Psyc 3390 - Quiz # 3

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  • 1/38 Questions

    According to the behavioral approach, personality is

    • The result if inherited predispositions to behave in certain ways
    • A function of how we feel about conditions in the environment
    • The combination of environmental circumstances and unconscious impulses
    • The consistent patterns of behavior we engage in
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About This Quiz

PSYC 3390 - Quiz #3 explores key concepts in behavioral psychology, including classical conditioning, the law of effect, and behavior modification techniques like shaping and punishment. It assesses understanding of how behaviors are learned and labeled, crucial for students of psychology.

Psyc 3390 - Quiz # 3 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The process used in Pavlov's famous demonstrations of learning became known to the scientific community as

    • Classical conditioning

    • Operant conditioning

    • Instrumental conditioning

    • Behaviorisim

    Correct Answer
    A. Classical conditioning
    Explanation
    Classical conditioning is the process used in Pavlov's famous demonstrations of learning. In these experiments, Pavlov conditioned dogs to associate a neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with a reflexive response (such as salivating). Over time, the dogs learned to anticipate the reflexive response when the neutral stimulus was presented alone. This process of learning through association became known as classical conditioning. It involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, leading to the neutral stimulus eventually eliciting the response on its own.

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  • 3. 

    According to Skinner, when someone says she is talkative whenever happy, then

    • Happiness is the cause of the person's talkativeness

    • The person has only put a label on her talkativeness

    • The person has given an explanation for her talkativeness

    • Talkativeness is the real cause of the person's happiness

    Correct Answer
    A. The person has only put a label on her talkativeness
    Explanation
    According to Skinner, when someone says she is talkative whenever happy, it means that the person is simply labeling her talkativeness as being associated with happiness. This does not imply that happiness is the cause of the person's talkativeness or that talkativeness is the cause of the person's happiness. It suggests that the person is attributing her talkativeness to her state of happiness, but it does not provide an explanation for the talkativeness itself.

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  • 4. 

    From his observation of cats escaping from a "puzzle box" to obtain a piece of fish, Thorndike developed a theory that is known as

    • The law of operant conditioning

    • The law of effect

    • The law of consequences

    • The law of association

    Correct Answer
    A. The law of effect
    Explanation
    Thorndike's observation of cats escaping from a "puzzle box" to obtain a piece of fish led him to develop the theory known as the law of effect. According to this law, behaviors that are followed by positive consequences or rewards are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are followed by negative consequences or punishments are less likely to be repeated. This theory emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping and influencing behavior.

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  • 5. 

    George is stopped by a police officer for running a red light.  After checking on George's driving record, the officer suspends his driving privileges.  The officer is using ____________ to modify George's behavior.

    • Positive reinforcement

    • Negative reinforcement

    • Punishment

    • Extinction

    Correct Answer
    A. Punishment
    Explanation
    The police officer is using punishment to modify George's behavior. Punishment refers to the application of an aversive consequence in response to a behavior, with the aim of decreasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. In this case, the suspension of George's driving privileges serves as a punishment for running a red light, with the intention of discouraging him from repeating the behavior in the future.

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  • 6. 

    A baseball trainer works with a player to improve his hitting with successive attempts to produce more hits each week of the season.  The trainer is using

    • Stimulus generalization

    • Discrimination

    • Punishment

    • Shaping

    Correct Answer
    A. Shaping
    Explanation
    The correct answer is shaping. Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning where desired behavior is reinforced gradually by rewarding successive approximations of the behavior. In this scenario, the baseball trainer is working with the player to improve his hitting by gradually increasing the number of hits each week. By reinforcing and rewarding the player for each improvement, the trainer is shaping the player's hitting skills over time.

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  • 7. 

    With respect to the locus of control continuum, Sally has an external orientation.  Which of the following statements would she least likely make?

