Electronics & Communication Quiz - 1

The correct answer is 1913 because it is the only option provided that is later than the other years listed. This suggests that the first long distance telephone call using an amplifier occurred in 1913.

Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is a two-dimensional material with exceptional properties such as high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Being a mono layer means that it consists of only one layer, making it the thinnest possible form of graphene. The other options, bi-layer and multilayer, would imply the presence of two or more layers of graphene, which is not the case here.

The correct answer is "Integral of E" because the potential drop across a circuit element is equal to the integral of the electric field (E) along the path of the circuit element. This integral represents the work done per unit charge to move the charge through the circuit element, resulting in a change in potential. Therefore, the integral of E is directly related to the potential drop.

John Ambrose Fleming is credited with inventing the vacuum diode. He developed the device in 1904 while working as an engineer for the Marconi Company. The vacuum diode, also known as a Fleming valve, was the first electronic device capable of amplifying electrical signals. It played a crucial role in the development of radio and telecommunications technology. J. J. Thomson is known for his discovery of the electron, but he did not invent the vacuum diode. Thomas Alva Edison was a prolific inventor, but he did not invent the vacuum diode either. de Lee Forest, also known as Lee de Forest, made significant contributions to the development of radio technology, but he did not invent the vacuum diode.

In 1971, the placement of 12 sub-systems of a computer on one Si-die refers to the development of a micro-processor. A micro-processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that integrates all the functions of a computer's central processing unit onto a single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. This advancement allowed for more efficient and compact computer systems, revolutionizing the field of computing.

The given answer states that an Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuit (ULSIC) chip with more than 100 million components is the Corei7. This implies that the Corei7 is an example of a ULSIC chip with an extremely high number of components.

The charge of an electron is -1.6*10^-19. This value represents the fundamental unit of negative charge carried by an electron. The negative sign indicates that the electron has a negative charge, while the magnitude of the charge is given by 1.6*10^-19.

The Vacuum Tube Era started in 1903.

The correct answer is 1971. This is the year when the microprocessor was invented. The microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that is contained on a single integrated circuit chip. It revolutionized the field of computing by allowing for the miniaturization and increased processing power of computers. The invention of the microprocessor paved the way for the development of modern computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices that we use today.

Amplifiers play a crucial role in long distance telephone calls by boosting the weak signal. When a signal travels over a long distance, it tends to lose strength and becomes weaker. Amplifiers are used to increase the strength of the signal, ensuring that it can travel long distances without significant loss of quality. By amplifying the weak signal, amplifiers help to maintain clear and reliable communication in long distance telephone calls.

ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic computer, was made operational in 1945. It was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC was a massive machine that occupied a whole room and used vacuum tubes to perform calculations. It was primarily used for military purposes during World War II, aiding in artillery trajectory calculations. Its creation marked a significant milestone in the history of computing, paving the way for the development of modern computers.

Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby were the inventors of Integrated Circuits. Integrated Circuits are tiny electronic devices that contain a large number of interconnected transistors and other components on a single chip. Noyce and Kilby separately developed the concept of integrating multiple electronic components onto a single piece of semiconductor material, which revolutionized the field of electronics. Noyce co-founded Intel Corporation and played a significant role in the development of the microprocessor, while Kilby worked at Texas Instruments and received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to the invention of the Integrated Circuit.

WHEEL has achieved homogenization across the globe for human society. This means that it has brought about a process of making things more similar or uniform across different parts of the world. The invention of the wheel has allowed for the development of transportation systems, trade, and communication, which have all contributed to the exchange of ideas, cultures, and goods. As a result, societies have become more interconnected and similar in many ways, leading to a globalized world.

A tetrode is a type of vacuum tube that has four electrodes: a cathode, a control grid, a screen grid, and a plate. These electrodes are used to control the flow of electrons and amplify signals in electronic circuits. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

The correct answer is 1/√(µoε0). This is because the velocity of light in free space is determined by the properties of the medium it is traveling through. In this case, the medium is free space, which has a specific combination of permeability (µo) and permittivity (ε0). The equation 1/√(µoε0) represents the relationship between these two properties and the velocity of light in free space.

