Biological Molecules Quiz Questions

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1. Which polymer contains nitrogen?

Explanation

Chitin is the correct answer because it is a polymer that contains nitrogen. Chitin is a structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. It is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine, which contains nitrogen. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all polysaccharides but do not contain nitrogen.

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About This Quiz
Biological Molecules Quiz Questions - Quiz

This quiz explores fundamental concepts in biology and chemistry, focusing on molecular structures, chemical bonding, biological responses, organism traits, atomic structure, and homeostasis. It assesses understanding of how biological molecules function in various processes.

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2. Biggest difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Explanation

The biggest difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is the presence of membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. These organelles perform specific functions within the cell, allowing for compartmentalization and specialization of cellular processes. This distinction in cellular organization is a fundamental characteristic that sets prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells apart.

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3. Match the nitrogenous bases for DNA:
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4. Match the following nitrogenous bases in RNA:
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5. After you drink acidic lemonade, your body stays at the same pH. This is an example of...

Explanation

The fact that your body stays at the same pH after drinking acidic lemonade suggests that it is maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate and maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. In this case, your body is able to balance the pH levels and keep it within a normal range, even after consuming an acidic substance like lemonade. This is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis.

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6. If an atom has a charge of +1 that means...

Explanation

If an atom has a charge of +1, it means that it has lost one electron. Since electrons have a negative charge, losing one electron would result in a net positive charge for the atom. Therefore, the atom would have one more proton than electrons, as protons have a positive charge.

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7. Match the following RNA to it's function
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8. What do you call elements with the same number of protons but different atomic masses?

Explanation

Isotopes are elements that have the same number of protons but differ in their atomic masses. This is because isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The variation in the number of neutrons results in different atomic masses for the same element. Isotopes can have slightly different physical and chemical properties due to the variation in atomic mass, but they still belong to the same element because they have the same number of protons.

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9. Of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? 

Explanation

Both starch and cellulose are polymers of glucose. Starch is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units and serves as a storage form of energy in plants. It is easily digested by humans. Cellulose, on the other hand, is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose units but has a different arrangement, making it indigestible for humans. Cellulose functions as a structural component of the plant cell wall, providing rigidity and support.

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10. The control group is the group without the changed variable and it forms baseline for comparisons. 

Explanation

Experimental: group with the changed variable
Control: group without the changed variable, forms baseline for comparisons.

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11. What makes fat hydrophobic?

Explanation

The correct answer is that the fatty acid tail is nonpolar. This means that it does not have a charge and does not interact well with water molecules, which are polar. Hydrophobic substances, like fats, repel water because their nonpolar nature prevents them from forming favorable interactions with polar molecules.

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12. Match the following types of reactions: 
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13. Which is a type of steroid?

Explanation

Cholesterol is a type of steroid. Steroids are a class of organic compounds that have a characteristic structure of four fused rings. Cholesterol is a sterol, which is a subgroup of steroids that have a hydroxyl group at the 3-position. It is an essential component of cell membranes and is also involved in the production of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids. Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is also obtained from dietary sources. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease.

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14. One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to 

Explanation

RNA molecules play a crucial role in protein synthesis. They act as messengers, carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. RNA molecules are transcribed from DNA and then translated into proteins. This process is known as gene expression. Therefore, one of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to function in the synthesis of proteins.

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15. Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

Explanation

Human sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, are considered to be lipids because they are not soluble in water. Lipids are a group of molecules that are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water. Human sex hormones are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, which gives them a nonpolar structure. This nonpolar nature prevents them from dissolving in water but allows them to dissolve in other lipids and nonpolar solvents. Therefore, the fact that human sex hormones are not soluble in water classifies them as lipids.

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16. A substance with specific properties that can not be broken down or converted to another substance is a(n):

Explanation

An element is a substance with specific properties that cannot be broken down or converted into another substance. Elements are made up of only one type of atom and cannot be further simplified. Unlike compounds, which are made up of two or more different elements, elements exist on their own. Molecules, on the other hand, can be made up of either one element or multiple elements. Proteins, while they are made up of atoms, are not considered elements as they can be broken down into smaller components called amino acids.

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17. Most biological bonds in the body are..

Explanation

Most biological bonds in the body are covalent. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms, resulting in a strong bond. In biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, covalent bonds are essential for maintaining the structure and function of these molecules. These bonds are formed through the sharing of electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms, creating stable and durable connections. Covalent bonds are crucial for the stability and integrity of biological systems, allowing for the formation of complex structures and the transmission of genetic information.

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18. The function of the endomembrane system?

Explanation

The endomembrane system in a cell is responsible for regulating protein traffic and performing metabolic functions. It consists of various organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles. These organelles work together to synthesize, modify, package, and transport proteins within the cell. They also play a role in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and calcium storage. Therefore, the correct answer is that the endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell.

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19.
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
 

Explanation

During the formation of the primary structure of a protein, peptide bonds are created. Peptide bonds are formed by a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid. These bonds link the amino acids together in a linear chain, forming the backbone of the protein. The resulting chain of amino acids is called a peptide. Therefore, the correct answer is peptide bonds and peptide.

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20. What does H-O-H represent?

Explanation

H-O-H represents the chemical formula of water, which consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. This arrangement forms a molecule of water, commonly known as water.

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21. Which of the following is true of carbon?

Explanation

Carbon is a versatile element that can form both polar and nonpolar bonds. This is because carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form up to four covalent bonds with other elements. Depending on the atoms it bonds with and the arrangement of these bonds, carbon can form both polar and nonpolar molecules. The ability of carbon to form a variety of bonds is the basis for the vast diversity of organic compounds found in nature.

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22. Atoms with unequal # of protons and electrons

Explanation

Atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons are called ions. When an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes electrically charged. If an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged and is called an anion. On the other hand, if an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged and is called a cation. These charged atoms are referred to as ions.

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23. For an atom to achieve maximum stability and become chemically inert, what must occur?

Explanation

In order for an atom to achieve maximum stability and become chemically inert, its outermost energy shell must be filled with electrons. This is because the outermost energy shell, also known as the valence shell, determines the atom's reactivity. When the valence shell is completely filled with electrons, the atom is stable and less likely to react with other atoms. This stability is achieved by either gaining, losing, or sharing electrons with other atoms to fill the valence shell.

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24.
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
 

Explanation

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the unique three-dimensional shape that the fully folded polypeptide adopts. This structure is determined by the interactions between the amino acid side chains and the surrounding environment, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The specific arrangement of these interactions gives the protein its characteristic shape, which is essential for its proper function.

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25. What is this?

Explanation

A saturated fatty acid is a type of fat molecule that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms and is saturated with hydrogen atoms. This means that all carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature and are commonly found in animal products such as meat and dairy. They are known to contribute to an increased risk of heart disease when consumed in excess.

