Drugs That Affect Autonomic Nervous System! Trivia Quiz

Bethanechol is a medication used to treat urinary retention, which is the inability to empty the bladder completely. It works by stimulating the muscles in the bladder, causing it to contract and allowing urine to be expelled. This medication is commonly prescribed for individuals who have difficulty urinating due to certain medical conditions or after surgery. It is not used to treat glaucoma, COPD, or hypotension.

Pilocarpine acts on muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor found in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are involved in various physiological processes, including regulation of heart rate, smooth muscle contraction, and glandular secretion. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, binds to and activates these receptors, leading to increased parasympathetic activity.

Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, and Atracurium are all examples of neuromuscular blocking agents, which are used to induce muscle relaxation during surgery. These drugs work by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, which prevents muscle contraction. Therefore, they are classified as cholinergic antagonists.

Ephedrine is classified as a direct and indirect acting adrenergic agonist. This means that it acts on adrenergic receptors in the body, both directly by binding to the receptors and indirectly by increasing the release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals. As an agonist, it activates these receptors, leading to effects such as increased heart rate, bronchodilation, and vasoconstriction.

Bethanechol is a medication that acts as a cholinergic agonist, which means it stimulates the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. It specifically acts on muscarinic receptors, which are found in various organs and tissues throughout the body. By binding to these receptors, Bethanechol promotes the release of acetylcholine, leading to increased smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and other parasympathetic effects. It does not have any significant activity on nicotinic receptors, which are mainly found in the neuromuscular junction and mediate skeletal muscle contraction. Therefore, the correct answer is Muscarinic.

Ipratropium and Tiotropium Bromide are classified as Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics, inhibit the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in various bodily functions. These drugs block the activity of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lungs. This makes them effective in treating conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Homatropine and Oxybutin are classified as Cholinergic Antagonists because they block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in various bodily functions. Cholinergic antagonists are commonly used to treat conditions such as overactive bladder and certain eye conditions by inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine on specific receptors. By blocking the cholinergic receptors, these drugs help to relax smooth muscles and reduce excessive stimulation caused by acetylcholine. Therefore, the correct answer is Cholinergic Antagonists.

The correct answer is FALSE. Amphetamine is a stimulant drug that increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine from nerve terminals in the brain. It achieves this by blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, leading to an accumulation of norepinephrine and dopamine in the synaptic cleft. This increased availability of neurotransmitters enhances their effects on the brain, resulting in increased alertness, focus, and euphoria.

Reserpine is classified as an indirect acting, non-selective adrenergic antagonist. This means that it acts by inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals, leading to a decrease in sympathetic tone. As a non-selective antagonist, it affects both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. This results in various physiological effects such as decreased blood pressure and heart rate. Reserpine's indirect mechanism of action distinguishes it from direct acting adrenergic agonists or cholinergic agonists, which directly stimulate adrenergic or cholinergic receptors, respectively.

Methyldopa is a medication used to treat high blood pressure. It works by relaxing and dilating the blood vessels, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is "Decreases Blood Pressure."

Phentolamine is classified as a non-selective adrenergic antagonist. This means that it blocks the action of adrenergic receptors, which are responsible for the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. By blocking these receptors, phentolamine inhibits the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. It is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension and to reverse the effects of certain medications used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Yohimbine is classified as an alpha antagonist. This means that it blocks the action of alpha receptors in the body. Alpha receptors are found in various tissues and organs, including blood vessels and the central nervous system. By blocking these receptors, yohimbine can have various effects, such as increasing blood flow and reducing blood pressure. It is commonly used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and as a fat burner.

The action of a Muscarinic 2 receptor agonist is to decrease heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. This is because activation of the Muscarinic 2 receptor leads to the release of acetylcholine, which in turn inhibits the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is responsible for increasing heart rate, cardiac output, and blood pressure. Therefore, by inhibiting its release, a Muscarinic 2 receptor agonist causes a decrease in these parameters.

