Organizational Behaviour Chapter 3
Questions and Answers
- 1.
The process of receiving information about and making of the world around us. It entails deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information, and how to interpret it within the framework of our existing knowledge.
- A.
Perception
- B.
Categorical thinking
- C.
Confirmation bias
- D.
Self-serving bias
- E.
Selective attention
Correct Answer
A. PerceptionExplanation
Perception refers to the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves noticing and categorizing information, as well as interpreting it based on our existing knowledge. This process allows us to understand and make sense of our surroundings and the events happening around us.Rate this question:
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- 2.
The process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information. Influenced by characteristics of the object being perceived, particularly its size, intensity, motion, repetition, and novelty. Characteristics of the perceiver play an important role. Emotional markers - worry, happiness, boredom - help us to store information.
- A.
Differentiation
- B.
Selective attention
- C.
Homegenization
- D.
Confirmation bias
- E.
Categorical thinking
Correct Answer
B. Selective attentionExplanation
Selective attention is the process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring other information. This process is influenced by characteristics of the object being perceived, such as its size, intensity, motion, repetition, and novelty. Additionally, characteristics of the perceiver, such as emotional markers like worry, happiness, and boredom, play an important role in selective attention. This process helps us to filter and store information based on our preferences and priorities.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Screens out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions. We have the tendency to seek out information that supports our self-concept.
- A.
Mental models
- B.
Categorical thinking
- C.
Confirmation bias
- D.
Selective attention
- E.
Perception
Correct Answer
C. Confirmation biasExplanation
Confirmation bias refers to the tendency to selectively pay attention to and favor information that aligns with our preexisting beliefs, values, and assumptions. This bias leads us to screen out information that contradicts our established views and seek out information that confirms our self-concept. It can prevent us from considering alternative perspectives and hinder our ability to make objective judgments. Confirmation bias can influence our decision-making processes and limit our ability to critically evaluate information.Rate this question:
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- 4.
The mostly unconscious process of organizing people and objects. Things are often grouped together based on their similarity or proximity. Others of perceptual grouping include the need for congitive closure, trends in otherwise ambiguous information, and interpreting incoming information. Emotional markers are tagged to incoming stimuli, which are essentially quick judgment about whether that information is good or bad for us.
- A.
Homegenization
- B.
Perception
- C.
Mental models
- D.
Attribution process
- E.
Categorical thinking
Correct Answer
E. Categorical thinkingExplanation
Categorical thinking refers to the process of organizing people and objects based on their similarities or proximity. It involves grouping things together based on shared characteristics or categories. This process is mostly unconscious and helps in organizing and making sense of the world around us. It allows us to quickly classify and understand information, making it easier to interpret incoming stimuli. Categorical thinking also involves emotional markers, which are quick judgments about whether the incoming information is good or bad for us.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Visual or relational images in our mind representing the external world. Fills in the missing pieces. We need to ask ourselves about the assumptions we make.
- A.
Attribution process
- B.
Categorization
- C.
Perception
- D.
Mental models
- E.
Selective attention
Correct Answer
D. Mental modelsExplanation
The given answer, "mental models," refers to the visual or relational images that we create in our minds to represent the external world. These mental models help us fill in the missing pieces of information and make assumptions about the world around us. They play a crucial role in the attribution process, categorization, perception, and selective attention. By using mental models, we are able to make sense of our surroundings and understand how things are connected or related to each other.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Social identity is a comparitive process, and that comparison begins by categorizing people into distinct groups.
- A.
Categorization
- B.
Categorical thinking
- C.
Differentiation
- D.
Homogenization
- E.
Stereotyping
Correct Answer
A. CategorizationExplanation
Social IdentityRate this question:
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- 7.
We tend to think people within each group are very similar to each other, like thinking Albertans all have similar attitudes and characteristics and Nova Scotians have their own set of characteristics.
- A.
Self-serving bias
- B.
Categorization
- C.
Homogenization
- D.
Attribution process
- E.
Differentiation
Correct Answer
C. HomogenizationExplanation
Social IdentityRate this question:
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- 8.
Assigning more favorable characteristics to people in our groups than to people in other groups.
- A.
Homeogenization
- B.
Categorization
- C.
Mental models
- D.
Differentiation
- E.
Categorical thinking
Correct Answer
D. DifferentiationExplanation
Social IdentityRate this question:
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- 9.
