Counselling Children And Adolescents - Qp18

Learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through experience, study, or teaching. It involves a change in behavior, which means that individuals are able to apply what they have learned in different situations. This change is considered relatively permanent because once learning has occurred, it is not easily forgotten. Therefore, the statement that learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of prior experience is true.

Respondent behavior refers to a direct response to a stimulus. It is a behavior that occurs automatically or reflexively in response to a specific stimulus. This type of behavior is not managed or consciously controlled by the individual, but rather occurs as a natural reaction. It can include physiological responses such as increased heart rate or sweating, as well as other observable behaviors.

Latent learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately apparent in behavior. It suggests that learning can occur without any immediate reinforcement or observable change in behavior. This means that even though an individual may not demonstrate their learning at the time it occurs, the knowledge or skills can still be acquired and may be later displayed in behavior when a suitable incentive or situation arises. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects the concept of latent learning.

Operant behavior refers to behavior that is influenced by its consequences. In other words, individuals engage in voluntary behavior because they expect certain outcomes or rewards from their actions. Most voluntary behavior falls under this category, as individuals choose to engage in certain behaviors based on the consequences they anticipate. Therefore, the statement that most voluntary behavior is an example of operant behavior is true.

Skinner did not conduct experiments with the ringing of bells to produce salivation in dogs. This statement is a misattribution as it is actually associated with Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments. Skinner, on the other hand, is known for his work on operant conditioning, where he studied the effects of reinforcement on behavior.

An instructional programme refers to a body of material that is organized and structured in a way that makes it easy for learners to understand and grasp the content. It is designed to facilitate learning and ensure that learners can readily master the material. This term is commonly used in educational settings to describe a systematic approach to teaching and learning, where the content is presented in a logical and progressive manner to enhance comprehension and retention.

Biofeedback training is the correct answer because it refers to a process where individuals receive information about their physiological state and are then reinforced for making changes to that state. This training allows individuals to learn how to control their bodily functions, such as heart rate or muscle tension, through the use of feedback from monitoring devices. It is a form of conditioning that helps individuals become more aware of their physiological processes and learn how to regulate them.

This statement is false because a dog salivating when it tastes meat is actually an unconditioned response. It is a natural and automatic reaction to the taste of meat, without any prior conditioning or training. A conditioned response, on the other hand, is a learned response that occurs as a result of conditioning or training.