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26. Function of organelles that change energy to one form to another:

Explanation

Peroxisome: Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from certain molecules to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a by-product; H2O2 is converted to water by another enzyme

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27. Match the following:
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28. Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?

Explanation

Lactose is classified as a disaccharide because it is composed of two sugar molecules, glucose and galactose, joined together by a glycosidic linkage. A disaccharide is a type of carbohydrate that consists of two monosaccharide units. Starch, pentose, and polysaccharide are not correct classifications for lactose because they refer to different types of carbohydrates. Monosaccharide is also not the correct classification because lactose is made up of two sugar molecules, not one.

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29. Using its antennae, the male moth finds female moths by following a trail of airborne chemicals, called pheromones, upwind from the female producing them. This is an example of...

Explanation

The given scenario describes how the male moth uses its antennae to detect and follow the trail of pheromones released by the female moth. This behavior is a direct response to the stimuli of the airborne chemicals. Therefore, the correct answer is "response to stimuli."

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30.
If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, what macromolecules will be labeled?
 

Explanation

When 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells, the macromolecules that will be labeled are RNA. This is because uracil is a component of RNA, specifically in the form of ribonucleotides. DNA, on the other hand, does not contain uracil but instead contains thymine. Therefore, only RNA molecules will incorporate the labeled uracil and become labeled themselves.

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31. Fatty acids are formed by dehydration reactions.

Explanation

Fatty acids are not formed by dehydration reactions. Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules to form larger molecules. Fatty acids, on the other hand, are typically formed through the process of hydrolysis, which involves the addition of water molecules to break down larger molecules into smaller ones. Therefore, the statement that fatty acids are formed by dehydration reactions is false.

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32.
Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?
 

Explanation

Lipids are a class of biological molecules that are insoluble in water. This is because they are hydrophobic, meaning they repel water molecules. Lipids have a nonpolar structure, which prevents them from forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Instead, lipids tend to aggregate together, forming structures such as cell membranes or fat droplets. Lipids play important roles in energy storage, insulation, and cell signaling.

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33. Which of the following typically has more potential energy than kinetic energy?

Explanation

Chemical bonds typically have more potential energy than kinetic energy. Potential energy refers to the stored energy that an object possesses due to its position or state. Chemical bonds store energy in the form of potential energy, which is released as kinetic energy when the bonds are broken and a chemical reaction occurs. This is why chemical reactions often involve the release or absorption of energy. Heat and motion, on the other hand, are forms of kinetic energy, as they involve the movement or transfer of energy.

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34. Simple carbohydrates are the main source of immediate _____.

Explanation

Simple carbohydrates (sugar, glucose, fructose etc) are the main source of immediate energy. That is, they are metabolized easily and quickly. All our cells can use glucose for energy, so once it is metabolized and reaches the blood stream it can travel to other cells and tissues.

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35. The type of bonds present in a molecule determine its properties. Which type of bond is associated with molecules that are soluble in water (i.e., molecules that do not precipitate)

Explanation

Polar covalent bonds are associated with molecules that are soluble in water. In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally between atoms, creating partial positive and negative charges. Water is a polar molecule, with a slightly positive hydrogen end and a slightly negative oxygen end. When a molecule with polar covalent bonds comes into contact with water, the positive end of water attracts the negative end of the molecule and vice versa. This allows the molecule to dissolve in water, making it soluble and preventing it from precipitating.

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36.
Which level of protein structure do the α helix and the β pleated sheet represent?
 

Explanation

The α helix and β pleated sheet represent the secondary level of protein structure. Secondary structure refers to the local folding patterns of the polypeptide chain, specifically the regular repeating structures formed by hydrogen bonding between the amino acid residues. The α helix is a coiled structure, while the β pleated sheet consists of strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side, forming a sheet-like structure. The primary structure refers to the linear sequence of amino acids, while the tertiary and quaternary structures involve the overall 3D folding and interactions between multiple polypeptide chains, respectively.

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37.
Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing?
 

Explanation

The correct answer is triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer. Triglyceride is a type of lipid composed of three fatty acids and glycerol, while a phospholipid bilayer is a type of lipid that forms the cell membrane. Although both triglycerides and phospholipids are lipids, they have different structures and functions. Triglycerides are used for energy storage, while phospholipids are essential for cell structure and function. Therefore, triglyceride/phospholipid bilayer is not a monomer/polymer pairing.

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38. The smallest units that still retain the characteristics of an element are called

Explanation

Atoms are the smallest units that retain the properties and characteristics of an element. They are the building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down into smaller particles without losing their elemental properties. Each atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in energy levels. Atoms combine to form molecules and compounds, and their unique arrangements and interactions determine the properties and behavior of different substances. Therefore, atoms are the correct answer for the question.

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39. All of the following are TRUE about living organisms EXCEPT...

Explanation

Living organisms can grow into multicellular organisms, so this statement is not true. All living organisms have the ability to reproduce, have an active metabolism, are made of cells, and respond to stimuli. However, not all living organisms grow into multicellular organisms. Some organisms, such as bacteria and single-celled protists, remain as single cells throughout their life cycle. Therefore, the statement "grow into multicellular organisms" is not true for all living organisms.

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40. Categorize these carbohydrates (sugars): 
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41. The element present in all organic molecules is

Explanation

Carbon is the element that is present in all organic molecules. This is because carbon has the unique ability to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and a variety of other elements, allowing for the formation of complex and diverse organic compounds. Organic molecules are defined as compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, along with other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Therefore, carbon is the fundamental element in organic chemistry and is essential for the existence of life as we know it.

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42. The structural formula for a certain molecule includes a group symbolized -O. The dash next to the oxygen atom means that a single bond exists to another atom, such as a carbon. Based on the valence of oxygen and the number of bonds it normally forms, what is the charge on the oxygen atom in this case?

Explanation

The dash next to the oxygen atom indicates that it is bonded to another atom, such as carbon, through a single bond. Oxygen typically forms two bonds, so in this case, it has one bond remaining. Since oxygen has six valence electrons, and it needs eight to have a full octet, it will gain one electron to achieve stability. Gaining an electron results in a negative charge, so the charge on the oxygen atom in this case is -1.

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43. Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because 

Explanation

The correct answer is that humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose. This is because the enzymes in our digestive system, such as amylase, are specifically designed to break down the α glycosidic linkages found in starch. However, we lack the enzymes necessary to break down the β glycosidic linkages in cellulose. Therefore, while we can digest starch and obtain energy from it, we cannot digest cellulose and it passes through our digestive system as dietary fiber.

