Neuro Section Of Ped's Test

up to 70% of cases of spina bifida are thought to be preventable if women of childbearing age take 400 mcg of folic acid daily before becoming pregnant.

Due to decreased sensation, the child with paralysis who sits in a wheelchair is at very high risk for pressure ulcers.

a defect(s) in neural tube closure in the first 3-5 weeks of gestation. May involve the entire length of the neural tube or may be restricted to a small area.

Myelomeningoceles are a type of birth defect where the spinal cord and surrounding tissues do not properly develop. They typically occur in the lumbar and lumbosacral area, which is the lower back region. Therefore, it is true that most myelomeningoceles involve the lumbar and lumbosacral area.

This statement suggests that every child with CP (Cerebral Palsy) may experience different symptoms or have varying degrees of severity. CP is a neurological disorder that affects muscle control and movement, and it can present differently in each individual. This could mean that one child may have difficulty with fine motor skills while another may struggle with balance and coordination. Therefore, the statement is true as CP does indeed manifest differently in each child.

Muscular dystrophy is indeed a group of inherited disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of symmetric skeletal muscle groups. This means that the condition affects multiple muscle groups in a symmetrical pattern and worsens over time. Therefore, the statement "Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of inherited disorders with progressive degeneration of symmetric skeletal muscle groups" is true.

Inherited as an x-linked recessive trait, DMD has an onset between 3 and 5 years of age. Life expectancy for DMD reaches into early adulthood.

An x-linked recessive trait means the mother of the child is the carrier of the disease.

There is no cure.

Infants typically develop head control between 2 to 4 months of age. At 3 months, most infants should have already developed head control, meaning they can hold their head up and steady without support. By 4 months, head control should be well established, indicating that the infant can maintain their head in a stable position even when moving or being held upright. Therefore, the statement "At 3 months, an infant should have head control with it being well established by 4 months" is true.

Spina bifida occulta is a condition where there is a defect in the bony spine, but it is not visible to the naked eye and does not cause any symptoms or issues. Unlike meningocele and myelomeningocele, which are more severe forms of spina bifida that involve the protrusion of the spinal cord and its covering through the defect, spina bifida occulta is a milder form. It is often discovered incidentally during imaging tests or physical examinations and typically does not require any treatment or intervention.

Encephalocele refers to the condition where the brain protrudes through a defect in the skull. This can occur due to a birth defect or trauma. It is a true statement because encephalocele is indeed a herniation of the brain through a skull defect.

True 90-95% have hydrocephalus

The correct answer is Athetoid (dyskinetic). The given description mentions abnormal, involuntary, slow, uncontrollable WRITHING movements of hands, feet, legs, more distally. These constant worm-like WRITHING movements typically involve all extremities. This description is characteristic of athetoid or dyskinetic movements, which are often seen in individuals with cerebral palsy. Athetoid movements are characterized by slow, writhing, and involuntary movements that affect the distal parts of the body.

Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully develop and close properly during pregnancy. This can result in an incomplete spinal cord and the exposure of the spinal nerves. It is caused by a failure of the spinal bony covering to close, leading to various complications and disabilities. Therefore, the statement "Spina bifida is a failure of the spinal bony covering to close" is true.

Tethered Cord is indeed another problem that can be associated with Spina Bifida. This condition occurs when the spinal cord is abnormally attached to the surrounding tissues, causing it to be pulled or stretched. This can lead to various neurological symptoms and complications. Therefore, the statement "Tethered Cord is another problem sometimes associated with Spina Bifida where there is pulling and stretching on the fixed spinal cord" is true.

The statement implies that a child may not be diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) until up to 3 years of age, even if they experienced a brain injury before or during birth. This suggests that the symptoms of CP may not be immediately apparent and may take time to manifest or be recognized. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct, as it aligns with the information provided in the statement.

Cerebral Palsy is the most common permanent disability in children. It is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle tone, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before or during birth. This condition can result in various physical and cognitive impairments, such as difficulty walking, muscle stiffness, and speech problems. Cerebral Palsy can have a significant impact on a child's daily life and require ongoing medical care and therapy.

Clinch fists, tonic neck, tongue thrusts

Children with CP are especially prone to muscle tone disorders, including spasticity, which can lead to contractures.

Meningocele is the correct answer because it is a type of spina bifida where there is a sac-like protrusion containing spinal fluid and meninges, but the spinal nerves are not damaged. After repairing the sac, no further symptoms are usually seen because there is no nerve involvement. Spina bifida occulta refers to a hidden form of spina bifida where the spinal cord and meninges may be present, but there is no sac or protrusion. Myelomeningocele, on the other hand, is a more severe form of spina bifida where the sac contains spinal fluid, meninges, and the spinal cord itself, leading to potential nerve damage and symptoms.

Myelomeningocele is the correct answer because it refers to a type of spina bifida where there is a visible defect in the spine with a sac-like protrusion at any level of the spinal column. This sac contains meninges, spinal fluid, and nerves. Spina bifida occulta refers to a less severe form of spina bifida where the defect is not visible externally. Meningocele refers to a type of spina bifida where the sac only contains meninges and spinal fluid, but not nerves.

early symptoms of tetanus include progressive stiffness and tenderness in the muscles of the neck and jaw.

