by forming a structural framework and also play a role in maintaining the chemical environment around the neurons. Unlike neurons, neuroglial cells do not transmit messages themselves. Therefore, the given statement that the function of neuroglial cells is to help hold the neuron in place and not transmit messages is true.

The correct answer is Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain located below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and hormone production. It also controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn affects other glands and organs in the body. Overall, the hypothalamus is essential for maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the body's response to internal and external stimuli.

The correct answer is "Cervical enlargement." The cervical enlargement refers to the widening of the spinal cord in the neck region, specifically in the cervical vertebrae. This enlargement is due to the presence of motor neurons that innervate the upper limbs. It is an important anatomical feature as it allows for the efficient transmission of signals between the brain and the upper limbs, facilitating motor control and coordination.

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The dorsal spinal horns contain sensory nerves and impulses. These nerves transmit sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and then to the brain. This allows us to perceive sensations such as touch, temperature, and pain. The sensory impulses travel through the dorsal spinal horns, which are located on the back side of the spinal cord.

The medulla oblongata is the correct answer for the structure of I. The medulla oblongata is a part of the brainstem that connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain. It plays a crucial role in controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also helps regulate reflexes and involuntary movements.

The correct answer is Arachnoid mater. The arachnoid mater is one of the three layers that make up the meninges, which are protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. It is located between the dura mater (outermost layer) and the pia mater (innermost layer). The arachnoid mater is a thin, web-like membrane that helps cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord from injury.

Oligodendrocytes are responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheath is a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers and helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of electrical impulses along the neurons. Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and proper functioning of the central nervous system by providing support and insulation to neurons.