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44. Chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

Explanation

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that take place within a living organism to maintain life. It involves the conversion of food into energy, the synthesis of molecules necessary for growth and repair, and the breakdown of waste products. Metabolism is essential for various biological functions such as digestion, respiration, and circulation. It allows organisms to obtain energy from nutrients and regulate their internal environment. Overall, metabolism is a vital process that sustains life by ensuring the proper functioning of cells and tissues.

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45. How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?

Explanation

To completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long, each monomer needs to be broken down by a water molecule. Since there are 11 monomers, we need 11 water molecules to fully hydrolyze the polymer. Therefore, the correct answer is 11.

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46. How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?

Explanation

In a single covalent bond, two electrons are involved. Covalent bonds occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Each atom contributes one electron to the bond, resulting in a shared pair of electrons. This shared pair of electrons creates a strong bond between the atoms, allowing them to form molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is 2 or two.

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47. What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

Explanation

Hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond maintain the secondary structure of a protein. These hydrogen bonds form between the peptide backbone atoms, specifically between the nitrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen atom of another amino acid. These bonds stabilize the folding of the protein into secondary structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets. Covalent bonds and ionic bonds do not play a significant role in maintaining the secondary structure, while peptide bonds are responsible for connecting amino acids in the primary structure of a protein.

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48. Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small molecules and macromolecular polymers? 

Explanation

Carbohydrates consist of both small molecules (such as monosaccharides) and macromolecular polymers (such as polysaccharides). Lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are primarily macromolecular polymers but do not consist of small molecules.

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49. Categorize the types of cholesterol...
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50. Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the following diseases are associated with an accumulation of misfolded polypeptides? 

Explanation

Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are both neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles form due to the misfolding of amyloid beta and tau proteins, respectively. In Parkinson's disease, misfolded alpha-synuclein protein aggregates form Lewy bodies, which are found in neurons. Diabetes mellitus is not directly associated with the accumulation of misfolded polypeptides.

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51. Characteristics of DNA:

Explanation

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of living organisms. It is composed of several components, including deoxyribose sugar, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The deoxyribose sugar is a key component of DNA, providing the backbone for the molecule. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are nitrogenous bases that pair up with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder. DNA is known for its double-stranded structure, with the two strands being held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. Additionally, DNA is missing an oxygen group on the second carbon of the sugar, distinguishing it from ribose sugar found in RNA.

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52. Characteristics of RNA:

Explanation

RNA is a type of nucleic acid that contains ribose sugar, which is one of its characteristic features. It also consists of the nitrogenous bases adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. Unlike DNA, RNA has one more oxygen (hydroxyl group) attached to its ribose sugar, giving it a slightly different structure. Another characteristic of RNA is that it typically exists as single strands, whereas DNA can form double strands. Therefore, the given answer correctly identifies the characteristics of RNA.

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53. The semi-fluid substance in the cytoplasm

Explanation

Cytosol refers to the semi-fluid substance present in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is the liquid component of the cytoplasm, excluding any organelles or other insoluble components. Cytosol is responsible for various cellular functions such as metabolism, transportation of molecules, and providing a medium for chemical reactions to occur. It contains various ions, proteins, and other molecules necessary for cellular processes.

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54. DNA Strand: Single Strand DNA sequence = AGCTAACTGGDNA complementary strand = _____mRNA strand = _____

Explanation

The given DNA strand is AGCTAACTGG. To find the complementary strand, we need to replace each nucleotide with its complementary base. A pairs with T, G pairs with C, C pairs with G, and T pairs with A. Therefore, the complementary strand is TCGATTGACC. To find the mRNA strand, we need to replace each T with U. So, the mRNA strand is UCGAUUGACC.

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55. Match the following:
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56. Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? 

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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57. What determines a protein's function?

Explanation

The shape of a protein determines its function. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids that fold into specific shapes. These shapes are crucial for the protein to interact with other molecules and perform its specific function in the body. Different shapes allow proteins to bind to specific targets, catalyze reactions, transport molecules, and carry out various cellular processes. Therefore, the shape of a protein is a critical factor in determining its function.

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58.
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
 

Explanation

Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules from monomers, allowing them to form covalent bonds and create polymers. This process is commonly seen in the synthesis of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. By eliminating water, cells can link monomers together and form larger, more complex structures necessary for various cellular functions.

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59. These components of the endomembrane systems are either continuous or connected via transfer by _____.

Explanation

The components of the endomembrane system, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, are either continuous or connected through the transfer of vesicles. Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport molecules between different compartments of the endomembrane system. They bud off from one organelle and fuse with another, allowing for the transfer of proteins, lipids, and other molecules. This continuous flow of vesicles helps maintain the integrity and functionality of the endomembrane system.

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60. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.

Explanation

Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid due to its unique molecular structure. When water freezes, the molecules arrange themselves in a lattice structure with open spaces between them. This causes the solid form of water, which is ice, to have a lower density than its liquid form. This is why ice floats on water. In contrast, when water is in its liquid state, the molecules are closer together, resulting in a higher density.

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61. Nitrogen (N) normally forms only three covalent bonds because it has a valence of five. However, ammonium has four covalent bonds, each to a different hydrogen (H) atom (H has a valence of one). Make a sketch of this molecule. Count the number of electrons in your sketch. Compare this number to the number of valence electrons in one N and four H's. What do you predict to be the charge on this molecule?

Explanation

Ammonium (NH4+) has four covalent bonds, with each hydrogen atom forming a bond with the nitrogen atom. Nitrogen has a valence of five, meaning it can form up to five covalent bonds. The sketch of the molecule would show the nitrogen atom in the center, with four hydrogen atoms surrounding it, each connected by a single bond.

To count the number of electrons in the sketch, we add up the valence electrons of each atom. Nitrogen has five valence electrons, and each hydrogen atom has one valence electron. So, the total number of electrons in the sketch would be 5 (from nitrogen) + 4 (from four hydrogen atoms) = 9.

Since the molecule has one more proton (positive charge) than electrons, the molecule will have a net positive charge of +1.

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62. Compounds only consisted of carbon and hydrogen

Explanation

The given answer is hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons. This is because compounds that consist only of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are the building blocks of many important substances, such as fuels and plastics. They are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in chains or rings, with hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms. The term "hydrocarbons" is used in the plural form because there are many different types and structures of hydrocarbon compounds.

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63. Bacteria has...

Explanation

Bacteria have cilia and flagella, which are appendages that help with movement. They also have a cell wall, which provides support and protection. Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria do not have separate organelles floating around in their cytoplasm. Instead, their cellular functions are carried out by various structures and molecules within the cytoplasm. Bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles like eukaryotic cells do. Therefore, the correct answer is cilia, flagella, cell wall, and no separate organelles floating around.

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64.
In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a hydrophobic amino acid such as valine?
 