The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category. We assign people to one or more social categories based on easily observable information about them. A form of categorical thinking and a process to simplify our understanding of the world. They do not accurately describe every person in that social category. It is difficult to prevent the activation of this, but we can minimize the application of this type of information.
- A.
Stereotyping
- B.
Fundamental attribution error
- C.
Categorization
- D.
Attribution process
- E.
Self-serving bias
Correct Answer
A. StereotypingExplanation
Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category. It involves categorizing individuals based on easily observable information and simplifying our understanding of the world. However, it is important to note that stereotypes do not accurately describe every person in that social category. While it may be difficult to prevent the activation of stereotypes, we can minimize the application of this type of information.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behaviour or event is caused largely by internal (the person) or external (the environment) factors. Internal factors include the person's ability or motivation, whereas external factors include lack of resources, other people, or just luck. People rely on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to determine someone's behaviour.
- A.
Fundamental attribution error
- B.
Stereotyping
- C.
Self-serving bias
- D.
Attribution process
- E.
Halo effect
Correct Answer
D. Attribution processExplanation
The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is "attribution process". The attribution process refers to the perceptual process of determining whether a behavior or event is caused by internal or external factors. It involves considering factors such as the person's ability, motivation, lack of resources, other people, or luck. People rely on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to make attributions about someone's behavior.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that person's behaviour. Occurs because observers can't easily see the external factors that constrain the person's behaviour.
- A.
Primacy effect
- B.
Self-serving bias
- C.
Fundamental attribution error
- D.
Stereotyping
- E.
Mental models
Correct Answer
C. Fundamental attribution errorExplanation
The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute someone's behavior to their personal characteristics or traits, rather than considering the situational factors that may have influenced their behavior. This occurs because observers often lack visibility into the external constraints that may have affected the person's actions. In other words, people tend to overemphasize internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining someone's behavior. This bias can lead to misunderstandings and judgments about others based solely on their perceived character, without considering the context in which their behavior occurred.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The tendency to attribute favourable outcomes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.
- A.
False-consensus effect
- B.
Attribution process
- C.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
- D.
Self-serving bias
- E.
Fundamental attribution error
Correct Answer
D. Self-serving biasExplanation
The self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute favorable outcomes to internal factors (such as our own abilities or efforts) and failures to external factors (such as bad luck or difficult circumstances). This bias allows individuals to maintain a positive self-image and protect their self-esteem. By attributing success to themselves and failure to external factors, individuals can enhance their sense of competence and control over their lives. This bias can also lead to a distorted perception of reality, as it can prevent individuals from accurately assessing their own strengths and weaknesses.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Occurs when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations. High-expectancy employees learn more skills and knowledge than low-expectancy employees. Stronger at the beginning of the relationship, when several people hold the same perception of the individual and among people with a history of low achievement. Leaders need to develop and maintain a postive, yet realistic, expectation toward all employees.
- A.
Attribution process
- B.
Fundamental attribution error
- C.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
- D.
Halo effect
- E.
Self-serving bias
Correct Answer
C. Self-fulfilling prophecyExplanation
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations. In this context, high-expectancy employees are more likely to learn more skills and knowledge compared to low-expectancy employees. This effect is stronger at the beginning of the relationship when several people hold the same perception of the individual and among people with a history of low achievement. Therefore, leaders need to develop and maintain a positive, yet realistic, expectation toward all employees to avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy phenomenon.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic.
- A.
Recency effect
- B.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
- C.
Primacy effect
- D.
Halo effect
- E.
False-consensus effect
Correct Answer
D. Halo effectExplanation
The halo effect refers to the tendency to form a positive overall impression of a person based on one prominent characteristic or positive trait. This means that if we perceive someone as attractive, intelligent, or successful, we are more likely to assume that they possess other positive qualities as well. This cognitive bias can influence our judgments and evaluations of others, leading us to overlook their flaws or negative traits. The halo effect can have a significant impact on how we perceive and interact with individuals in various contexts, such as in relationships, hiring decisions, or social interactions.Rate this question:
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- 15.
When we quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information we receive about them.
- A.
Primacy effect
- B.
Halo effect
- C.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
- D.
Recency effect
- E.
False-consensus effect
Correct Answer
A. Primacy effectExplanation
The primacy effect refers to the tendency to give more weight to the initial information we receive about someone when forming an opinion of them. This means that the first impression we have of someone can have a lasting impact on how we perceive and judge them, even if additional information contradicts our initial impression. This effect can be influenced by factors such as the order in which information is presented or the salience of the initial information.Rate this question:
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- 16.