    • Hard work and perseverance pay off

    • If my luck doesn't change, I will never get married

    • I failed my psychology final because the professor doesn't like me

    • If I die in a car crash it was my time

    Correct Answer
    A. Hard work and perseverance pay off
    Explanation
    Sally having an external orientation on the locus of control continuum means that she believes that external factors, such as luck or other people's actions, have a significant influence on her life. Therefore, she would be less likely to make a statement like "Hard work and perseverance pay off," as it implies that personal effort and determination are the main factors for success. Sally is more likely to attribute her successes or failures to external factors beyond her control rather than her own actions or abilities.

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  • 8. 

    From Bandura's research on observational learning in children we can conclude that whether a child performs an aggressive act depends on

    • The amount of social encouragement the child has received to be aggressive

    • How extremely aggressive the behavior is

    • Whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished

    • Whether the model is the child's parent

    Correct Answer
    A. Whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
    Explanation
    Bandura's research on observational learning in children suggests that whether a child performs an aggressive act depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished. This means that if the child observes that the model's aggressive behavior is rewarded or reinforced, they are more likely to imitate and perform the aggressive act. On the other hand, if the model's aggressive behavior is punished, the child is less likely to imitate and perform the aggressive act. The amount of social encouragement the child has received to be aggressive and how extremely aggressive the behavior is are not mentioned as factors influencing the child's performance of aggressive acts in Bandura's research.

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  • 9. 

    One of the assumptions of self-efficacy theory is that there is a difference between believing that something can happen and believing that you can make it happen.  The extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as

    • Reinforcement value

    • Efficacy expectation

    • Outcome expectation

    • Performance accomplishments

    Correct Answer
    A. Efficacy expectation
    Explanation
    According to self-efficacy theory, one assumption is that there is a distinction between believing that something is possible and believing that one has the ability to make it happen. This belief in one's own capability to achieve desired outcomes is referred to as efficacy expectation. It is the extent to which individuals believe in their own capacity to bring about desired results.

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  • 10. 

    A criticism of the behavioral / social learning approach to personality is that

    • Behaviorists rejected free will as a determinant behavior

    • The role of heredity is not given adequate attention

    • Behavior therapists distort the real therapy issues in their narrow focus

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The behavioral/social learning approach to personality is criticized for several reasons. Firstly, behaviorists rejected free will as a determinant of behavior, which limits the understanding of individual agency and decision-making. Secondly, the approach does not give adequate attention to the role of heredity in shaping personality traits, ignoring the influence of genetics on behavior. Lastly, behavior therapists may distort the real therapy issues by focusing too narrowly on behavior, neglecting other important factors such as emotions and cognition. Therefore, all of the above criticisms contribute to the argument against the behavioral/social learning approach to personality.

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  • 11. 

    By which of the following processes does gender-role socialization take place?

    • Classical conditioning

    • Operant conditioning

    • Biological sex differentiation

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Operant conditioning
    Explanation
    Operant conditioning is the process by which gender-role socialization takes place. This process involves learning through rewards and punishments, where individuals are reinforced or discouraged based on their behavior. Through operant conditioning, individuals learn and internalize gender-specific behaviors, attitudes, and expectations that are considered appropriate for their gender. This process occurs through reinforcement and punishment from the environment, such as receiving praise for conforming to gender norms or facing criticism for deviating from them. Therefore, operant conditioning plays a significant role in shaping and reinforcing gender roles in society.

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  • 12. 

    Sam and Sally are in a debate about gender roles.  Sam says "I think men should be masculine, and women should be feminine."  Sally disagrees and argues that the best adjusted people in society have the ability to respond with feminine or masculine behaviors depending on the situation.  Sally agrees with which model?

    • The congruence model

    • The androgyny model

    • The masculinity model

    • The femininity model

    Correct Answer
    A. The androgyny model
    Explanation
    The androgyny model is the best fit for Sally's viewpoint because it emphasizes the importance of individuals being able to exhibit both feminine and masculine behaviors depending on the situation. This model suggests that the most well-adjusted people in society are those who possess a combination of traditionally masculine and feminine traits, rather than strictly adhering to societal expectations of gender roles.

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  • 13. 

    Under which of the following categories would a person fall who scores low on both masculine and feminine scales of gender-role inventory?