Explanation

Hydrophobic amino acids, such as valine, are nonpolar and repel water molecules. Therefore, they tend to be found in regions of a protein that are shielded from water, such as the interior of the folded protein. Additionally, hydrophobic amino acids can also be found in the transmembrane portion of proteins, where they interact with the hydrophobic lipid fatty acid chains of the cell membrane. Therefore, the correct answer is that valine can be found in the interior of the folded protein, away from water, or in a transmembrane portion interacting with lipid fatty acid chains.

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65. Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins?

Explanation

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for stabilizing the α helix and β pleated sheet structures of proteins. These bonds occur between the hydrogen atom of one amino acid and the oxygen or nitrogen atom of another amino acid. The hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond, but when many hydrogen bonds are present in a protein structure, they collectively provide stability and help maintain the secondary structure of the protein.

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66. Which of the following are polysaccharides...

Explanation

Glycogen, chitin, cellulose, and starch are all examples of polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of multiple sugar units bonded together. Glycogen is a polysaccharide found in animals and serves as a storage form of glucose. Chitin is a polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans, as well as in the cell walls of fungi. Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants and provides structural support. Starch is a polysaccharide found in plants and serves as a storage form of glucose.

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67. What is the order of the central dogma of biology? _____ undergoes _____ to turn into _____, which then undergoes _____ to form _____.

Explanation

The central dogma of biology states that DNA undergoes transcription to turn into mRNA, which then undergoes translation to form proteins. Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a DNA sequence, while translation is the process of using the mRNA sequence to synthesize a protein. Therefore, the correct order is DNA, transcription, mRNA, translation, proteins.

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68. Genes are

Explanation

Genes are segments of the chromosome that contain the instructions to make proteins. They are found in the nucleus of the cell and are made up of pieces of DNA. Therefore, all the given options accurately describe genes.

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69. What is released every time amino acids bond?

Explanation

When amino acids bond, a process called dehydration synthesis occurs, where a water molecule is released. This happens because one amino acid donates a hydrogen atom (H) and the other donates a hydroxyl group (OH), resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between the two amino acids. The hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group combine to form a water molecule (H2O), which is released as a byproduct of the bonding process.

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70. Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not true?

Explanation

Saturated fats are known to contribute to heart disease, contain more hydrogen than unsaturated fats with the same number of carbon atoms, and generally solidify at room temperature. However, they do not have multiple double bonds in the carbon chains of their fatty acids. Instead, saturated fats have single bonds between all carbon atoms, which is why they are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. This lack of double bonds makes them less prone to oxidation and more stable.

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71. Which of the following are disaccharides?

Explanation

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are all examples of disaccharides. Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units joined together by a glycosidic bond. Sucrose is made up of glucose and fructose, lactose is made up of glucose and galactose, and maltose is made up of two glucose molecules. Starch, glucose, and galactose are not disaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide made up of many glucose units, while glucose and galactose are monosaccharides, which are single sugar units.

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72. DNA is located where in what kind of cell?
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73. A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a

Explanation

A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is most likely a carbohydrate because carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and have the general formula (CH2O)n, where n is usually between 3 and 7. C6H12O6 fits this general formula and is therefore a monosaccharide. Fatty acids, disaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids do not have the same chemical formula as C6H12O6, so they are not the correct answer.

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74. What is the cell theory?

Explanation

The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells, which means that cells are the basic building blocks of life. It also states that cells are the simplest collection of matter that can be alive, meaning that cells are the smallest unit of life. Additionally, the cell theory states that all cells are related by descent from earlier cells, implying that all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division. This theory does not support the idea that living things can be made without cells or that cells can be created spontaneously.

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75. The atomic number of an atom is defined as

Explanation

The atomic number of an atom is defined as the number of protons in the nucleus. This is because the atomic number determines the element and its properties. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus is unique to each element and determines its identity on the periodic table.

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76. Organelles that change energy from one form to another: (structure)

Explanation

*chloroplasts found in plant cells or cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

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77. In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that

Explanation

In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. This process involves breaking down the monomers into smaller molecules, which releases energy and produces waste products, including water. Therefore, water is consumed by animal metabolism as it is needed for various metabolic processes and is produced as a byproduct of these processes.

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78. Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in the beta-hemoglobin gene that changes a charged amino acid, glutamic acid, to valine, a hydrophobic amino acid. Where in the protein would you expect to find glutamic acid?

Explanation

If something is going to be in contact with water, the polarity of the molecule will be on the exterior surface of the protein.

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79. A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a

Explanation

A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is likely a fatty acid because it contains a long chain of carbon atoms (C18) with hydrogen atoms attached to them (H36), along with two oxygen atoms (O2). Fatty acids are organic compounds that are an important component of lipids, which are essential for energy storage and insulation in organisms. They are characterized by their long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

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80. Functions of lysosomes:
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81. On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer? 

Explanation

Insoluble fiber refers to cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate found in the cell walls of plants. It is not easily broken down by the digestive system and passes through the body relatively intact. Cellulose adds bulk to the stool and helps promote regular bowel movements. It also aids in preventing constipation and maintaining overall digestive health.

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82. Which of the following are monosaccharides?

Explanation

The monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all monosaccharides because they consist of a single sugar unit. Lactose, sucrose, starch, and maltose, on the other hand, are not monosaccharides as they are composed of two or more sugar units.

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83. How many bonds are formed with each nitrogenous bases?
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84. _____ essential to the structures and functions of life,They are polymers built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers

Explanation

Proteins are essential to the structures and functions of life. They are polymers built from various combinations of 20 amino acid monomers. This means that proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of life. These chains can fold into complex three-dimensional structures, allowing proteins to carry out a wide range of functions in cells and organisms. Therefore, proteins are crucial for the proper functioning and survival of living organisms.

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85. Characteristics of Saturated Fats

Explanation

Saturated fats are characterized by their ability to solidify at room temperature. This is because they have a higher melting point compared to unsaturated fats. They also form single bonds only, which means that all of the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain are bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible. This results in a straight and rigid structure, which contributes to their solid state. Additionally, saturated fats have the maximum amount of hydrogen bonded to carbons, further enhancing their stability and solidifying properties.

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86. Which of the following sequences has the highest melting temperature when hydrogen bonded to their complementary strands of DNA (i.e. melting temperature/breaking apart of double helix strands)?

Explanation

Greater number of nucleotides = higher temperature to melt it
C-G bond is harder to break because extra hydrogen bond
But when doing melting point, more hydrogen bonds = more energy to break it = higher melting point needed

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87. Which of the following contain amino acids...

Explanation

Enzymes, proteins, antibodies, insulin, and hemoglobin all contain amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and these substances are all types of proteins. Enzymes are a specific type of protein that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to help fight off foreign substances. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels and is made up of amino acids. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Cholesterol, on the other hand, is a type of lipid and does not contain amino acids.