When we use the most up-to-date information which dominates our perceptions.
- A.
Recency effect
- B.
Primacy effect
- C.
False-consensus effect
- D.
Halo effect
- E.
Self-serving bias
Correct Answer
A. Recency effectExplanation
The recency effect refers to the tendency for individuals to remember and give more weight to information that is presented last or most recently. This effect occurs because our short-term memory is more likely to retain information that is fresh in our minds. Therefore, when we use the most up-to-date information, it dominates our perceptions and influences our decision-making and judgments.Rate this question:
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- 17.
When we overestimate the extent to which others have beliefs and characteristics similar to our own.
- A.
Stereotyping
- B.
Recency effect
- C.
Halo effect
- D.
False-consensus effect
- E.
Primacy effect
Correct Answer
D. False-consensus effectExplanation
The false-consensus effect refers to the tendency to overestimate the degree to which others share our beliefs, attitudes, and characteristics. This can occur when we assume that our own thoughts and behaviors are typical and representative of the larger population. In other words, we project our own beliefs onto others, assuming that they think and act in the same way. This cognitive bias can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and difficulties in accurately perceiving the perspectives of others.Rate this question:
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- 18.
A model of mutual understanding that encourages disclosure and feedback to increase our own open area and reduce the blind, hidden, and unknown areas.
- A.
Meaningful interaction
- B.
Johari Window
- C.
Tacit knowledge
- D.
Behaviour modification
- E.
Positive reinforcement
Correct Answer
B. Johari WindowExplanation
The Johari Window is a model that represents mutual understanding and encourages disclosure and feedback. It helps individuals increase their open area (known to self and others) and reduce the blind (known to others but not to self), hidden (known to self but not to others), and unknown areas (unknown to self and others). By using this model, individuals can have meaningful interactions and enhance their self-awareness and interpersonal relationships.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Self-awareness and mutual understanding can be improved through this. Based on the contact hypothesis, which states that under certain conditions, people who interact with each other will be less prejudiced or biased against each other. Working toward a shared goal, and everyone should have equal status.
- A.
Meaningful interaction
- B.
Positive reinforcement
- C.
Behaviour modification
- D.
False-consensus effect
- E.
Learning
Correct Answer
A. Meaningful interactionExplanation
Meaningful interaction refers to the process of engaging with others in a way that fosters understanding, empathy, and mutual respect. According to the contact hypothesis, meaningful interaction can help improve self-awareness and mutual understanding between individuals. By working towards a shared goal and treating everyone with equal status, people are more likely to overcome prejudices and biases. This suggests that meaningful interaction plays a crucial role in reducing negative attitudes and promoting positive relationships among individuals.Rate this question:
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- 20.
A relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of a person's interaction with the environment.
- A.
Explicit knowledge
- B.
Behaviour modification
- C.
Learning
- D.
Tacit knowledge
- E.
Johari Window
Correct Answer
C. LearningExplanation
Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of a person's interaction with the environment. This change can be observed through the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or behaviors. Learning can occur through various processes such as conditioning, observation, or experience, and it plays a crucial role in human development and adaptation to the environment. It is a fundamental process that allows individuals to acquire and apply knowledge, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Embedded in our actions and ways of thinking, and transmitted only through observation and experience.
- A.
Learning
- B.
Behaviour modification
- C.
Explicit knowledge
- D.
Tacit knowledge
- E.
Meaningful interaction
Correct Answer
D. Tacit knowledgeExplanation
Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge that is not easily articulated or expressed in words, but rather embedded in our actions and ways of thinking. It is not something that can be easily taught or transmitted through explicit instruction, but rather acquired through observation and experience. This type of knowledge is often difficult to formalize or document, as it is deeply ingrained in an individual's subconscious and is developed through meaningful interactions with others. Therefore, the correct answer is tacit knowledge.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What we learn from things like reading in a book, but only the tip of the iceberg.
- A.
Meaningful interaction
- B.
Explicit knowledge
- C.
Tacit knowledge
- D.
Learning
- E.
Behaviour modification
Correct Answer
B. Explicit knowledgeExplanation
Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge that can be easily articulated and codified, such as facts, theories, and procedures. The given statement suggests that what we learn from reading in a book is only a small part of the knowledge available, implying that it is explicit knowledge. This implies that the information gained from reading is limited and does not encompass the entirety of knowledge on a particular subject.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A theory that explains learning in terms of the antecedents and consequences of behaviour. Believes that learning is completely dependent on the environment. Views human thoughts as unimportant intermediate stages between behaviour and the environment. The environment teaches us to alter our behaviours so that we maximize positive consequences and minimize adverse consequences.