The drugs Trihexylphenidyl, Procycladine, and Benztropine are classified as cholinergic antagonists. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics, inhibit the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in various bodily functions. These drugs are used to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease, muscle spasms, and certain gastrointestinal disorders by blocking the effects of acetylcholine on specific receptors. By blocking the cholinergic receptors, these drugs help to reduce excessive cholinergic activity and restore balance in the affected systems.

Epinephrine acts on the alpha 1 receptor at high doses. The alpha 1 receptor is a type of adrenergic receptor found in various tissues, including blood vessels, smooth muscle, and the urinary bladder. Activation of the alpha 1 receptor leads to vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and relaxation of smooth muscles in organs such as the bladder. This response is important in conditions such as anaphylaxis, where epinephrine is used to counteract severe allergic reactions and restore normal blood pressure.

The drugs Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, and Atracurium all have the effect of skeletal muscle relaxation. This means that they inhibit the contraction of skeletal muscles, leading to muscle relaxation. These drugs are commonly used as muscle relaxants during surgical procedures to facilitate intubation, reduce muscle spasms, or induce muscle paralysis.

Atropine acts on the Muscarinic receptor. Muscarinic receptors are a type of acetylcholine receptor found in the central and peripheral nervous system. Atropine is an antagonist of these receptors, meaning it blocks their activation by acetylcholine. This leads to a variety of effects, including dilation of the pupils, increased heart rate, and decreased secretions. Atropine is commonly used in medicine to treat conditions such as bradycardia and to prevent excessive secretions during surgery.

Cyclopentolate is classified as a cholinergic antagonist. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics, inhibit the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the parasympathetic nervous system. Cyclopentolate specifically blocks the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors, thus preventing its effects. This drug is commonly used in ophthalmology to dilate the pupil and temporarily paralyze the muscles that control the shape of the lens, allowing for a more accurate examination of the eye.

Tropicamide is classified as a cholinergic antagonist. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics, inhibit the effects of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in various bodily functions. Tropicamide specifically acts by blocking the muscarinic receptors in the eye, causing dilation of the pupil and paralysis of the muscles that control the shape of the lens. This makes it useful in ophthalmology for procedures such as eye examinations and surgeries.

Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels. This means that they are activated by the binding of a specific ligand, in this case, acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to the receptor, it causes the ion channel to open, allowing the flow of ions across the cell membrane. This activation leads to various physiological responses, such as muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. Nicotinic receptors can be found in both preganglionic neurons, which are part of the autonomic nervous system, and smooth muscle cells.

Beta receptor stimulation involves G-proteins and cAMP. When beta receptors are stimulated, G-proteins are activated, which in turn activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase then converts ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which acts as a second messenger. cAMP triggers a cascade of intracellular events, leading to various physiological responses such as increased heart rate, bronchodilation, and glycogenolysis. Therefore, G-proteins and cAMP play a crucial role in transmitting the signal from beta receptors to the intracellular environment.

Phenoxybenzamine is classified as a non-selective adrenergic antagonist. This means that it blocks the action of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. By doing so, it inhibits the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles and a decrease in blood pressure. This classification distinguishes it from drugs that specifically target either alpha or beta receptors.

Phentolamine is known to have a vasodilation effect. This means that it causes the blood vessels to widen, resulting in increased blood flow and decreased blood pressure. Vasodilation is beneficial in conditions such as hypertension or erectile dysfunction, where increased blood flow is desired.

Reserpine acts on alpha and beta receptors.

Reserpine is a medication that blocks the transport of norepinephrine, along with other neurotransmitters, from nerve terminals into vesicles for storage. This leads to a decrease in the amount of norepinephrine available for release, resulting in a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity. Therefore, the correct answer is FALSE.

Physostigmine is a cholinergic agonist, meaning it enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by binding to and activating cholinergic receptors in the nervous system. It is commonly used as a medication to treat conditions such as glaucoma and myasthenia gravis by increasing cholinergic activity.

The organophosphorous anticholinesterases react with the esteric site on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The esteric site is the specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction. In this case, the organophosphorous anticholinesterases bind to the esteric site of acetylcholinesterase, inhibiting its normal function. This leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, in the synapse, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system.