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88. Another term to say trans fat

Explanation

The correct answer is "partially hydrogenated." Partially hydrogenated refers to a process where hydrogen is added to unsaturated fats, making them more solid at room temperature. This process creates trans fats, which are known to be unhealthy and increase the risk of heart disease. Therefore, partially hydrogenated is another term used to describe trans fat.

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89. Components of Endomembrane System:

Explanation

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell that is involved in the synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids. It includes the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi body, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, and plasma membranes. These components work together to ensure the proper functioning of the cell. The ER is responsible for protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, while the Golgi body modifies and packages proteins for transport. Lysosomes contain enzymes for intracellular digestion, vacuoles store substances, the nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, and plasma membranes control the exchange of materials with the surroundings.

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90.
At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side chains (R groups) most important? 

Explanation

In the tertiary level of protein structure, interactions between the side chains (R groups) are most important. This is because the tertiary structure is characterized by the folding of the polypeptide chain into a 3D shape, and the side chains play a crucial role in determining the specific folding pattern. The interactions between the side chains can include hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic attractions, which all contribute to the stability and functionality of the protein.

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91. How does RNA differ from DNA?

Explanation

RNA differs from DNA because RNA contains uracil instead of thymine. DNA and RNA both contain adenine, cytosine, and guanine, but DNA exclusively contains thymine while RNA exclusively contains uracil. This difference in base pairs is one of the key distinctions between DNA and RNA.

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92. Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?

Explanation

Carbon actually has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen. This is due to the difference in electronegativity between carbon and hydrogen, where carbon is slightly more electronegative. As a result, the carbon-hydrogen bond has a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the carbon atom.

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93. Proteins differ from one another because

Explanation

The primary structure in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein. This refers to the specific sequence of amino acids that make up a protein. Each protein has its own unique sequence, which is determined by the genetic code. This sequence determines the overall shape and function of the protein. Therefore, even though proteins may have similar secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures, their primary structures will be different, leading to differences in their overall properties and functions.

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94. Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? (two ring)

Explanation

Adenine and guanine are nitrogenous bases of the purine type because they have a two-ring structure. Cytosine, uracil, and thymine are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type, as they have a single-ring structure.

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95. Categorize these polysaccharides:
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96. Lipids are good for _____.

Explanation

However, lipids are good for storage. The fact that they are insoluble in water makes helps in this cause, and also they can provide twice as much energy (or more) as some carbohydrates.

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97. Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? 

Explanation

Fatty acids are not formed by dehydration reactions. Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules to form larger molecules. Amylose, disaccharides, carbohydrates, DNA, and proteins are all formed through dehydration reactions. However, fatty acids are formed through hydrolysis reactions, which involve the addition of water molecules to break down larger molecules. Therefore, fatty acids are the only molecule listed that is not formed by dehydration reactions.

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98.
An atom has six electrons in its valence shell. How many single covalent bonds would you expect it to form in most circumstances?
 

Explanation

An atom with six electrons in its valence shell would typically form two single covalent bonds in most circumstances. This is because each covalent bond involves the sharing of two electrons, and with six valence electrons, the atom can share two electrons with two other atoms to form two bonds.

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99. The dependent variable is what you manipulate.

Explanation

Independent: what you manipulate to measure the dependent variable
Dependent: what you measure (depends on independent variable)

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100. Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? 

Explanation

Dehydration reactions involve the removal of water molecules to form larger molecules, such as polymers. On the other hand, hydrolysis reactions break down polymers by adding water molecules. Therefore, the correct answer states that dehydration reactions assemble polymers, while hydrolysis reactions break down polymers.

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101. Which of the following is a polymer?

Explanation

All of the options listed (cellulose, chitin, DNA, and starch) are polymers. A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating subunits called monomers. Cellulose and chitin are both polysaccharides, which are polymers made up of sugar monomers. DNA is a nucleic acid polymer made up of nucleotide monomers. Starch is also a polysaccharide made up of glucose monomers. Therefore, all of the options provided are examples of polymers.

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102. Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted into the bloodstream. Which of the following choices best describes the route of insulin from its production to its exit from the cell?

Explanation

Insulin is initially synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it undergoes post-translational modifications. It is then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where further processing and packaging take place. Finally, the insulin-containing vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, allowing the release of insulin into the bloodstream.

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103. This molecule C55H110O55 is a...

Explanation

carbohydrates have a typical general formula of (CH2O)n

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104. Which elements are the most electronegative (polar) in the body?

Explanation

Nitrogen and oxygen are the most electronegative elements in the body. Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. Nitrogen and oxygen have higher electronegativity values compared to carbon and hydrogen. This means that nitrogen and oxygen atoms have a stronger pull on the shared electrons in a chemical bond, resulting in a more polar bond. In the body, nitrogen and oxygen play important roles in various biological processes, including protein synthesis, respiration, and DNA replication.

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105. What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups) functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape?

Explanation

Disulfide bonds are covalent bonds formed between two cysteine amino acid residues. These bonds play a crucial role in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape by stabilizing the protein structure. Disulfide bonds form when two cysteine residues come close together and undergo oxidation, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between their sulfur atoms. This bond helps to hold different regions of the polypeptide together, contributing to the overall stability and shape of the protein.

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106. A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called _____.

Explanation

A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called a gene. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of cells. These instructions are encoded in the nucleotide sequence of the gene and are transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a polypeptide during protein synthesis. Therefore, a gene is the fundamental unit of heredity and plays a crucial role in determining the characteristics and traits of an organism.

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107. Which elements are the most common in the human body?

Explanation

The elements carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen are the most common in the human body. These elements are essential for life and are found in various molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids. Carbon is the backbone of organic molecules, while nitrogen is a component of proteins and nucleic acids. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration, and hydrogen is involved in various biochemical reactions. These elements play crucial roles in maintaining the structure and function of cells and are abundant in the human body.

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108. What are the macromolecules of life?

Explanation

The macromolecules of life are lipids (fats), proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Lipids are important for energy storage and insulation. Proteins are involved in various cellular functions and are made up of amino acids. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for the body and include sugars. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, store and transmit genetic information.

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109.
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking three glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
 

Explanation

When three glucose molecules are linked together by dehydration reactions, a water molecule is removed for each linkage. Since there are three glucose molecules, three water molecules are removed in total. The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6, so each glucose molecule contributes 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Therefore, when three glucose molecules are linked together, the resulting molecule would have 18 carbon atoms, 32 hydrogen atoms, and 16 oxygen atoms, which corresponds to the molecular formula C18H32O16.

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110.
When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, what type of bond results?
 

Explanation

When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same electronegativity, it means that they have an equal pull for the shared electrons. This results in a nonpolar covalent bond, where the electrons are shared equally between the atoms. In this type of bond, there is no separation of charge and the molecule is symmetrical.