    • Androgynous

    • Masculine

    • Feminine

    • Undifferentiated

    Correct Answer
    A. Undifferentiated
    Explanation
    A person who scores low on both masculine and feminine scales of the gender-role inventory would fall under the category of "undifferentiated." This means that the person does not exhibit strong characteristics or behaviors typically associated with either masculinity or femininity. They may possess a more neutral or balanced combination of traits, not conforming to traditional gender roles.

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  • 14. 

    According to Bandura, if a person pays attention to a model's aggressive act and its consequences, and the person has the ability to enact what he or she has seen, then

    • It is highly possible that the person will engage the act

    • The person must also be able to remember the act to imitate it

    • Outcome expectations matter little

    • Performance has taken place but not learning

    Correct Answer
    A. The person must also be able to remember the act to imitate it
    Explanation
    According to Bandura's social learning theory, for a person to imitate an aggressive act they have observed, they must not only pay attention to the act and its consequences, but also be able to remember it. This suggests that memory plays a crucial role in the learning and imitation of behaviors. Therefore, the correct answer is that the person must also be able to remember the act to imitate it.

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  • 15. 

    Investigators who measured how much TV was watched by a group of 8 year old children found that 22 years later, at age 30, children who had watched high amounts of television

    • Were more chronically depressed than adults

    • Were more likely to have been convicted for crimes as adults

    • Were less likely to engage in serious crimes as adults

    • Did not appreciate the impact of violent television on their own children

    Correct Answer
    A. Were more likely to have been convicted for crimes as adults
    Explanation
    Children who had watched high amounts of television were more likely to have been convicted for crimes as adults. This suggests that excessive TV viewing during childhood may have a negative impact on their behavior and increase their likelihood of engaging in criminal activities later in life.

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  • 16. 

    Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to

    • Learn through observation how to be helpless

    • Avoid the stimulus on every trial

    • Stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation

    • Suffer from neurological damage

    Correct Answer
    A. Stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation". This is because dogs exposed to aversive stimuli that they could not escape learned to become passive and stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation. This behavior is known as learned helplessness, where the dogs have learned that their actions have no effect on the outcome, leading them to give up and become immobile.

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  • 17. 

    Which of the following are ways in which humans can learn to be helpless?

    • By being told they are helpless

    • By observational learning

    • By classical conditioning

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Humans can learn to be helpless through various ways. One way is by being told they are helpless, which can lead to a belief that they have no control over their situation. Observational learning is another way, where individuals observe others being helpless and adopt a similar mindset. Lastly, classical conditioning can also contribute to learned helplessness, as repeated negative experiences can condition individuals to believe that their actions have no impact on the outcome. Therefore, all of the above options can lead to humans learning to be helpless.

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  • 18. 

    Animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans are similar in that both

    • Show evidence for internal locus of control

    • Continue to try to escape adversity until exhaustion

    • Become highly agitated and aggressive

    • Have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors

    Correct Answer
    A. Have similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors
    Explanation
    Both animals exposed to inescapable shock and depressed humans show similar changes in neurotransmitters and receptors. This suggests that their brain chemistry is affected in a similar way, potentially leading to similar behavioral and emotional responses. This similarity in neurotransmitter and receptor changes may contribute to the shared characteristics of continued efforts to escape adversity until exhaustion and the potential for increased agitation and aggression.

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  • 19. 

    People with an internal locus of control may be healthier than people with an external locus of control because

    • Internals do not concern themselves with the nature of illnesses

    • Externals consume less healthy food and possess poor eating habits

    • Internals tend to perform more preventative behaviors

    • Externals cooperate with physicians more than internals

    Correct Answer
    A. Internals tend to perform more preventative behaviors
    Explanation
    People with an internal locus of control may be healthier than people with an external locus of control because they tend to perform more preventative behaviors. This means that they are more likely to engage in activities such as exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, getting regular check-ups, and taking necessary precautions to maintain their health. By being proactive and taking responsibility for their own well-being, individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to prevent illnesses and maintain good health.

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  • 20. 

    Which would you expect a person would do who is extreme in their gender-role?