There are five adrenergic receptor types. Adrenergic receptors are a type of receptor found in the sympathetic nervous system that bind to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as adrenaline). These receptors are classified into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3 subtypes. Each subtype has different functions and is located in different tissues throughout the body. Therefore, the correct answer is 5.

The acronym 'DUMBELS' is used to remember the adverse effects of cholinergic agonist drugs. The 'BELS' in the acronym stands for bronchoconstriction, excitation of skeletal muscle, sweating, and lacrimation. This means that these drugs can cause narrowing of the airways in the lungs, increased activity of skeletal muscles, excessive sweating, and excessive tearing.

Dopamine primarily acts on beta 1 receptors. These receptors are found in the heart and play a role in increasing heart rate and contractility. Activation of beta 1 receptors by dopamine can lead to increased cardiac output. Alpha 2 receptors are not the primary target of dopamine, and while beta 3 receptors exist, they are not the main receptors through which dopamine exerts its effects. Therefore, the correct answer is beta 1 receptors.

Terbutaline is a medication that acts on beta 2 receptors. Beta 2 receptors are primarily found in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles in the lungs, and their activation leads to relaxation of these muscles, resulting in bronchodilation. This makes Terbutaline an effective treatment for conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) where bronchoconstriction occurs. By acting specifically on beta 2 receptors, Terbutaline avoids potential side effects associated with the activation of other receptors such as alpha 1 or alpha 2.

Ephedrine stimulates the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in the body's "fight or flight" response. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels, preparing the body for action. Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic drug, acts on the sympathetic nervous system to enhance the release and effects of norepinephrine. This can lead to increased alertness, energy, and focus.

Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, and Tamusulosin are all classified as alpha selective adrenergic antagonists. These drugs work by blocking the alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, which are found in smooth muscle in the blood vessels and other tissues. By blocking these receptors, these drugs cause relaxation of the smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. They are commonly used to treat conditions such as hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Neostigmine is classified as an anticholinesterase drug. Anticholinesterases inhibit the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. By inhibiting this enzyme, Neostigmine increases the levels of acetylcholine in the body, leading to enhanced cholinergic activity. This drug is commonly used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs used during surgery.

Terbutaline is classified as an adrenergic agonist. Adrenergic agonists stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the activation of the fight-or-flight response. Terbutaline specifically targets the beta-2 adrenergic receptors, which are found in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles. By activating these receptors, Terbutaline relaxes the smooth muscles and dilates the airways, making it an effective medication for treating asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Atenolol, Metroprolol, and Esmolol act on Beta 1 receptors. These drugs are beta blockers that specifically target the beta 1 adrenergic receptors, which are primarily found in the heart. By blocking these receptors, these drugs reduce the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the heart, leading to decreased heart rate and blood pressure. This makes them effective in treating conditions such as hypertension, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders.

Muscarinic 3 receptors are found in the visceral smooth muscle. These receptors are a subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that bind to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Visceral smooth muscle refers to the smooth muscle found in the internal organs of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and respiratory tract. Activation of muscarinic 3 receptors in the visceral smooth muscle can lead to various physiological effects, including smooth muscle contraction or relaxation, depending on the specific organ and its function.

Homatropine and Oxybutin are classified as synthetic cholinergic antagonists. This means that they are artificially created compounds that block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals in the nervous system. Synthetic cholinergic antagonists are commonly used to treat conditions such as overactive bladder or to dilate the pupils during eye examinations.

Suxamethonium (or Succinyl Choline) is a cholinergic antagonist. Cholinergic antagonists block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. By blocking the action of acetylcholine, cholinergic antagonists can produce a variety of effects, such as muscle relaxation or inhibition of certain bodily functions. Suxamethonium is commonly used as a muscle relaxant during surgeries or medical procedures.

Alpha 1 receptor stimulation involves the activation of Phospholipase C, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of two second messengers, IP3 (Inositol trisphosphate) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 acts by releasing calcium ions from intracellular stores, leading to various cellular responses, while DAG activates protein kinase C, which regulates multiple cellular processes. This signaling pathway is important for mediating the effects of alpha 1 receptor activation on smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction, and other physiological responses.