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111. Functions of Smooth ER:

Explanation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has several functions. It stores calcium ions, which are important for various cellular processes such as muscle contraction and cell signaling. It also detoxifies drugs and poisons by metabolizing them into less harmful substances. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids, which are essential components of cell membranes and play a role in hormone production. Additionally, it metabolizes carbohydrates, converting them into energy or storing them for later use.

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112. Why does ice float in liquid water?

Explanation

Ice floats in liquid water because of hydrogen bonds. These bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart compared to the water molecules in liquid water. This leads to a decrease in the density of ice, causing it to float on top of the liquid water.

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113. Characteristics of unsaturated fats...

Explanation

Unsaturated fats have the characteristic of forming oils at room temperature because they contain double bonds between carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. These double bonds create kinks in the chains, preventing them from packing tightly together and forming a solid structure. This is in contrast to saturated fats, which have single bonds between carbon atoms and are solid at room temperature. Unsaturated fats can form double bonds, allowing for flexibility and the ability to remain liquid or semi-solid at room temperature.

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114.
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? 

Explanation

Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers. Glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds, and these glucose monomers are in the α form. Therefore, amylase can break down glycogen by breaking the glycosidic linkages between the α-glucose monomers. On the other hand, cellulose, starch, and chitin consist of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds, but the glucose monomers in these polysaccharides are in the β form. Since amylase can only break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers in the α form, it cannot break down cellulose, starch, or chitin.

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115. Comparing CO2 and methane (CH4), the shared electrons in the covalent bonds are

Explanation

because oxygen is more electronegative

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116. Match organelle to its function:
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117. Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that they

Explanation

Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are all macromolecules that are synthesized from smaller subunits. Dehydration reactions occur during the synthesis of these macromolecules, where water molecules are removed to form covalent bonds between the subunits. This process allows the subunits to join together and form larger molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is that polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are synthesized from subunits by dehydration reactions.

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118. Characteristics of lysosomes: 

Explanation

Lysosomes are membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes that can break down macromolecules. These enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Lysosomes also have the ability to fuse with other vesicles and organelles in order to digest their contents. Additionally, lysosomes are involved in the transport of budded off vesicles to the Golgi Apparatus. Lysosomes do not metabolize carbohydrates, create ATP, store water, or detoxify drugs and poisons.

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119. What do all cells have? (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)

Explanation

All cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane, which is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the cell from its environment. Cytosol refers to the fluid portion of the cell where various cellular processes occur. Chromosomes are the structures that carry genetic information and are present in all cells. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are found in all cells. However, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus are not present in prokaryotic cells, so they are not correct for the question.

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120. Artificially saturating the carbons is what kind of fat?

Explanation

The correct answer is trans, trans fat. Trans fat is a type of fat that is artificially saturated, meaning that hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated fats to make them solid at room temperature. This process is called hydrogenation and it creates trans fats, which are known to be unhealthy and increase the risk of heart disease. Therefore, artificially saturating the carbons results in trans fats.

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121. A triglyceride

Explanation

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. This means that there are three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule. Triglycerides are hydrophobic, meaning they do not dissolve in water. This is because the fatty acid chains are nonpolar and repel water molecules. Triglycerides also play a role in energy storage. They are a major form of stored energy in the body and can be broken down to release energy when needed.

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122. Plasma membranes have a trait that allows them to control movement of molecules into and out of the cell, which is called.... _____.

Explanation

-maintaining internal environment
-regulates homeostasis

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123. There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?

Explanation

The R group attached to an alpha carbon is what makes one amino acid different from another. The alpha carbon is a central carbon atom in the amino acid molecule, and the R group is a variable side chain that differs between amino acids. This R group can be a simple hydrogen atom or a complex structure, and it determines the unique properties and functions of each amino acid.

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124. Which is true about water?

Explanation

Water is polar because it has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other due to its bent molecular structure. This polarity allows water molecules to attract each other, giving it a cohesive property. Water is also known as a versatile solvent because it can dissolve many different substances due to its polar nature. Additionally, water has a high specific heat, meaning it can absorb and retain a large amount of heat without a significant change in temperature. Lastly, water expands upon freezing, which is why ice floats on water.

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125. Structure and Function of Nucleus:

Explanation

The correct answer includes several key points about the structure and function of the nucleus. It mentions that the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and that it houses chromosomes made of chromatin, as well as DNA and protein. It also notes that the nucleus has nucleoli, which are responsible for making ribosomes. Additionally, it states that the pores in the nuclear envelope regulate the entry and exit of materials, and that the nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

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126. Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type? (one ring)

Explanation

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type because they have a single ring structure. Adenine and guanine, on the other hand, are purine bases, which have a double-ring structure.

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127. How will brief heating (to 95°C) affect macromolecular structures in aqueous solution? 

Explanation

Brief heating to 95°C will cause proteins to unfold and denature. This is because heat disrupts the weak interactions, such as hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, that maintain the protein's folded structure. Denaturation leads to the loss of the protein's functional shape and can result in the loss of its biological activity. On the other hand, DNA duplexes will unwind and separate under brief heating. The heat disrupts the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs, causing the double-stranded DNA to separate into single strands. This process is known as DNA melting or denaturation.

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128. What is this an image of?

Explanation

This image is showing the α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. The α helix is a common folding pattern in proteins where the polypeptide chain forms a right-handed helical structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids. This structure allows the protein to have a compact and stable conformation.

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129. Organelles of the endomembrane system: (structure)
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130. Eukaryotes have...

Explanation

Internal Membranes and Organelles:
Prokaryotes → extensive internal membranes only in photosynthetic species; limited types and numbers of organelles
Eukaryotes → large numbers of organelles; many different types
Cytoskeleton:
Helps move around individual proteins, enzymes, vesicles, etc
Prokaryotes → limited in extent, relative to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes → extensive, usually found throughout volume of cell
Overall Size:
Prokaryotes → usually small compared to eukaryotes
Eukaryotes → most are larger than prokaryotes

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131. Function and structure of ribosomes

Explanation

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. They consist of two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Ribosomes can be either free in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the nuclear envelope. The ribosomes on the rough ER are involved in the synthesis of proteins that will be transported out of the cell, while the free ribosomes synthesize proteins that will function within the cytoplasm. This structure and function of ribosomes allow them to play a crucial role in the production of proteins in the cell.

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132. The molecular formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions? 

Explanation

When ten glucose molecules are linked together by dehydration reactions, water molecules are removed, resulting in the formation of a polymer. Since each glucose molecule has the molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆, the total number of carbon atoms in the polymer would be 6 multiplied by 10, which is 60. Similarly, the total number of hydrogen atoms would be 12 multiplied by 10, which is 120, and the total number of oxygen atoms would be 6 multiplied by 10, which is 60. Therefore, the molecular formula for the polymer would be C₆₀H₁₀₂O₅₁.