Decreased enervation,caused by damage to the spinal cord above the area that affects bowel and bladder control (lower sacral area), is present in all children with spina bifida. The child will require special strategies to manage bowel and bladder control, Intellectual delays occur in some children with spina bifida, but theses are not the cause of toilet training problems. Being in a wheelchair or having coordingation problems are not the cause of the child's bowel and bladder difficulties.

Ask simple age appropriate questions such as What is your name? to assess LOC. Headache is a symptom of increased ICP, but a 6 year old may not be able to distinguish whether his headache results from the fall.

I was surprised by this one too. A tonic clonic seizure is usually accompanied by loss of consciousness and difficulty with excess saliva. The most important action is to protect the airway by turning the child to the side to prevent aspiration. It is not necessary to loosen restrictive clothing.

The given symptoms of tense muscles, uncoordinated impaired fine gross and gross motor activity, rigidity, and scissoring are indicative of hypertonia (spastic) in cerebral palsy. Hypertonia refers to increased muscle tone, causing stiffness and difficulty with movement. In spastic cerebral palsy, this hypertonia affects one or both sides of the body, leading to muscle tightness and impaired coordination. The presence of spasticity and the specific motor impairments mentioned align with the symptoms of hypertonia (spastic) in cerebral palsy.

infant should be placed PRONE and in frog leg position until surgery is performed.

Shunt infections can occur at any time. More common 1 -2 months after placement.

nonprogressive impairment of motor function control, especially muscle control and coordination.

Anacephaly is the absence of the brain with exposed vascular mass with no bony covering. May use transillumination for diagnosis.

Because the anterior fontanel hasn't closed by age 8 months, an infant's head can increase in size as ICP increases. Assessing for diplopia (double vision), or headache in an infant is difficult. Behavior changes may occur, but they would be subtler than increased head size.

young child has larger head, greater volume of blood in brain, smaller subdural spaces and thinner softer brain tissue.

Fever, head injury, drowsiness. . .hello! lol

Microcephaly is dx when the infant's head circumference is more than two standard deviations below average on growth charts. Head circumferenc more than two standard deviations above the growth charts indicates hydrocephalus.

There isn't joint swelling.

Falls at home are the leading cause of head injury in children under age 5. Young children are more prone to falls due to their developing motor skills and lack of coordination. They may fall from furniture, stairs, or playground equipment, which can result in head injuries. It is crucial to ensure a safe environment for young children by implementing safety measures such as using safety gates, securing furniture, and supervising them closely to prevent falls and reduce the risk of head injuries.

Cerebral Palsy is a condition that is associated with cerebral damage, which means damage to the brain. The perinatal period refers to the time immediately before and after birth, while the prenatal period refers to the time before birth. Both of these periods are crucial for brain development, and any damage that occurs during these times can lead to cerebral palsy. Adolescence, on the other hand, is not typically associated with cerebral damage and therefore is not a correct answer in this context.

Anoxia refers to the absence or lack of oxygen supply to the brain, which can result in brain damage. This condition can occur due to various reasons, such as respiratory failure, cardiac arrest, or severe blood loss. When the brain is deprived of oxygen, it can lead to the death of brain cells and cause significant damage. Therefore, anoxia plays the most significant role in the pathology of brain damage, as it directly affects the brain's functioning and can have long-lasting consequences.

Hypotonia is the correct answer because it is characterized by decreased muscle tone and a floppy presentation. This is evident in the given information where it states that the classification of CP presents as floppy. Additionally, the presence of diminished reflex response further supports the diagnosis of hypotonia. The mention of a positive parachute reflex beyond 6 months is also consistent with hypotonia as this reflex is typically seen in infants with low muscle tone.

It is a non-progressive disorder

Delayed development because the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is lacking, phenylalanine accumulates in the bloodstream of children with PKU. This affects the brain and Central nervous system and can cause impaired cognitive development, slow language devlopment, and learning disorders.

Myelomeningocele. Just remember hydrocephalus is the most common complication.

False: although the child may learn to catheterize himself intermittently, it is important to use a nonlatex catheter due to the child's potential risk for latex allergy.

vomiting is an indication that a child who has a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place is experiencing increased ICP. A 3 year old has closed fontanels, so they wouldn't bulge. Nuchal rigidity is a sign of meningitis. Sunset eyes (both eyes forced downdward, revealing an area of the sclera above the iris? are a sign of long term increased ICP, not postoperative increased ICP. They're usually associated with unresolved, long-term hydrocephalus or tumor.

Remember that the Gower sign is when a patient has to use his hands and arms to "walk" up his own body from a squatting position due to lack of hip and thigh muscle strength.

Ataxia is the correct answer because it is a classification of cerebral palsy that affects the child's balance and depth perception, causing poor and irregular muscle coordination and an unsteady wide gait. Ataxia is characterized by difficulties in controlling movements and maintaining balance, which results in a lack of coordination and stability. This leads to an unsteady and wide gait, making it difficult for the child to walk or perform tasks that require precise movements.

the accumulation of csf results from an obstruction of csf within the ventricles. Arnold Chiari malformation is a congenital malformation in which the cerebellum and medulla oblongata extend down through the foramen magnum. This prevents circulation of CSF between the ventricles, resulting in accumulation of excess csf. Hydrocephalus that results from inadequate absorption of CSF within the subarachnoid space is communicating hydrocephalus.

The parents must be taught to identify signs of increased intracranial pressure because this can develop if shunt malfunction occurs.

When a child has surgery, the first action is to assess the surgical dressings. Head and abdominal dressings can be assessed without turning the child to either side.