Tyramine is classified as an indirect acting adrenergic agonist because it indirectly stimulates the release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals. It does this by displacing norepinephrine from storage vesicles, leading to an increase in its release. This results in various physiological effects, including vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

Yohimbine acts on the Alpha 2 receptor.

Edrophonium is classified as an anticholinesterase drug. Anticholinesterases inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. By inhibiting this enzyme, Edrophonium increases the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, leading to increased cholinergic activity. This can be useful in diagnosing and treating certain conditions such as myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness.

Nicotine, Hexamethonium, and Trimethaphan are all examples of Cholinergic Antagonists. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergic drugs, block the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at the cholinergic receptors in the body. This leads to a decrease in the effects of acetylcholine, resulting in various physiological responses. These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions such as overactive bladder, asthma, and certain gastrointestinal disorders.

Isoproterenol is a medication that acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist. It stimulates beta receptors in the heart, leading to an increase in heart rate (chronotropic effect) and an increase in the force of contraction (inotropic effect). Therefore, the correct answer is positive chronotropic and inotropic effects.

Tyramine is a naturally occurring compound found in certain foods, such as aged cheese and fermented products. It is known to trigger migraines and can cause a dangerous increase in blood pressure when combined with certain medications. Due to these potential risks, tyramine does not have any recognized therapeutic uses and is generally avoided in medical treatments. Therefore, the statement that tyramine has no therapeutic use is true.

Alpha-1 blockers, such as tamsulosin, alfuzosin, doxazosin, prazosin, and terazosin, induce relaxation in the smooth muscle of the bladder neck and prostate. This action has the potential to enhance the urinary flow rate.

Carbachol is a medication that is primarily used to treat glaucoma, a condition characterized by increased pressure in the eye. It works by reducing intraocular pressure by constricting the pupil and increasing the outflow of fluid from the eye. Carbachol is not used to treat asthma, urinary retention, or tachycardia.

Scopolamine is similar to Atropine in its mechanism of action as both drugs are anticholinergic agents. However, Scopolamine has a longer half-life compared to Atropine. This means that it stays in the body for a longer duration before being eliminated. This longer half-life can be advantageous in certain situations where a sustained effect is desired, such as in the prevention of motion sickness or the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Glycopyrrolate and Dicyclomide are classified as Cholinergic Antagonists. These drugs work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in various bodily functions. By inhibiting acetylcholine, these drugs can help reduce excessive sweating, saliva production, and other cholinergic effects. They are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, and urinary incontinence.

Norepinephrine does not affect beta 2 receptors. This is because norepinephrine primarily acts on alpha receptors, not beta 2 receptors. Beta 2 receptors are mainly stimulated by other substances such as epinephrine. Therefore, the statement is true.

Phenoxybenzamine acts on both alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors. These receptors are part of the adrenergic system and are responsible for mediating the effects of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. By blocking these receptors, phenoxybenzamine inhibits the actions of norepinephrine, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles, vasodilation, and decreased blood pressure.

Timolol and Nadolol are beta blockers, which work by blocking the beta receptors in the heart. This leads to a decrease in heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) and a decrease in the force of contraction of the heart (negative inotropic effect). These effects are beneficial in conditions such as hypertension, angina, and certain arrhythmias, as they help to reduce the workload on the heart and improve its efficiency. Therefore, the correct answer is "Negative chronotropic & inotropic effects."

Labetolol and Carvedilol are both beta blockers, which means they block the effects of adrenaline on the body. By blocking the beta receptors in the body, these medications reduce the heart rate and the force of the heart's contractions, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure is known as hypotension. Therefore, the correct answer is hypotension.

Guanethidine is classified as an indirect acting adrenergic antagonist. This means that it inhibits the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals, leading to a decrease in sympathetic activity. It does not directly interact with adrenergic receptors but instead acts by blocking the uptake of norepinephrine into the nerve terminals, preventing its release. As a result, guanethidine reduces sympathetic outflow and has antihypertensive effects.

