Neuro Section Of Ped's Test

Cerebral Palsy is the most common permanent disability in children. It is a neurological disorder that affects movement, muscle tone, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, usually before or during birth. The symptoms of cerebral palsy vary from person to person, but they often include difficulties with motor skills, muscle stiffness or weakness, and problems with balance and coordination. Cerebral palsy can have a significant impact on a child's daily life and may require ongoing medical care and therapy.

Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not close completely during fetal development. This can result in a range of physical and neurological abnormalities. The statement correctly states that spina bifida is a failure of the spinal bony covering to close, making the answer true.

Due to decreased sensation, the child with paralysis who sits in a wheelchair is at very high risk for pressure ulcers.

True 90-95% have hydrocephalus

Encephalocele is a medical condition where the brain protrudes through a defect in the skull. This can occur due to incomplete closure of the neural tube during fetal development. The herniation of the brain can lead to various neurological symptoms and complications. Therefore, the statement that encephalocele is the herniation of the brain through a skull defect is true.

Tethered Cord is indeed another problem that can be associated with Spina Bifida. It occurs when the spinal cord is fixed and experiences pulling and stretching, causing complications. Therefore, the statement is true.

Falls at home are the leading cause of head injury in children under age 5. Young children are more prone to falls due to their developing motor skills and lack of coordination. They may fall from furniture, stairs, or while playing. The home environment poses various hazards such as slippery floors, uneven surfaces, or objects that can be tripped over. Therefore, it is important to ensure a safe and childproofed environment to prevent such accidents and reduce the risk of head injuries in young children.

Clinch fists, tonic neck, tongue thrusts

By 3 months of age, infants should be able to control their head movements to some extent. This means that they can hold their head up without support and have some control over its movements. By 4 months, this head control should be well established, meaning that the infant can hold their head steady and control its movements with more precision. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately describes the developmental milestones for head control in infants.

a defect(s) in neural tube closure in the first 3-5 weeks of gestation. May involve the entire length of the neural tube or may be restricted to a small area.

up to 70% of cases of spina bifida are thought to be preventable if women of childbearing age take 400 mcg of folic acid daily before becoming pregnant.

Inherited as an x-linked recessive trait, DMD has an onset between 3 and 5 years of age. Life expectancy for DMD reaches into early adulthood.

Myelomeningoceles are a type of neural tube defect where the spinal cord and surrounding structures do not fully develop. They typically occur in the lumbar and lumbosacral area of the spine, which is the lower back region. Therefore, it is true that most myelomeningoceles involve the lumbar and lumbosacral area.

Muscular dystrophy is indeed a group of inherited disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of symmetric skeletal muscle groups. This means that the condition affects multiple muscle groups in the body and worsens over time. Therefore, the statement "Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of inherited disorders with progressive degeneration of symmetric skeletal muscle groups" is true.

This statement suggests that every child with CP (Cerebral Palsy) may exhibit different symptoms or characteristics. CP is a neurological disorder that affects movement and muscle coordination, and its severity and specific impairments can vary greatly from one individual to another. Therefore, it is true that CP manifests differently in each child.

nonprogressive impairment of motor function control, especially muscle control and coordination.

early symptoms of tetanus include progressive stiffness and tenderness in the muscles of the neck and jaw.

I was surprised by this one too. A tonic clonic seizure is usually accompanied by loss of consciousness and difficulty with excess saliva. The most important action is to protect the airway by turning the child to the side to prevent aspiration. It is not necessary to loosen restrictive clothing.

Spina bifida occulta is a condition where there is a defect in the bony spine that is not visible to the naked eye and does not cause any symptoms or issues. This is different from meningocele and myelomeningocele, which are more severe forms of spina bifida where the spinal cord and its covering are protruding through the defect in the spine. Therefore, the correct answer is spina bifida occulta.

Meningocele is the correct answer because it refers to a type of spina bifida where the spinal defect and sac-like protrusion are present, but only spinal fluid and meninges (protective coverings of the spinal cord) are contained in the sac. This condition is usually repaired surgically, and since the spinal nerves are not damaged, no further symptoms are typically seen after the repair.

It is a non-progressive disorder

The given description describes abnormal, involuntary, slow, uncontrollable WRITHING movements that usually involve all extremities. This matches the characteristics of athetoid (dyskinetic) movements, which are commonly seen in individuals with cerebral palsy. Athetoid movements are characterized by slow, writhing movements that affect the hands, feet, legs, and other distal body parts. Hypotonia refers to low muscle tone, hypertonia refers to increased muscle tone (spasticity), and ataxia refers to lack of coordination and balance.

An x-linked recessive trait means the mother of the child is the carrier of the disease.

There is no cure.

Cerebral Palsy is a condition that is characterized by damage to the brain, which affects a person's muscle control and movement. The perinatal period refers to the time immediately before and after birth, while the prenatal period refers to the time during pregnancy. Both of these periods are critical for brain development and any damage that occurs during these times can lead to the development of cerebral palsy. Therefore, it is associated with cerebral damage during the perinatal and prenatal periods. Adolescence is not mentioned as a period associated with cerebral damage in this context.

Children with CP are especially prone to muscle tone disorders, including spasticity, which can lead to contractures.