Thermionic emission is the process where electrons are emitted from a heated surface. It occurs when the temperature of the surface is high enough to provide sufficient energy for the electrons to overcome the potential barrier and escape. In this case, the correct answer is 1000◦C, indicating that at this temperature, the surface is sufficiently heated to allow for thermionic emission to occur.

Graphite is a form of carbon that consists of multiple layers of graphene stacked on top of each other. Each layer is made up of a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. Therefore, graphite is considered to be a multilayer structure.

The correct answer is de Lee Forest because he is credited with inventing the vacuum triode, also known as the Audion, in 1906. This device was an early electronic amplifier and switch, which played a crucial role in the development of radio technology. J. J. Thomson is known for discovering the electron, John Ambrose Fleming contributed to the development of the vacuum diode, and Thomas Alva Edison is famous for numerous inventions, but none of them invented the vacuum triode.

In 1911, the first long distance telephone call was made. This implies that prior to this year, long distance telephone calls were not possible.

The First Information Revolution refers to the invention of alphabets. The invention of alphabets was a crucial development in human history as it allowed for the creation of a systematic and standardized way of representing language through written symbols. This breakthrough enabled the recording and transmission of information in a more efficient and accessible manner, leading to the spread of knowledge and the development of civilizations. The invention of alphabets laid the foundation for the subsequent advancements in communication and information technology, making it a significant milestone in the history of human progress.

The given answer states that a Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) chip with more than 1 million components is a Pentium IV chip. This implies that the Pentium IV chip is an example of a VLSI chip with a very high level of integration, containing over 1 million components.

The function of the anode in a vacuum tube (VT) is to capture electrons. When a voltage is applied to the anode, it attracts the negatively charged electrons emitted by the cathode. This flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode forms the current in the vacuum tube. The anode is designed to have a positive charge to attract and collect the electrons, allowing for the desired operation of the VT.

The given correct answer is "Newton". Newton is the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram by one meter per second squared. Therefore, Newton is the appropriate unit for measuring force, which is represented by the equation F = m × a, where F is force, m is mass, and a is acceleration.

A VCVS (Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source) is a type of controlled source that produces an output voltage that is proportional to an input voltage. In a VCVS, the output voltage can be controlled by varying the input voltage. This makes it a controlled source. TRIODE, on the other hand, is a type of vacuum tube used in electronics, and it is not a controlled source. Therefore, the correct answer is VCVS.

Graphene is the correct answer because it is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It has unique properties such as high electrical conductivity, excellent thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. These properties make graphene an ideal material for IC chips, especially at dimensions below 10nm, where traditional materials like Ge, Si, and GaAs may face limitations. Graphene's exceptional properties enable faster and more efficient electronic devices, making it a promising material for future IC chip technology.

The correct answer is "absolute permittivity." Absolute permittivity, denoted by εo, is a fundamental constant in physics that represents the ability of a material to store electrical energy in an electric field. It is a property of the medium in which the electric field exists and is related to the capacitance of a capacitor. It is used in calculations involving electric fields, such as in Gauss's law and the calculation of capacitance.

A PENTODE is a type of vacuum tube that has five electrodes. It is commonly used as an amplifier or oscillator in electronic circuits. In this context, a controlled source refers to a device that can control the flow of current or voltage in a circuit. A VCCS (Voltage Controlled Current Source) is a type of controlled source where the output current is directly proportional to the input voltage. Therefore, the given correct answer, VCCS, suggests that a PENTODE can function as a voltage-controlled current source in a circuit.

The correct answer is "Arboreal creatures became Cave-deweller." This suggests that fire played a significant role in human evolution by allowing early humans to move from living in trees (arboreal creatures) to living in caves (cave-dwellers). Fire provided warmth, protection from predators, and the ability to cook food, which allowed humans to expand their habitats and develop new skills and technologies. This transition from living in trees to living in caves marked an important milestone in human societal development.

