Introductory Physical Science (Period Length) The Final Exam

The graph shows two distinct points where the temperature remains constant for a period of time before increasing again. These plateaus indicate that the liquid is undergoing a phase change, specifically boiling. The first plateau occurs at around 65º C, indicating that the liquid is boiling at this temperature. The second plateau occurs at around 100º C, indicating that the liquid is also boiling at this temperature. Therefore, the original unknown liquid had boiling points at both 65º C and 100º C.

The statement "Water boils at 100 degrees Fahrenheit" is false. Water actually boils at 100 degrees Celsius, not Fahrenheit.

The figure on the left best represents an element in a solid form because it shows a compact and tightly packed arrangement of particles. The particles are closely bound together and have a fixed shape and volume, which are characteristics of a solid. The figure in the center and the figure on the right do not show the same level of organization and compactness, indicating that they do not represent a solid form.

The units for volume are cubic centimeters or milliliters, which are equivalent measurements. Both units represent the amount of space occupied by an object or substance. Cubic centimeters (cm³) is commonly used in scientific and mathematical calculations, while milliliters (mL) is commonly used in everyday measurements of liquids.

Radio waves are the least energetic type of radiation among the options given. This is because radio waves have the longest wavelength and lowest frequency compared to the other types of radiation. In the electromagnetic spectrum, energy is inversely proportional to wavelength, so longer wavelengths correspond to lower energy levels. Therefore, radio waves have the least amount of energy among the given options.

Mass is not a characteristic property of a substance because it can vary depending on the amount of the substance present. Characteristic properties, on the other hand, are intrinsic to a substance and do not change regardless of the amount. Boiling point, density, solubility, and radioactivity are all characteristic properties because they are unique to each substance and remain constant.

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The units for density are grams per cubic centimeter. Density is a measure of how much mass is contained within a given volume. It is calculated by dividing the mass of an object by its volume. In the given options, grams per cubic centimeter is the only unit that represents the ratio of mass to volume, which is the definition of density.

The volume in cm3 of the air between the marbles in the first graduated cylinder was 38. This means that there was empty space between the marbles that occupied a volume of 38 cm3.

All types of radiation, including radio waves, infrared, blue light, and gamma rays, travel at the same speed, which is about 300,000 km/s. This is because the speed of light is constant in a vacuum and all forms of electromagnetic radiation are composed of photons, which are particles of light. Therefore, regardless of the wavelength or frequency of the radiation, they all travel at the same speed.

The explanation for the correct answer is that the ink absorbs all wavelengths of light, meaning it does not reflect any light back to our eyes. This is why it appears black. On the other hand, the paper reflects all wavelengths of light, including white light, which is a combination of all colors. This is why the paper appears white to us.

Based on the graph of the temperature of the vapor escaping from the liquid as a function of time, it is not possible to determine the boiling points of the unknown liquid. The graph does not provide any information about the boiling points of the substances present in the mixture. Therefore, the statement "The boiling points were 75º C and 100º C" is false.

The mass of one of the marbles is approximately 1.25 grams.

Weight is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object. It is determined by the mass of the object and the acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, the correct answer is "The strength with which gravity pulls on a piece of matter." This explanation aligns with the definition of weight and how it is calculated.

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the total mass of a closed system remains constant, regardless of any physical or chemical changes that may occur within it. This means that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged. The statement that when you eat, you get bigger and gain mass violates this law because it suggests that mass is being created. In reality, when you eat, the mass of the food you consume is simply being added to your own mass.

The Geiger counter counted 1,440 counts in 60.0 minutes. To find the background, we need to determine the count rate per minute. By dividing 1,440 counts by 60.0 minutes, we get a count rate of 24.0 counts/min. This means that on average, the Geiger counter detected 24.0 counts every minute during the background measurement.

The graph shows that at 20 degrees C, the maximum solubility of sugar in water is around 200 g/100 cm3. Therefore, if you try to dissolve 300 g of sugar, only the maximum solubility of 200 g will dissolve completely, while the remaining 100 g will not dissolve and form a solid residue.

Mixtures can actually consist of elements as well. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded together. These substances can be elements or compounds. Therefore, the statement that you can only have mixtures of compounds, not of elements, is false.