Muscarinic 3 receptors are primarily located in smooth muscle cells of the airways. Activation of these receptors leads to bronchoconstriction, causing the airways to narrow. This can result in difficulty breathing and is commonly seen in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, bronchoconstriction is the agonistic action of Muscarinic 3 receptors.

Methacholine acts on the muscarinic receptors. These receptors are part of the cholinergic system and are activated by acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Methacholine is a synthetic choline ester that specifically targets and activates the muscarinic receptors, leading to various physiological effects such as smooth muscle contraction and increased glandular secretions. Nicotinic receptors, on the other hand, are activated by nicotine and are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since the correct answer states that Methacholine acts on the muscarinic receptors only, it can be inferred that it does not have any effect on the nicotinic receptors.

Atropine is classified as an alkaloid. Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds that are often derived from plants. Atropine is extracted from the deadly nightshade plant (Atropa belladonna) and other related plants. It acts as a cholinergic antagonist, meaning it blocks the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at certain receptors in the body. Atropine is commonly used in medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including bradycardia (slow heart rate), as a pre-anesthetic agent, and to dilate the pupils during eye examinations.

Muscarinic 1 receptors are found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These receptors are part of the parasympathetic nervous system and are involved in the regulation of various gastrointestinal functions such as smooth muscle contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes, and motility. Activation of Muscarinic 1 receptors in the GIT can lead to increased gastrointestinal activity.

Suxamethonium (or Succinyl Choline) is known to cause skeletal muscle dilation. This means that it relaxes the muscles found in various parts of the body, such as the bronchial tubes, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal tract. This dilation can lead to effects such as increased airway diameter, decreased blood pressure, and improved gastrointestinal motility.

Terbutaline is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as beta-2 adrenergic agonists. It works by stimulating the beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the airways, leading to their relaxation. This relaxation helps in relieving bronchospasms and improving airflow in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Therefore, the effect of Terbutaline is smooth muscle relaxation.

Phenoxybenzamine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha blockers. It works by blocking the action of certain receptors in the smooth muscles lining blood vessels, leading to their relaxation. This relaxation of smooth muscles causes the blood vessels to widen or dilate, resulting in vasodilation. Therefore, the correct answer is vasodilation.

Miosis is the constriction of the pupil, which is caused by activation of the Muscarinic 3 receptors, not the Muscarinic 1 receptors. Muscarinic 1 receptor activation does not directly cause miosis. Therefore, miosis is NOT a Muscarinic 1 receptor agonist action.

Edrophonium is classified as a short, reversible drug. This means that it has a short duration of action and can be quickly reversed or neutralized. It is commonly used as a diagnostic agent to test for myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disorder. By temporarily blocking the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, edrophonium increases the concentration of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to improved muscle strength in individuals with myasthenia gravis. Its short duration of action allows for rapid assessment of muscle function and quick reversal of any adverse effects.

Tolterodine is a synthetic cholinergic antagonist. This means that it is artificially created rather than being derived from natural sources. Cholinergic antagonists work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that plays a role in muscle contractions. Tolterodine specifically targets the muscarinic receptors in the bladder, helping to relax the muscles and reduce urinary frequency and urgency. Being a synthetic drug allows for more control over its properties and can potentially lead to improved effectiveness and reduced side effects compared to naturally occurring alkaloids or other types of cholinergic antagonists.

The drugs Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, and Atracurium act on nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors are a type of cholinergic receptor that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. These receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems and play a role in muscle contraction. Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, and Atracurium are neuromuscular blocking agents that work by blocking the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, leading to muscle relaxation and paralysis.

Suxamethonium (or Succinyl Choline) acts on the Nicotinic receptors.

Pralidoxime (PAM) is classified as an Acetylcholinesterase Reactivator. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and other functions. Organophosphorous compounds, such as nerve agents and insecticides, inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine and overstimulation of the nervous system. Pralidoxime works by reactivating the inhibited acetylcholinesterase, restoring its normal function and reducing the toxic effects of organophosphorous compounds. Therefore, Pralidoxime is specifically designed to reactivate acetylcholinesterase and is used as an antidote for poisoning with organophosphorous compounds.