The statement suggests that the diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP) in a child may not occur until they are up to 3 years old, regardless of whether the brain injury that causes CP occurs before or at birth. This is because the severity of the disability may not be immediately apparent or may take time to manifest fully. Therefore, it is true that a child may not be diagnosed with CP until they are 3 years old, even if the brain injury occurred earlier.

Myelomeningocele is the correct answer because it refers to a type of spina bifida where there is a visible defect in the spine with a sacklike protrusion at any level of the spinal column at the midline of the back. This sac contains meninges, spinal fluid, and nerves. Spina bifida occulta refers to a less severe form of spina bifida where the spinal cord and nerves are usually not involved. Meningocele refers to a type of spina bifida where the sac contains meninges and spinal fluid, but not nerves.

Decreased enervation,caused by damage to the spinal cord above the area that affects bowel and bladder control (lower sacral area), is present in all children with spina bifida. The child will require special strategies to manage bowel and bladder control, Intellectual delays occur in some children with spina bifida, but theses are not the cause of toilet training problems. Being in a wheelchair or having coordingation problems are not the cause of the child's bowel and bladder difficulties.

vomiting is an indication that a child who has a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place is experiencing increased ICP. A 3 year old has closed fontanels, so they wouldn't bulge. Nuchal rigidity is a sign of meningitis. Sunset eyes (both eyes forced downdward, revealing an area of the sclera above the iris? are a sign of long term increased ICP, not postoperative increased ICP. They're usually associated with unresolved, long-term hydrocephalus or tumor.

The given symptoms, such as tense muscles, uncoordinated impaired fine gross and gross motor activity, rigidity, and scissoring, are indicative of hypertonia (spastic) in cerebral palsy classification. Hypertonia refers to increased muscle tone and stiffness, leading to difficulties in movement and coordination. The symptoms mentioned align with the characteristics of spasticity, which involves increased muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes. Therefore, the correct answer is hypertonia (spastic).

There isn't joint swelling.

young child has larger head, greater volume of blood in brain, smaller subdural spaces and thinner softer brain tissue.

Anoxia refers to a complete lack of oxygen supply to the brain, which can lead to severe brain damage. Lack of oxygen deprives brain cells of the energy they need to function properly, causing them to become damaged or die. This can have a significant impact on brain function and can result in various neurological impairments. Therefore, anoxia plays the most significant role in the pathology of brain damage in relation to CP.

Because the anterior fontanel hasn't closed by age 8 months, an infant's head can increase in size as ICP increases. Assessing for diplopia (double vision), or headache in an infant is difficult. Behavior changes may occur, but they would be subtler than increased head size.

Ask simple age appropriate questions such as What is your name? to assess LOC. Headache is a symptom of increased ICP, but a 6 year old may not be able to distinguish whether his headache results from the fall.

Delayed development because the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is lacking, phenylalanine accumulates in the bloodstream of children with PKU. This affects the brain and Central nervous system and can cause impaired cognitive development, slow language devlopment, and learning disorders.

When a child has surgery, the first action is to assess the surgical dressings. Head and abdominal dressings can be assessed without turning the child to either side.

This classification of CP presents as floppy with diminished reflex response, as well as positive parachute reflex beyond 6 months. Hypotonia refers to low muscle tone, which can cause floppy movements and reduced reflexes. The presence of a positive parachute reflex beyond 6 months suggests a delay in motor development, further supporting the diagnosis of hypotonia in this case.

Fever, head injury, drowsiness. . .hello! lol

Microcephaly is dx when the infant's head circumference is more than two standard deviations below average on growth charts. Head circumferenc more than two standard deviations above the growth charts indicates hydrocephalus.

If alpha-fetoprotein levels are elevated in amniotic fluid, the primary care provider will order and MRI, CT scan, radiograph, or other test to determine what type of neural tube defect the fetus might have.

Anacephaly is the absence of the brain with exposed vascular mass with no bony covering. May use transillumination for diagnosis.

Myelomeningocele. Just remember hydrocephalus is the most common complication.

The parents must be taught to identify signs of increased intracranial pressure because this can develop if shunt malfunction occurs.

The child with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is at a higher risk for respiratory and cardiac complications due to the progressive muscle weakness. Therefore, it is essential to assess their respiratory and cardiac status daily to monitor for any signs of respiratory distress or cardiac abnormalities. Additionally, since the child is confined to a wheelchair, assessing their mobility is important to ensure they are comfortable and properly positioned to prevent complications such as pressure ulcers. Monitoring their fluid and electrolyte status is crucial to maintain hydration and prevent imbalances. Lastly, assessing their skin integrity is necessary to identify any areas of breakdown or potential pressure ulcers due to their limited mobility.

Remember that the Gower sign is when a patient has to use his hands and arms to "walk" up his own body from a squatting position due to lack of hip and thigh muscle strength.

infant should be placed PRONE and in frog leg position until surgery is performed.

False: although the child may learn to catheterize himself intermittently, it is important to use a nonlatex catheter due to the child's potential risk for latex allergy.

Ataxia is the correct answer because it is a classification of cerebral palsy that affects the child's balance and depth perception, causing poor and irregular muscle coordination and an unsteady wide gait. Ataxia is characterized by difficulties in controlling movements and maintaining balance, leading to a lack of coordination and stability in walking. This aligns with the description provided in the question, making Ataxia the most suitable answer.