The volume of a rectangular block can be calculated by multiplying its length, width, and height. In this case, the length is 2 cm, the width is 3 cm, and the height is 4 cm. Therefore, the volume is 2 cm * 3 cm * 4 cm = 24 cm³.

Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in another substance. The given statement that the solubility of a substance is always the same regardless of temperature is false. Temperature has a significant effect on solubility. In general, as temperature increases, the solubility of most solid solutes in liquid solvents also increases. However, for some substances, such as gases, the solubility decreases with increasing temperature. Therefore, the solubility of a substance can vary depending on the temperature.

The correct answer is 62. This means that the volume of the marbles alone is approximately 62 cm3.

Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object. It is a fundamental property of matter and is independent of factors such as volume or density. The greater the mass of an object, the more matter it contains. Therefore, the correct answer is "How much matter you have."

The units for mass are grams or kilograms. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, and it is commonly measured using the metric system. Grams and kilograms are both units of mass in the metric system, with kilograms being the larger unit. Cubic centimeters or milliliters are units of volume, not mass. Grams per cubic centimeters is a unit of density, not mass. Degrees Celsius and degrees Fahrenheit are units of temperature, not mass.

The correct answer is 3.9. According to the rules of significant figures, the answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places. In this case, the volume has the fewest decimal places (one decimal place), so the answer should also be rounded to one decimal place. Therefore, the correct answer is 3.9.

The statement that the solubility of gases goes up when the temperature goes up is actually true, not false. According to Henry's law, the solubility of gases in a liquid increases with increasing temperature. This is why large fish are found in hot water, as they are able to absorb more oxygen from the water due to its increased solubility at higher temperatures.

The number and arrangement of electrons around the outside of the atom determines whether certain atoms will combine with other atoms. This is because the outermost electrons, also known as valence electrons, are involved in chemical bonding. Atoms with incomplete electron shells tend to react with other atoms in order to achieve a more stable electron configuration. Therefore, the number and arrangement of electrons play a crucial role in determining the chemical reactivity and ability of atoms to combine with other atoms.

Characteristic properties of substances do not depend on the shape in which the substance is in. The properties of a substance remain the same regardless of its physical form or shape. For example, the gold in a gold ring and a gold statue will have the same characteristic properties such as density, melting point, and conductivity. The shape or form of the substance does not alter these characteristic properties.

Volume is a measurement that determines how much space an object or substance occupies. It is a physical quantity that quantifies the three-dimensional extent of an object or the capacity of a container. In this context, volume measures the amount of space that the matter occupies, regardless of the amount or density of the substance.

The given answer is correct because all of the statements mentioned explain why there is not a Law of Conservation of Volume. The first statement explains that when two liquids are poured together, their volumes may not add up to the total volume due to differences in density. The second statement explains that when a gas is heated, it becomes less dense and takes up more space. The third statement explains that when a solid is cooled, it becomes more dense and takes up less space. Therefore, volume does not indicate the amount of substance present, but rather the amount of space it occupies.

Spectral analysis cannot be done with the naked eye without any equipment. Spectral analysis requires the use of instruments such as spectrometers or spectroscopes to separate and analyze the different wavelengths of light emitted or absorbed by elements. These instruments are necessary to detect and measure the specific spectral lines or patterns that are characteristic of each element.

The correct answer is 0.000015. This is because 1.5 x 10-5 can be written as 0.000015 in standard decimal notation.

CT scans use X-rays, which have shorter wavelengths compared to microwaves. Shorter wavelengths carry more energy, and excessive exposure to X-rays can increase the risk of developing cancer. Microwaves, on the other hand, have longer wavelengths and do not carry enough energy to cause cancer. Therefore, CT scans can be more dangerous than microwaves due to the higher energy levels associated with the shorter wavelengths of X-rays.

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When a plastic water bottle is left in the sun in a hot car for long periods of time, the temperature inside the car increases. As the temperature rises, the solubility of solids in the plastic also increases. This means that there is a higher chance of chemicals from the plastic bottle dissolving into the water. This can be a concern for some people as they may not want to consume these potentially harmful chemicals that could leach into the water.

