Nurs 212a- pHarm (pH) - Chapter 29: Introduction To The Autonomic Nervous System

Figure 29.1 (p. 464).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Beta 1 receptors are found in CARDIAC TISSUE, where they can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increased heart rate. They are also responsible for increased LYPOLYSIS ore breakdown of fat for energy in peripheral tissues (p. 467).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Cholinergic receptors (part of the parasympathetic nervous system) of the effector cells are found on the organs and muscles. These receptors have been classified as muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors (p. 470).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Alpha 1 receptors are found in the blood vessels, in the iris, and in the urinary bladder. In BLOOD VESSELS, they can cause VASOCONSTRICTION and increase peripheral resistance, thus raising blood pressure. In the IRIS, they cause pupil dilation. In the URINARY BLADDER, they cause the icnreased closure of the internal sphincter (p. 467).

Alpha 1 receptors are found in the blood vessels, in the iris, and in the urinary bladder. In BLOOD VESSELS, they can cause VASOCONSTRICTION and increase peripheral resistance, thus raising blood pressure. In the IRIS, they cause pupil dilation. In the URINARY BLADDER, they cause the icnreased closure of the internal sphincter (p. 467).

Adregnergenic sites have been classified as alpha-receptors and beta-receptors. It is thought that receptors may respond to different concentrations of norepinephrine or different ratios of norepinephine and epinephrine (p. 467).

The PNS have LONG preganglionic fibers. It utilizes ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE as its neurotransmitter terminator. It utilizes acetylcholine as its postganglionic neutrostransmitter. Ganglia are located within or near effector organs (p. 466).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Acetylcholinsterase is an enzyme that reacts with ACh to form an inactive compound in cholinergic receptors (parasympathetic nervous system) (p. 471). The major neurotransmistter of the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (adrenergic receptors). If DOPAMINE is given IV, it leads to increased norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft (of adrenergic/sympathetic receptors). If dopamine is given in HIGH DOSES, it acts as a VASOCONSTRICTOR. If given in LOW DOSES, dopamine acts as a VASODILATOR. Thus, dopamine is DOSE DEPENDENT in actions (p. 471, notes).

Beta 2 recptors are found in the smooth muscle in blood vessels, in the bronchi, in the periphery, and in the uterine muscle. In BLOOD VESSELS, beta 2 stimulation leads to VASODILATION. Beta 2 receptors also cause dilation in the bronchi. In the periphery, they can cause increased muscle and liver breakdown of GLYCOGEN and increased release of GLYCAGON from the alpha cells of the PANCREAS. Stimulation of beta 2 receptors in the UTERUS results in relaxed uterine smooth muscle (p. 467-468).

Aldosterone release to increase blood pressure (notes).

The ANS integrates parts of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system to automatically react to changes in the internal and external environment. The MAIN NERVE CENTERS for the ANS are located in the hypothalamus, the medulla, and the spinal cord. Nerve impulses that arise in the peripheral structures are carried to these centers by AFFERENT nerve fibers. These integrating centers in the CNS responds by sending out EFFERENT impulses along the autonomic nerve pathways.

Generally occurs with LITTLE conscious awareness of its activity. Regulates and integrates the body's INTERNAL functions. Intergrates parts of the CNS and PNS to react to changes in the internal and external environment. Is also known as the INVOLUNTARY or VISCERAL nervous system (notes).

The SNS releases ACETYLCHOLINE from the preganglionic fiber to the ganglion. It utilizes MAO and COMT as the neurtransmitter terminators. GANGLIA are located NEXT TO SPINAL CORD. It has a SHORT preganglionic axon.

The parasympathetic system stimulation results in the following actons: Increased motility and secretions in the GI tract to promote DIGESTION and absorption of nturients. DECREASED HEART RATE and contractility to conserve energy and provide rest for the heart. CONSTRICTION of the BRONCHI with increased secretions. RELAXATION of GI and urinary bladder SPHINCTERS, allowing evacauation of waste products. PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION, which decreases the light entering the eye and decreases stimulation of the retina (p. 470)

Norepinephrine (adrenergenic neurotransmitter) is part of the sympathetic nervous system. Monoamine-oxidase acts by causing the reuptake of most of the free norepinephrine molecules that have been left over in the synaptic cleft (p. 468). Is an indirefct action (notes).

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) is an enzyme that is in the area, as well as the LIVER, to metabolize or biotransform any remainging norepinphrine or any norepinpehrine that is absorbed into circulation and transforms it into an inactive form (p. 468).

The parasympathetic system stimulation results in the following actons: Increased motility and secretions in the GI tract to promote DIGESTION and absorption of nturients. DECREASED HEART RATE and contractility to conserve energy and provide rest for the heart. CONSTRICTION of the BRONCHI with increased secretions. RELAXATION of GI and urinary bladder SPHINCTERS, allowing evacauation of waste products. PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION, which decreases the light entering the eye and decreases stimulation of the retina (p. 470)

Beta 1 receptors are found in CARDIAC TISSUE, where they can stimulate increased myocardial activity and increased heart rate. They are also responsible for increased LYPOLYSIS ore breakdown of fat for energy in peripheral tissues (p. 467).