    • Emphasize the usefulness of objects to accomplish tasks

    • Ignore information on gender related lines

    • Identify certain kinds of cars as masculine

    • Behave according to the gender roles of either gender

    Correct Answer
    A. Identify certain kinds of cars as masculine
    Explanation
    A person who is extreme in their gender-role would likely identify certain kinds of cars as masculine. This is because extreme adherence to gender roles often involves associating certain traits or characteristics with specific genders. In this case, the person would likely believe that certain cars possess traits or characteristics that are traditionally associated with masculinity, such as power, strength, or aggression.

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  • 21. 

    Violent video game players, when given the opportunity, gave _____________ to someone who had insulted them than participants who played a nonviolent game.

    • Louder and longer blasts of noise

    • Longer and more intense electric shocks

    • More intense electric shocks

    • More aggressive stares

    Correct Answer
    A. Louder and longer blasts of noise
    Explanation
    When given the opportunity, violent video game players tend to respond to someone who had insulted them by giving louder and longer blasts of noise compared to participants who played a nonviolent game. This suggests that exposure to violent video games may increase aggression and the willingness to retaliate aggressively when provoked.

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  • 22. 

    To obtain a sense of predictability, Kelly suggests that we engage in

    • Template matching

    • Scientific discovery

    • Theory construction

    • Hypothesis testing

    Correct Answer
    A. Template matching
    Explanation
    Kelly suggests that to obtain a sense of predictability, we engage in template matching. Template matching refers to the process of comparing incoming information with pre-existing templates or mental models. By using templates, we can quickly recognize patterns and make predictions based on past experiences. This approach allows us to find similarities between new situations and familiar ones, enabling us to anticipate outcomes and make informed decisions. Template matching helps us create a sense of predictability by relying on established patterns and templates in our thinking and decision-making processes.

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  • 23. 

    According to Kelly we use personal constructs to

    • Assess potential compatibility for mate selection

    • Understand our own personalities

    • Interpret and predict events

    • Form first impressions of others

    Correct Answer
    A. Interpret and predict events
    Explanation
    Personal constructs are mental frameworks or categories that we use to interpret and make sense of the world around us. By using personal constructs, we are able to analyze and understand events that occur in our lives. This allows us to interpret the meaning behind these events and make predictions about future outcomes. Therefore, the statement that we use personal constructs to interpret and predict events aligns with Kelly's theory.

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  • 24. 

    According to Kelly, when constructs fail us as we try to predict events,

    • Old constructs are selected out of the system

    • Failure to consider new information increases one's ability to make better predictions

    • New constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones

    • We seldom accept it

    Correct Answer
    A. New constructs are constantly generated to replace the old ones
    Explanation
    When constructs fail us in predicting events, it means that our existing frameworks or theories are not sufficient to explain or understand the situation. In order to improve our predictions, new constructs or theories need to be constantly generated to replace the old ones that have proven to be inadequate. This process of generating new constructs allows us to adapt and evolve our understanding of the world, enabling us to make better predictions in the future.

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  • 25. 

    Within personal construct theory, anxiety occurs when

    • One's construct system does not match the ideal system

    • One's constructs fail to become impermeable

    • One cannot predict future events

    • It becomes impossible to modify one's construct system

    Correct Answer
    A. One cannot predict future events
    Explanation
    According to personal construct theory, anxiety occurs when one cannot predict future events. This is because uncertainty about the future can lead to feelings of unease and discomfort. When individuals are unable to anticipate or forecast what may happen, it can create a sense of insecurity and fear. This lack of predictability disrupts their construct system and introduces ambiguity, which triggers anxiety.

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  • 26. 

    Jessica makes an appointment to speak with her professor about the last exam in the class.  She is quite surprised to find that there are no books in her professor's office.  Jessica's surprise most likely results from a violation of her professor's office

    • Construct

    • Prototype

    • Cognitive-affective unit

    • Schema

    Correct Answer
    A. Schema
    Explanation
    Jessica's surprise most likely results from a violation of her professor's schema. A schema is a mental framework or concept that helps individuals organize and interpret information about the world. In this case, Jessica's schema for a professor's office likely includes the expectation of books. The absence of books in her professor's office violates this schema, leading to her surprise.