During the heating process, the copper powder reacted with oxygen in the air to form a black solid. This black solid was then dissolved in acid, leaving behind 1.8 g of copper that had not reacted with oxygen. When zinc is added to the solution, it will displace the copper from the solution and precipitate it as solid copper. Since 1.8 g of copper is left in the solution, it is expected that 1.8 g of copper will be precipitated when zinc is added. Therefore, the predicted mass of copper precipitated is 1.8 g.

The statement that is false is "It is usually OK to not include the units with your measurements; the reader should be smart enough to figure out what they are." This is incorrect because units are an essential part of any measurement and omitting them can lead to confusion and misinterpretation of the data. Units provide context and help to ensure that measurements are understood correctly.

The given number, 0.0017cm, can be written in scientific notation as 1.7 x 10^-3. This is because in scientific notation, the number is expressed as a decimal between 1 and 10 (in this case, 1.7) multiplied by a power of 10 (in this case, -3, indicating that the decimal point needs to be moved 3 places to the left to convert 0.0017 to 1.7).

Finding the masses of the two substances would not help determine whether or not they are the same substances. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, but it does not provide information about the chemical composition or identity of the substances. Even if the masses of the two substances are equal, it does not guarantee that they are the same. Therefore, this test would not be helpful in determining if the substances are the same.

Boron has an atomic number of 5, which means it has 5 electrons. The electron configuration of boron is 2-3, with 2 electrons in the first energy shell and 3 electrons in the second energy shell. The outermost energy shell is the second energy shell, so boron has 3 electrons in its outermost energy shell.

An apparent loss of 0.2g would appear in column II of the histogram. This is because the histogram represents the distribution of data in different intervals or bins. Each column represents a specific range of values. Since the apparent loss is 0.2g, it would fall within the range represented by column II.

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The correct answer suggests that the analogy between fasteners and rings allows us to predict the law of constant proportions when compounds are made using these objects. This implies that the combination of fasteners and rings in compounds follows a consistent ratio, similar to how elements combine to form compounds in chemistry. By studying the behavior of fasteners and rings in compounds, we can gain insights into the fundamental principles of matter and its composition.

As the piece of aluminum foil is cut in half multiple times, the size and volume of the foil decrease. However, the mass of the foil remains the same because cutting it into smaller pieces does not change the amount of aluminum present. Therefore, the density of the tiny piece of foil will be the same as the original large piece of foil.

The statement that alpha radiation is the type that can pass most easily through matter is false. In reality, alpha radiation is the least penetrating type of radiation and can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air. Beta and gamma radiation are more penetrating and can pass through materials such as aluminum foil and lead.

The label on the x-axis in this graph is "Change in Mass".

The spectrum of a star moving away from Earth would exhibit a redshift, which means that the wavelengths of the light emitted by the star would be stretched towards longer wavelengths. In the given options, spectrum C shows a clear shift towards longer wavelengths, indicating that it represents the spectrum of a star moving away from Earth.

Option 2 shows the most recent/most current model of the atom because it depicts the electron cloud model, which is the currently accepted model of the atom. This model represents the electrons as a cloud of negative charge surrounding a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Option 1 and Option 4 may depict older models of the atom, such as the Bohr model or the Thomson model, which have been replaced by the electron cloud model.

An apparent increase of 0.3 g would appear in column V of the histogram. This is because each column represents a specific range or interval, and column V would represent a range that includes the value of 0.3 g. Therefore, any increase of 0.3 g would fall within this range and be represented by column V.

The best conclusion to draw from this histogram is that when copper and sulfur react, the most common result is no change in mass. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the peak of the histogram is centered around zero, indicating that the majority of the data points fall within a narrow range of no change in mass. The slight gains and decreases in mass that are observed can be attributed to small lab errors, as mentioned in the explanation.

The blocks that could be made of the same material are 2 and 3 only. This can be determined by calculating the density of each block, which is mass divided by volume. The density of block 1 is 1.25 g/cm3, the density of block 2 is 1.6 g/cm3, and the density of block 3 is 1.25 g/cm3. Since the density of block 1 is different from the densities of blocks 2 and 3, block 1 cannot be made of the same material as blocks 2 and 3. Therefore, the correct answer is 2 and 3 only.