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133. Match the following:
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134. Match the order of the secretory pathway:
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135. Functions of the organelles of endomembrane system:
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136. The phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane have _____ heads and _____ tails.

Explanation

Phospholipids are composed of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. The hydrophilic head is attracted to water molecules and is polar, while the hydrophobic tails repel water and are nonpolar. This arrangement results in the formation of a phospholipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment on both sides and the hydrophobic tails forming a barrier in the middle. This structure allows the plasma membrane to regulate the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

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137. In DNA, the backbone is connected by _____ bonds, but the bases are held by _____ bonds.

Explanation

The backbone of DNA is made up of sugar-phosphate molecules that are connected by covalent bonds. These bonds are strong and stable, providing structural support to the DNA molecule. On the other hand, the bases of DNA (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) are held together by hydrogen bonds. These bonds are relatively weak, allowing the DNA strands to separate during processes such as replication and transcription.

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138. Phosphorous has an atomic number of 15, in the first shell it has _____ electrons, second shell has _____ electrons, and third shell has _____ electrons. 

Explanation

Phosphorous has an atomic number of 15, which means it has 15 protons and 15 electrons. The electrons are distributed in different shells around the nucleus. The first shell can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, so it has 2 electrons. The second shell can hold a maximum of 8 electrons, so it has 8 electrons. The remaining 5 electrons are in the third shell. Therefore, the correct answer is 2, two, 8, eight, 5, five.

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139. Which one do you like?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature." This is because the previous statements mention that it is a saturated fatty acid and a diet rich in this molecule may contribute to atherosclerosis, but they do not indicate anything about the physical state of the molecule. However, the statement that molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature provides new information and completes the explanation.

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140. Protein vesicles from rough ER enter at the _____ face of Golgi and exit at the _____ face of the Golgi Body.

Explanation

Protein vesicles from the rough ER enter at the cis face of the Golgi and exit at the trans face of the Golgi Body. The cis face is the receiving side of the Golgi, where vesicles fuse and deliver their cargo. The trans face is the shipping side of the Golgi, where vesicles bud off and transport proteins to their final destinations.

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141. Which are following functions of proteins?

Explanation

Proteins have a variety of functions in the body. They play a crucial role in defense by forming antibodies that help fight against infections and diseases. Proteins also provide structural support to cells and tissues, contributing to the overall structure of the body. They are involved in transportation, aiding in the movement of molecules and substances across cell membranes. Communication is another function of proteins, as they act as signaling molecules and help transmit messages within the body. Enzymes, which are specialized proteins, catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Proteins also serve as genetic storage, storing and transmitting genetic information. They act as receptors, allowing cells to respond to various signals. Additionally, proteins are involved in contraction and movement, contributing to the motor function of the body. Lastly, proteins help maintain homeostasis, the balance of internal conditions in the body.

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142. Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions?

Explanation

Carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions. In a dehydration reaction, a water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between two monomers. Carboxyl groups (-COOH) contain both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group, allowing them to participate in polymerization reactions. Hydroxyl groups (-OH) also have the necessary hydroxyl group to react with other monomers. Amino groups (-NH2) and R groups (representing any side chain) are not typically involved in dehydration polymerization reactions.

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143. Fats are made out of _____ and _____.

Explanation

The correct answer is glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol and fatty acids are the two components that make up fats. Glycerol is a type of alcohol that combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides, which are the main type of fat found in our bodies and in food. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end, and they can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the presence of double bonds. Together, glycerol and fatty acids create the structure and function of fats in our bodies.

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144. What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by hydrogen bonds? 

Explanation

Hydrogen bonds play a crucial role in stabilizing the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins. In secondary structure, hydrogen bonds form between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the hydrogen of another amino acid, creating alpha helices and beta sheets. In tertiary structure, hydrogen bonds contribute to the folding and stabilization of the overall 3D structure of the protein. In quaternary structure, hydrogen bonds are involved in the interactions between multiple protein subunits, helping to hold them together. However, hydrogen bonds do not directly stabilize the primary structure of proteins, which refers to the linear sequence of amino acids.

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145. Central dogma processes, match the following:
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146. Lipids have three types: _____, _____, and _____. (all plural)

Explanation

Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They have three main types: fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are the most common type of lipids and are used for energy storage. Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes and help regulate the movement of substances in and out of cells. Steroids are a class of lipids that have a unique structure and are involved in various physiological processes, such as hormone regulation.

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147.
If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the percentage of guanine?
 

Explanation

If a DNA sample is composed of 10% thymine, it means that the remaining 90% must be made up of the other three nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, and guanine. Since DNA is a double-stranded molecule, the percentage of guanine would be the same as the percentage of cytosine. Therefore, if thymine accounts for 10% of the DNA, guanine and cytosine together would account for the remaining 90%. Dividing this 90% in half gives us 45%, which means that guanine would also be 45% of the DNA.

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148. What are the 7 characteristics of life? _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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149. Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures? 

Explanation

Adding hydrogens and trans double bonds to the fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid at warmer temperatures. Trans double bonds introduce rigidity into the fatty acid chain, making it more difficult for the triglycerides to melt and remain solid at higher temperatures. Additionally, adding hydrogens to the fatty acids increases the saturation level, which also contributes to the solidification of triglycerides.

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150. Which is the correct sequence of increasing organization? (start from beginning)_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, [Blank], _____, _____, _____ and _____.
 

Explanation

The correct sequence of increasing organization starts with atoms, followed by molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally organisms. This sequence represents a hierarchical organization where smaller units combine to form larger and more complex structures. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, which combine to form molecules. Molecules then combine to form macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Organelles are specialized structures within cells, which are the basic units of life. Cells then combine to form tissues, which further organize into organs. Organs work together to form organ systems, and all the organ systems together make up an organism.

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151. 3 components of a nucleotide..._____, _____, and _____?

Explanation

The correct answer is sugar, deoxyribose sugar, deoxyribose, pentose sugar, phosphate group, phosphate, nitrogenous base, base. A nucleotide is composed of three main components: a sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar component can be either deoxyribose or ribose, both of which are types of pentose sugars. The phosphate group is responsible for linking the nucleotides together to form a DNA or RNA strand. The nitrogenous base can be one of four options: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). These components together make up the structure of a nucleotide.

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152. Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? _____ and _____?

Explanation

Amino acids always contain two functional groups: the amino group (NH2) and the carboxyl group (COOH). These groups are essential for the formation of peptide bonds and the overall structure and function of proteins.

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153. You isolate a molecule and determine it is nonpolar. Based on this property, the molecule is largely composed of the elements _____ and _____.