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  • 27. 

    Each kind of cognitive therapy identifies ____________ as the cause of the disorders

    • Early childhood experiences

    • A loss of meaning of life and freedom

    • Inappropriate behaviors

    • Inappropriate thoughts

    Correct Answer
    A. Inappropriate thoughts
    Explanation
    Cognitive therapy focuses on the idea that inappropriate thoughts are the cause of disorders. This therapy approach suggests that negative or irrational thoughts can lead to negative emotions and behaviors. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, individuals can change their thinking patterns and improve their mental well-being. Therefore, cognitive therapy aims to help individuals recognize and replace their inappropriate thoughts with more rational and positive ones.

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  • 28. 

    Results of research on the possible selves of juvenile delinquents indicates that

    • Only a few had developed a possible self of criminal

    • Most had developed a possible self of rapist

    • Many had developed possible selves for goals like having a job and doing well in school

    • More than one-third had developed a possible self of criminal

    Correct Answer
    A. More than one-third had developed a possible self of criminal
    Explanation
    The research on the possible selves of juvenile delinquents revealed that a significant portion, more than one-third, had developed a possible self of being a criminal. This suggests that a considerable number of these individuals had internalized a criminal identity or saw themselves engaging in criminal behavior in the future. Additionally, the research also found that while some had developed a possible self of being a rapist, it was only a few, indicating that criminal identity was more prevalent than specifically identifying as a rapist. Furthermore, it was observed that many of the juvenile delinquents had developed possible selves related to positive goals such as having a job and doing well in school.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following is among the methods used by Kelly to assess personality

    • Projective tests

    • Repertory Grid

    • Q-sort

    • Biofeedback

    Correct Answer
    A. Repertory Grid
    Explanation
    The repertory grid is a method used by Kelly to assess personality. It involves asking individuals to compare and contrast different elements or constructs, such as people or situations, and rate them based on their personal experiences and perceptions. This method helps to uncover the individual's underlying cognitive structures and how they organize and make sense of the world. By analyzing the patterns and themes that emerge from the ratings, Kelly's repertory grid allows for a deeper understanding of an individual's personality and their unique way of perceiving and interpreting their environment.

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  • 30. 

    Which part of the A-B-C process would be the same as saying to yourself "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?

    • Activating experience

    • Irrational belief

    • Emotional consequence

    • Self-defeating thinking

    Correct Answer
    A. Irrational belief
    Explanation
    The given statement "It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school" reflects an irrational belief. Irrational beliefs are distorted and unrealistic thoughts that can lead to negative emotions and self-defeating behaviors. In this case, the belief that getting perfect grades is necessary implies an unrealistic expectation and puts unnecessary pressure on oneself. This irrational belief can lead to negative emotional consequences such as anxiety, stress, and disappointment if one does not achieve perfect grades.

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  • 31. 

    In which of the following ways has the cognitive approach been criticized?

    • It has not been supported by enough research

    • It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior

    • It has not added much to earlier approaches in personality

    • It does not fit well with current trends in psychology

    Correct Answer
    A. It is not needed to explain individual differences in behavior
    Explanation
    The cognitive approach has been criticized for not being needed to explain individual differences in behavior. This suggests that some critics believe that the cognitive approach does not provide sufficient insight or understanding into why individuals behave differently from one another. They may argue that other approaches, such as social or biological, are more effective in explaining these differences.

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  • 32. 

    Obtaining a complete understanding of aggressive behavior requires that

    • We focus on unconscious motives behind our aggressions

    • We only examine the evolutionary basis of aggression

    • We focus our attention on the cognitions involved in aggressive choices

    • We examine aggressions from a variety of theoretical perspectives

    Correct Answer
    A. We examine aggressions from a variety of theoretical perspectives
    Explanation
    To obtain a complete understanding of aggressive behavior, it is important to examine aggressions from a variety of theoretical perspectives. This means considering different viewpoints and theories to gain a comprehensive understanding of the underlying factors and motivations behind aggressive behavior. By exploring multiple perspectives, we can gain a more holistic understanding of aggression and its various causes and manifestations. Focusing on just one aspect, such as unconscious motives, evolutionary basis, or cognitions, would limit our understanding and potentially overlook important factors contributing to aggressive behavior.