Moore's Law is the observation made by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, which states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every 18 months. This means that the packing density, or the number of transistors that can be fitted onto a chip, will double in 18 months. This law has been a guiding principle in the semiconductor industry and has led to the rapid advancement of technology over the years.

A cathode ray refers to a stream of electrons that are emitted from the negative electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. These electrons are accelerated towards a positively charged electrode, or anode, creating a beam of charged particles. Beta-rays, which are high-energy electrons or positrons, are an example of cathode rays. Therefore, the correct answer is beta-ray.

Distortionless transmission refers to the transmission of a signal without any distortion or alteration in its waveform. By putting a series inductor (L) in the transmission line, the impedance of the line can be adjusted to match the characteristic impedance of the source and load. This helps in reducing any reflections or impedance mismatches that can cause distortion in the transmitted signal. Therefore, by putting series L, distortionless transmission can be achieved.

Before the 2nd World War, trans-oceanic calls were made through radio telephony. This involved using radio waves to transmit voice signals over long distances, allowing communication between continents. Submerged cables were not commonly used for trans-oceanic communication during this time, and satellite communication was not yet developed. Radio telephony was the primary method for long-distance communication before the advent of advanced technologies.

The given answer states that a Large Scale Integrated Circuit Chip with more than 100,000 components is referred to as μP4004. This suggests that the term "μP4004" is used to describe a chip that has a significantly higher number of components than the other options mentioned.

The correct answer is 3D Fin-FET Transistors. This innovation was adopted below 40nm to overcome the limitations of traditional planar transistors. Fin-FET transistors are three-dimensional structures that provide better control over current flow and reduce leakage, allowing for higher performance and energy efficiency. This technology has been widely implemented in modern semiconductor devices to enhance their performance and enable further miniaturization.

The machine cycle time is determined by the clock rate, which is given as 87kHz. To calculate the machine cycle time, we can use the formula: Machine Cycle Time = 1 / Clock Rate. Plugging in the given clock rate of 87kHz, we can calculate the machine cycle time as 1 / 87kHz = 11.5μs. Therefore, the correct answer is 11.5μs.

The remedy for Data Deluge Gap is Smart Network-on-Chip. This solution addresses the issue of handling large amounts of data by using a specialized network-on-chip architecture. It allows for efficient data transfer and communication between different components of a system-on-chip, enabling better management of data flow and reducing bottlenecks caused by the data deluge. System-on-Chip, on the other hand, is not specifically designed to handle the challenges posed by the data deluge, making it an ineffective remedy.

In 2005, scaling below 90nm became technically unviable, meaning that it was no longer feasible to continue reducing the size of transistors using traditional methods. To overcome this limitation, the industry adopted the Strained Si, High-K/Metal Gate innovation. This innovation involved introducing strain into the silicon crystal lattice to improve carrier mobility, as well as using high-k dielectric materials and metal gates to reduce leakage current and improve performance. This breakthrough allowed for further scaling and advancements in semiconductor technology.

The correct answer is PDP1. The PDP1, or Programmed Data Processor 1, was the first mini computer. It was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1959 and was designed to be smaller and more affordable than mainframe computers. The PDP1 was groundbreaking for its time, featuring a cathode-ray tube display and the ability to perform calculations and run programs. It paved the way for the development of smaller and more accessible computers, revolutionizing the field of computing.

In 1968, a networked interactive Real-Time Computer System was demonstrated. This event marked a significant milestone in the development of computer systems as it showcased the capability of computers to interact in real-time over a network. This demonstration paved the way for the future development of computer networks and the internet as we know it today.