Suxamethonium, also known as Succinyl Choline, is a type of cholinergic antagonist that acts as a depolarizing agent. It binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction, causing a sustained depolarization of the motor endplate. This results in muscle paralysis, making it useful for procedures requiring muscle relaxation, such as endotracheal intubation. Unlike non-depolarizing agents, which competitively inhibit acetylcholine from binding to the receptors, suxamethonium initially stimulates the receptors before desensitizing them.

Epinephrine acts on beta 1 and beta 2 receptors at low doses. Beta 1 receptors are found in the heart and when stimulated, they increase heart rate and force of contraction. Beta 2 receptors are found in the smooth muscles of the bronchioles in the lungs and when stimulated, they cause relaxation and dilation of the airways, leading to improved breathing. Thus, epinephrine's action on these receptors helps in increasing heart rate and improving breathing at low doses.

Methyldopa is classified as an adrenergic agonist. Adrenergic agonists are drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased release of norepinephrine and epinephrine. Methyldopa works by being converted into alpha-methylnorepinephrine, which acts as a false neurotransmitter and stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors in the brainstem. This activation leads to a decrease in sympathetic outflow, resulting in decreased blood pressure. Therefore, Methyldopa is an adrenergic agonist rather than a muscarinic antagonist or agonist.

Neostigmine is classified as a medium, reversible drug. This means that it has a moderate duration of action and can be reversed if necessary. Reversible drugs bind temporarily to their target receptors and can be easily displaced. Neostigmine is commonly used to treat conditions such as myasthenia gravis, where it helps to improve muscle strength by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in muscle contractions. Its reversible nature allows for control and adjustment of its effects as needed.

Ipratropium and Tiotropium Bromide are classified as synthetic cholinergic antagonists because they are chemically synthesized compounds that act as antagonists to the cholinergic receptors in the body. They are not naturally occurring alkaloids or depolarizing/non-depolarizing agents commonly associated with cholinergic antagonists.

Dopamine has effects on multiple receptors in the body. At low doses, it primarily affects dopamine 1, dopamine 2, and beta 1 receptors. These receptors are involved in various physiological processes, including blood pressure regulation, renal blood flow, and vasodilation. Activation of these receptors by dopamine can lead to increased blood flow to certain organs and tissues, as well as relaxation of smooth muscles. 

Albuterol and Metaproterenol are classified as adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic agonists are drugs that stimulate the adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system, leading to the activation of the fight or flight response. These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions such as asthma and bronchospasm, as they relax the smooth muscles in the airways, allowing for easier breathing. By mimicking the effects of adrenaline, adrenergic agonists can also increase heart rate and blood pressure. Overall, Albuterol and Metaproterenol belong to the class of drugs that enhance the activity of the adrenergic system.

Tolterodine is classified as a cholinergic antagonist. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergic drugs, block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in various bodily functions. Tolterodine specifically acts on muscarinic receptors in the bladder, reducing involuntary contractions and helping to control overactive bladder symptoms. This classification is based on the drug's mechanism of action and its specific effects on the cholinergic system.

Isoproterenol is classified as a beta agonist. Beta agonists are drugs that stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to relaxation of smooth muscles in the airways and blood vessels, and increased heart rate and contractility. Isoproterenol specifically targets and activates beta receptors, making it a selective beta agonist. This drug is commonly used to treat conditions such as asthma and heart rhythm disorders.

Carbachol is a cholinergic drug that acts on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are found in various tissues including the heart, smooth muscles, and glands, and are responsible for mediating the effects of acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction and autonomic ganglia, and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses. Carbachol's ability to activate both types of receptors allows it to have a wide range of physiological effects.

At high doses, dopamine primarily affects the Alpha 1 receptors.

Glycopyrrolate and Dicyclomine are both classified as synthetic cholinergic antagonists. Cholinergic antagonists, also known as anticholinergics, inhibit the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous system. They are synthetic drugs that are designed to specifically block the effects of acetylcholine on cholinergic receptors. These drugs are commonly used to treat various conditions such as gastrointestinal disorders, urinary incontinence, and respiratory conditions.