Explanation

The correct answer is carbon, hydrogen. This is because carbon and hydrogen are both nonpolar elements. Nonpolar molecules are composed of atoms that have similar electronegativities, meaning they share electrons equally and do not have a significant charge imbalance. Carbon and hydrogen have similar electronegativities, making them suitable for forming nonpolar molecules.

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154. Types of ribosomes:
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155. What is a hypothesis?

Explanation

A hypothesis is a testable answer to a question. It is a proposed explanation or prediction that can be tested through experimentation or observation. By formulating a hypothesis, researchers can make predictions and design experiments to gather evidence and support their proposed answer. A hypothesis should be specific, measurable, and falsifiable, meaning that it can be proven wrong if the evidence does not support it.

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156. Match the following proteins to it's function:
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157. Match the following:
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158. Where are phospholipids most likely to be found?

Explanation

Phospholipids are a type of lipid molecule that have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. Due to this structure, they are most likely to be found in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier between the cell's internal environment and the external environment, allowing for selective permeability and regulation of what enters and exits the cell. Therefore, it is the most suitable location for phospholipids to be found.

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Which polymer contains nitrogen?
Biggest difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Match the nitrogenous bases for DNA:
Match the following nitrogenous bases in RNA:
After you drink acidic lemonade, your body stays at the same pH. This...
If an atom has a charge of +1 that means...
Match the following RNA to it's function
What do you call elements with the same number of protons but...
Of the following is true of both starch and cellulose? 
The control group is the group without the changed variable and it...
What makes fat hydrophobic?
Match the following types of reactions: 
Which is a type of steroid?
One of the primary functions of RNA molecules is to 
Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?
A substance with specific properties that can not be broken down or...
Most biological bonds in the body are..
The function of the endomembrane system?
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure...
What does H-O-H represent?
Which of the following is true of carbon?
Atoms with unequal # of protons and electrons
For an atom to achieve maximum stability and become chemically inert,...
The tertiary structure of a protein is the 
What is this?
Function of organelles that change energy to one form to another:
Match the following:
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined...
Using its antennae, the male moth finds female moths by following a...
If 14C-labeled uracil is added to the growth medium of cells,...
Fatty acids are formed by dehydration reactions.
Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological...
Which of the following typically has more potential energy than...
Simple carbohydrates are the main source of immediate _____.
The type of bonds present in a molecule determine its properties....
Which level of protein structure do the α helix and the β...
Which of the following is not a monomer/polymer pairing? 
The smallest units that still retain the characteristics of an element...
All of the following are TRUE about living organisms EXCEPT...
Categorize these carbohydrates (sugars): 
The element present in all organic molecules is
The structural formula for a certain molecule includes a group...
Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because 
Chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to...
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a...
How many electrons are involved in a single covalent bond?
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
Which of these classes of biological molecules consist of both small...
Categorize the types of cholesterol...
Misfolding of polypeptides is a serious problem in cells. Which of the...
Characteristics of DNA:
Characteristics of RNA:
The semi-fluid substance in the cytoplasm
DNA Strand: Single Strand DNA sequence = AGCTAACTGGDNA complementary...
Match the following:
Which of the following is an example of hydrolysis? 
What determines a protein's function?
What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers...
These components of the endomembrane systems are either continuous or...
Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
Nitrogen (N) normally forms only three covalent bonds because it has a...
Compounds only consisted of carbon and hydrogen
Bacteria has...
In a normal cellular protein, where would you expect to find a...
Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β...
Which of the following are polysaccharides...
What is the order of the central dogma of biology? _____...
Genes are
What is released every time amino acids bond?
Which of the following statements concerning saturated fats is not...
Which of the following are disaccharides?
DNA is located where in what kind of cell?
A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a
What is the cell theory?
The atomic number of an atom is defined as
Organelles that change energy from one form to another: (structure)
In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of...
Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in the beta-hemoglobin...
A molecule with the formula C18H36O2 is probably a
Functions of lysosomes:
On food packages, to what does the term insoluble fiber refer? 
Which of the following are monosaccharides?
How many bonds are formed with each nitrogenous bases?
_____ essential to the structures and functions of life,They are...
Characteristics of Saturated Fats
Which of the following sequences has the highest melting temperature...
Which of the following contain amino acids...
Another term to say trans fat
Components of Endomembrane System:
At which level of protein structure are interactions between the side...
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Which of the following statements regarding carbon is false?
Proteins differ from one another because
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the purine type? (two...
Categorize these polysaccharides:
Lipids are good for _____.
Which of these molecules is not formed by dehydration reactions? 
An atom has six electrons in its valence shell. How many single...
The dependent variable is what you manipulate.
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between...
Which of the following is a polymer?
Insulin is a protein that is produced by pancreatic cells and secreted...
This molecule C55H110O55 is a...
Which elements are the most electronegative (polar) in the body?
What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups)...
A particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a...
Which elements are the most common in the human body?
What are the macromolecules of life?
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the...
When the atoms involved in a covalent bond have the same...
Functions of Smooth ER:
Why does ice float in liquid water?
Characteristics of unsaturated fats...
The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose...
Comparing CO2 and methane (CH4), the shared electrons in the covalent...
Match organelle to its function:
Polysaccharides, triacylglycerides, and proteins are similar in that...
Characteristics of lysosomes: 
What do all cells have? (prokaryotic and eukaryotic)
Artificially saturating the carbons is what kind of fat?
A triglyceride
Plasma membranes have a trait that allows them to control movement of...
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid...
Which is true about water?
Structure and Function of Nucleus:
Which of the following are nitrogenous bases of the pyrimidine type?...
How will brief heating (to 95°C) affect macromolecular structures...
What is this an image of?
Organelles of the endomembrane system: (structure)
Eukaryotes have...
Function and structure of ribosomes
The molecular formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. What would be...
Match the following:
Match the order of the secretory pathway:
Functions of the organelles of endomembrane system:
The phospholipids that make up the plasma membrane have _____ heads...
In DNA, the backbone is connected by _____ bonds, but the bases are...
Phosphorous has an atomic number of 15, in the first shell it has...
Which one do you like?
Protein vesicles from rough ER enter at the _____ face of Golgi...
Which are following functions of proteins?
Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via...
Fats are made out of _____ and _____.
What aspects of protein structure are stabilized or assisted by...
Central dogma processes, match the following:
Lipids have three types: _____, _____, and _____. (all...
If a DNA sample were composed of 10% thymine, what would be the...
What are the 7 characteristics of life?...
Which modifications of fatty acids will best keep triglycerides solid...
Which is the correct sequence of increasing organization? (start from...
3 components of a nucleotide..._____, _____, and _____?
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? _____ and...
You isolate a molecule and determine it is nonpolar. Based on this...
Types of ribosomes:
What is a hypothesis?
Match the following proteins to it's function:
Match the following:
Where are phospholipids most likely to be found?
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