Exponential growth in chip processing power occurred till 1990 due to scaling. Scaling refers to the process of reducing the size of transistors on a chip, allowing more transistors to be packed onto the same area. This enables the chip to perform more calculations per second, leading to an increase in processing power. As transistors became smaller, more of them could be integrated into a single chip, resulting in significant improvements in performance. This trend of scaling played a crucial role in the exponential growth of chip processing power during this period.

The term "Data Deluge Gap" refers to the disparity between the amount of data being generated and the infrastructure's ability to effectively store and process that data. It highlights the challenge of managing and analyzing large volumes of data due to limitations in storage capacity and network traffic. This explanation aligns with the given answer "storage&traffic >>infrastructure", which indicates that the data deluge gap is caused by the overwhelming amount of data exceeding the capabilities of the storage and network infrastructure.

Heaviside distortionless transmission refers to a condition where the inductance-to-resistance ratio (L/R) is equal to the capacitance-to-conductance ratio (C/G). This condition ensures that the transmission line does not introduce any distortion to the signal being transmitted. It implies that the line is properly terminated and the characteristic impedance of the line matches the impedance of the source and load. This balance between inductance, resistance, capacitance, and conductance allows for efficient and accurate signal transmission without any distortion.

Micron technology refers to the manufacturing process of producing electronic devices with channel lengths larger than 1 micron. This means that the channel length, which is a key parameter in electronic devices, is greater than 1 micron. The other options provided in the question refer to specific ranges of channel lengths, but only the option "larger than 1 micron channel length" accurately describes micron technology.

The hallmarks of the Solid State Era are battery operated devices, portability, economy, and intelligence. This means that devices in this era are powered by batteries, allowing them to be used without being plugged in. They are also portable, meaning they can be easily carried and used on the go. Additionally, these devices are designed to be cost-effective and affordable for consumers. Lastly, they are intelligent, meaning they have advanced features and capabilities that enhance their functionality.

The correct answer is "great leveler of society." This suggests that the IC Chip has achieved the goal of equalizing or reducing social inequalities in society. It implies that the advancement of IC Chip technology has had a significant impact on bridging the gap between different social classes or groups, leading to a more egalitarian society.

The correct answer is Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. This is because the question states that Fables Cos design the products and outsource them to Foundries. Among the given options, Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. is the only company that is a foundry and specializes in manufacturing semiconductors. HP, Agilent, and QUALCOMM are not foundries, but rather technology companies that may have other roles in the industry. Therefore, Taiwan Semiconductors Manufacturing Co. is the most suitable option as the foundry for outsourcing the design.

Deep sub-micron technology refers to the manufacturing process of integrated circuits where the channel length of transistors is between 100nm and 50nm. This technology allows for the creation of smaller and more efficient electronic devices, as it enables the fabrication of transistors with shorter channel lengths. By reducing the channel length, the transistors can switch faster and consume less power, leading to improved performance and energy efficiency in electronic devices.

CMOS technology is preferred today because it offers the advantage of having the lowest or zero standby power. Standby power refers to the power consumed by a device when it is not actively performing any tasks. By having the lowest or zero standby power, CMOS devices are able to conserve energy and prolong battery life in portable devices. This is especially important in today's technology-driven world where energy efficiency is a key consideration. Therefore, CMOS technology is favored over other technologies due to its ability to minimize power consumption during idle periods.

1 Torr of pressure is equivalent to 1mm of Hg. Torr is a unit of pressure named after the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the mercury barometer. It is defined as the pressure exerted by a column of mercury 1mm high at 0 degrees Celsius under standard gravity. Therefore, 1 Torr is equal to 1mm of Hg.

Ultra deep sub-micron technology refers to the fabrication of integrated circuits with feature sizes ranging from 50 nanometers to 10 nanometers. This technology enables the production of smaller and more densely packed transistors on a chip, leading to increased performance and functionality of electronic devices. By reducing the size of the transistors, it becomes possible to fit more of them onto a single chip, allowing for greater processing power and energy efficiency. This advancement has played a crucial role in the development of modern electronic devices such as smartphones, computers, and other high-performance technologies.