The correct answer is "Ganglionic Blockers." Cholinergic antagonists are drugs that inhibit the action of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors. Nicotine, hexamethonium, and tripethaphan are all ganglionic blockers, which means they act on the autonomic ganglia to block the transmission of nerve impulses. These drugs are used to reduce the activity of the autonomic nervous system and have various therapeutic applications.

Clonidine is a medication commonly used to treat high blood pressure. It works by stimulating certain receptors in the brain, which leads to a decrease in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. This ultimately results in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and a reduction in heart rate, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. Therefore, the correct answer is "Decreases Blood Pressure."

Guanethidine acts on both alpha and beta receptors. This means that it can bind to and activate both types of receptors in the body. By binding to these receptors, guanethidine can exert its pharmacological effects, which may include lowering blood pressure and reducing sympathetic nervous system activity.

The beta 2 effect refers to the activation of beta 2 adrenergic receptors, which are primarily found in smooth muscle cells. When these receptors are stimulated, it leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle. This effect is particularly important in the respiratory system, where the relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles helps to open up the airways and improve airflow.

Tubocurarine, Pancuronium, and Atracurium are all examples of non-depolarizing cholinergic antagonists. These drugs work by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle relaxation. Unlike depolarizing cholinergic antagonists, which initially cause muscle contractions before leading to paralysis, non-depolarizing antagonists directly inhibit muscle contractions. Therefore, the correct answer is non-depolarizing.

Butoxamine is classified as a beta selective antagonist. This means that it blocks the beta receptors in the body, specifically the beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. By blocking these receptors, Butoxamine inhibits the effects of beta agonists, which are responsible for activating these receptors. As a result, Butoxamine reduces the effects of sympathetic stimulation on the heart and blood vessels, leading to a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure.

Dopamine at moderate doses primarily affects the Beta 1 receptors. This means that it mainly acts on the Beta 1 adrenergic receptors in the body. These receptors are found in various tissues, including the heart, and are responsible for regulating heart rate and contractility. Stimulation of the Beta 1 receptors by dopamine can increase heart rate and strengthen the force of cardiac contractions.

Methydopa acts on the Alpha 2 receptors.

Propranolol is a beta blocker medication that works by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the beta receptors in the body. By doing so, it reduces the heart rate and blood pressure, leading to vasodilation. Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow and lower blood pressure. This effect of propranolol makes it useful in treating conditions like hypertension, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders.

The given drugs, Trihexylphenidyl, Procycladine, and Benztropine, are cholinergic antagonists that are used to treat Parkinson's disease. These drugs work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is involved in motor control. By inhibiting the effects of acetylcholine, these drugs help to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. Therefore, the correct answer is "Treat Parkinson's."

Phenoxybenzamine is a drug that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. This means that it is able to cross the protective barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, allowing it to exert its effects directly on the central nervous system. However, it is important to note that this ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier is only present when phenoxybenzamine is administered intravenously.

Butoxamine does not have any therapeutic use. This means that it does not have any specific medical or therapeutic purpose or benefit. It does not cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, nor does it have any other effects or uses.

Tyramine does not facilitate the transport of catecholamines. Tyramine is a naturally occurring compound found in certain foods and beverages, and it is known to increase the release of catecholamines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. However, it does not directly facilitate their transport. The transport of catecholamines is primarily mediated by specific transporters in the cell membrane.

Methacholine is used to treat asthma. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Methacholine is a bronchoconstrictor, meaning it causes the airways to narrow. In medical testing, methacholine is used to diagnose asthma by inducing bronchoconstriction in individuals suspected of having the condition. Therefore, it is clear that methacholine is used to treat asthma.

Atropine has multiple effects on the body. It decreases secretions from glands, such as salivary and sweat glands, leading to a reduction in excessive secretions. It also causes tachycardia, which is an increased heart rate, by blocking the action of the vagus nerve on the heart. Atropine can increase body temperature by inhibiting sweat production, which is an important mechanism for cooling down the body. Additionally, it causes bronchi dilation, which helps in relieving bronchospasm and improving airflow in conditions like asthma.