- A.
Positive reinforcement
- B.
Learning
- C.
Johari Window
- D.
Behaviour modification
- E.
Halo effect
Correct Answer
D. Behaviour modificationExplanation
Also known as operant conditioning and reinforcement theory.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Occurs when the introduction of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future probability of a specific behaviour.
- A.
Positive reinforcement
- B.
Negative reinforcement
- C.
Extinction
- D.
Behaviour modification
- E.
Punishment
Correct Answer
A. Positive reinforcementExplanation
Contingencies of reinforcement (behaviour modifcation)Rate this question:
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- 25.
Occurs when a consequence decreases the frequency or future probability of a behaviour.
- A.
Extinction
- B.
Meaningful interaction
- C.
Positive reinforcement
- D.
Punishment
- E.
Negative reinforcement
Correct Answer
D. PunishmentExplanation
Contingencies of reinforcement (behaviour modifcation)Rate this question:
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- 26.
Occurs when the removal or avoidance of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency or future possibility of a specific behaviour.
- A.
Extinction
- B.
Positive reinforcement
- C.
Negative reinforcement
- D.
Behaviour modelling
- E.
Punishment
Correct Answer
C. Negative reinforcementExplanation
Contingencies of reinforcement (behaviour modifcation)Rate this question:
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- 27.
Occurs when the target behaviour decreases because no consequence follows it.
- A.
Negative reinforcement
- B.
Learning
- C.
Punishment
- D.
Extinction
- E.
Positive reinforcement
Correct Answer
D. ExtinctionExplanation
Contingencies of reinforcement (behaviour modifcation)Rate this question:
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- 28.
Observing the behaviours of a role model on the critical task, remembering the important elements of the observed behaviour, and then practicing those behaviours.
- A.
Learning behaviour consequences
- B.
Behaviour modelling
- C.
Self-reinforcement
- D.
Learning orientation
- E.
Knowledge use
Correct Answer
B. Behaviour modellingExplanation
Social learning theoryRate this question:
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- 29.
People learn the repercussions of behaviour through logic and observation, not just through direct experience.
- A.
Knowledge use
- B.
Self-reinforcement
- C.
Learning orientation
- D.
Learning behaviour consequences
- E.
Behaviour modelling
Correct Answer
D. Learning behaviour consequencesExplanation
Social learning theoryRate this question:
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- 30.
Occurs whenever an employee has control over a reinforcer but doesn't take it until completing a goal they set by themselves.
- A.
Learning behaviour consequences
- B.
Knowledge use
- C.
Self-reinforcement
- D.
Behaviour modelling
- E.
Learning orientation
Correct Answer
C. Self-reinforcementExplanation
Social learning theoryRate this question:
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- 31.
A culture in which the organization rewards experimentation, accepts reasonable mistakes, and encourages employees to question long-held assumptions about best practices. Employees value learning opportunities. Encourages employees to take reasonable risks to ultimately discover new and better ways of doing things.
- A.
Self-reinforcement
- B.
Explicit knowledge
- C.
Learning orientation
- D.
Knowledge use
- E.
Behaviour modelling
Correct Answer
C. Learning orientationExplanation
The given description suggests that the culture of the organization encourages learning and growth. It values learning opportunities and encourages employees to question traditional practices and take reasonable risks. This indicates a focus on continuous improvement and a willingness to experiment and make mistakes in order to discover new and better ways of doing things. Therefore, the correct answer is learning orientation, as it best aligns with the characteristics described in the given statement.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Comes from applying intelligence in ways that add value to the organization and its stakeholders.
- A.
Learning orientation
- B.
Learning behaviour consequences
- C.
Behaviour modelling
- D.
Knowledge use
- E.
Self-reinforcement
Correct Answer
D. Knowledge useExplanation
Knowledge use refers to the application of intelligence in ways that add value to the organization and its stakeholders. This means that individuals are able to take the knowledge they have acquired and effectively utilize it to make informed decisions, solve problems, and contribute to the overall success of the organization. By actively applying their knowledge, individuals can help drive innovation, improve processes, and achieve desired outcomes. This ultimately leads to positive outcomes for the organization and its stakeholders, making knowledge use a crucial aspect of organizational success.Rate this question:
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