The Small Scale Integrated Circuit Chip is referred to as the RTL Chip when it contains less than 30 components. The term "RTL" stands for Resistor-Transistor Logic, which is a type of digital logic circuit implemented using resistors and transistors. This type of chip is commonly used for simple logic functions and basic control tasks.

Coaxial cables were laid in oceans for long distance calls in 1956. This marked a significant development in telecommunications as it allowed for more efficient and reliable communication over long distances. By using coaxial cables, signals could be transmitted with less interference and at higher speeds compared to previous methods. This advancement in technology paved the way for improved global communication and played a crucial role in the development of modern telecommunication systems.

The correct answer is UNIVAC I. UNIVAC I, which stands for Universal Automatic Computer I, was the first storage program computer. It was designed and built by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in the early 1950s. UNIVAC I was the first computer to be produced in quantity and used for general-purpose computing tasks. It was also the first computer to handle both numeric and alphabetic information, making it a significant milestone in the history of computing.

The correct answer is IBM1401. The IBM1401 was the first transistor mainframe computer that achieved a 50% reduction in volume and a 90% reduction in power consumption compared to earlier models. This technological advancement made the IBM1401 more compact and energy-efficient, setting a new standard in computer design. The UNIVAC I and UNIVAC II were earlier mainframe computers, but they did not achieve the same level of reduction in volume and power consumption. The IBM5100 was a portable computer, not a mainframe, and therefore it is not the correct answer.

Sub-micron technology refers to the fabrication of electronic devices with channel lengths smaller than 1 micron. The answer "990nm-100nm" is the correct choice because it falls within the range of sub-micron technology, specifically between 990 nanometers and 100 nanometers. This range signifies the decreasing size of channel lengths in electronic devices, allowing for more compact and efficient designs.

The pressure in a vacuum-tube is commonly measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or in some cases in microns of mercury (μm Hg). The given answer of "1 micron of Hg" indicates that the pressure in the vacuum-tube is extremely low, as 1 micron is equal to 0.001 mm. This suggests that the vacuum-tube has a pressure close to absolute zero, making it an ideal vacuum with almost no gas particles present.

The spin of an electron is a quantum mechanical property that describes its intrinsic angular momentum. It is quantized and can only take on certain values. In this case, the correct answer is (1/2)(h/2pi), which represents half of Planck's constant divided by 2π. This value is commonly used to denote the spin of an electron.

The improvement in chip processing power beyond 1990 was achieved through parallelism at the instruction level. This means that multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously, increasing the overall processing speed. This approach allows for more efficient use of the available hardware resources and enables faster execution of tasks. Scaling and cryogenic cooling are not mentioned as methods for achieving this improvement in chip processing power.

The correct answer is CAD of Digital VLSI Systems. The MPC79 program launched by ARPANET in 1977 was focused on the development of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools for Digital Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems. This program aimed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of designing complex integrated circuits by using computer software and automation.

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that allows current to flow in only one direction. It consists of three elements: an anode, a cathode, and a PN junction. The PN junction is formed by joining a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor. Therefore, the correct answer is 3, as there are three elements in a diode.

The brand name of IBM Personal Computers was IBM 5100.

Heterogeneous processor chips are the enabling technology of the mobile phone revolution. These chips consist of different types of processors, such as CPUs and GPUs, that work together to perform various tasks efficiently. The use of heterogeneous processor chips allows mobile phones to handle complex applications and multitasking with ease. This technology improves the overall performance and power efficiency of mobile devices, making them capable of running advanced applications and delivering a seamless user experience.

Superscalar architecture is the enabling technology of the personal computer revolution. This architecture allows multiple instructions to be executed simultaneously, increasing the overall performance and speed of the computer. It allows the processor to fetch, decode, and execute multiple instructions in parallel, resulting in improved efficiency and performance. This technology has played a crucial role in the advancement of personal computers, enabling them to handle complex tasks and run multiple applications simultaneously.