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  • 33. 

    Which of the following is true regarding the imitation of aggression?

    • People tend to do whatever they see others doing

    • The decision to act aggressively is often a conscious decision

    • People act in violent ways that may not have been shown in the stimulus

    • Violent images in movies and programs have little to do with imitation

    Correct Answer
    A. People act in violent ways that may not have been shown in the stimulus
    Explanation
    People act in violent ways that may not have been shown in the stimulus means that individuals can imitate aggressive behavior even if they have not directly witnessed it. This suggests that imitation of aggression can occur based on other factors such as personal experiences, media exposure, or cultural influences. It implies that the scope of imitation is not limited to what is explicitly shown in the stimulus, but can extend to other forms of violent behavior as well.

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  • 34. 

    Children in grades 2 and 3 who underwent an intervention program to reduce physical aggression in schools

    • Showed a decrease in aggressiveness over the next two years compared to children who did not participate in the program

    • Became more aggressive with each passing year

    • Showed less hostility for a time and then returned to the same level of aggression as children who did not participate in the program

    • Changed the attributions they made for unintentional acts but still showed signs of aggression

    Correct Answer
    A. Showed a decrease in aggressiveness over the next two years compared to children who did not participate in the program
    Explanation
    The children in grades 2 and 3 who underwent the intervention program experienced a decrease in their level of aggressiveness over the following two years. This decrease was observed when comparing them to the children who did not participate in the program.

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  • 35. 

    Research on recall for events between men and women has shown that men have better recall of _________ than women

    • Personal events

    • Sporting events

    • Impersonal events

    • Emotional events

    Correct Answer
    A. Impersonal events
    Explanation
    Research has shown that men have better recall of impersonal events than women. This could be due to several factors such as differences in cognitive processing or socialization. Men may be more focused on factual information and details, which are often associated with impersonal events. On the other hand, women may have better recall of personal and emotional events, as they tend to be more attentive to interpersonal relationships and emotional experiences. However, it is important to note that individual differences and cultural factors can also influence recall abilities.

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  • 36. 

    Studies find that women tend to recall more information about _______ than do men.

    • American history

    • Their childhood

    • Important issues

    • Emotional experiences

    Correct Answer
    A. Emotional experiences
    Explanation
    Research has shown that women have a tendency to remember more details and have better recall of emotional experiences compared to men. This could be attributed to various factors, including differences in brain structure and hormonal influences. Additionally, societal expectations and gender roles may also play a role in shaping the way men and women process and remember emotional events. Overall, studies suggest that women have a stronger ability to recall and retain information related to emotional experiences compared to men.

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  • 37. 

    According to the cognitive approach to depression, processing information through the depressive schema

    • Causes people to become depressed

    • Causes people to generate even more depressing thoughts

    • Leads people to ignore positive information

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The cognitive approach to depression suggests that processing information through the depressive schema can lead to various negative outcomes. It can cause people to become depressed by reinforcing negative thoughts and emotions. It can also lead to the generation of even more depressing thoughts, creating a cycle of negativity. Additionally, it can cause individuals to ignore or discount positive information, further perpetuating their depressive state. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations of the effects of processing information through the depressive schema.

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  • 38. 

    When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of

    • Curiosity

    • A negative cognitive style

    • Positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks

    • False interpretations of events since the trauma

    Correct Answer
    A. A negative cognitive style
    Explanation
    The given answer, "a negative cognitive style," is the most appropriate explanation for the psychological effects of physical and emotional abuse on women. This suggests that these women tend to have a pessimistic or negative way of thinking, which may contribute to their deeper depression. This negative cognitive style can influence their interpretation of events, leading to false interpretations since the trauma. Therefore, this answer aligns with the context provided in the question.

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  • Feb 05, 2025
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  • Dec 05, 2013
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