Chapter 3, Pathology For The Physical Therapist Assistant (Lescher)

1. Myocarditis, endocarditis, and pericarditis...

All refer to inflammation, each of a specific cardiovascular area

Are different names for the same condition

Are typically hereditary conditions

Generally prove fatal

pages 101,104

Explanation

pages 101,104

2. Which of the following patients has the greatest risk for atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis?

A 31-year-old woman who is pregnant with twins

A 60-year-old obese male who smokes

A 19-year-old female soccer player who has high levels of HDL

A 25-year-old female law student who runs marathons

page 97

Explanation

page 97

3. Indications of a blood clot include

Erythema

Tenderness

Generalized fever

All of the above could indicate a blood clot

page 112

Explanation

page 112

4. Symptoms of a MI include

Dyspnea

Tachycardia

Nausea

Pain in the chest, arm, and/or neck

All of the above are symptoms of an MI

page 98

Explanation

page 98

5. Causes of cardiomyopathy include

Heart attacks

Alcoholism

Viral infections

Long-term, severe hypertension

All of the above

page 99

Explanation

page 99

6. Untreated hypertension is a risk factor for which of the following conditions?

Heart disease

Atherosclerosis

Eye damage and blindness

All of the above

page 102

Explanation

page 102

7. Characteristic signs and symptoms of lymphangitis/lymphadenitis include

General malaise

Fever

Swollen and tender lymph nodes

Headache

All of the above

page 115

Explanation

page 115

8. The pain from angina pectoris is most likely to be described as

Severe and sharp

Dull and aching

Low-grade

Increasing steadily with time

page 95

Explanation

page 95

9. The main area of the heart involved in a MI is the left ventricle. Why is damage to this area of the heart so dangerous?

The left ventricle collects deoxygenated blood for transfer to the lungs

The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation

The left ventricle provides oxygen to the blood

The left ventricle sets the heart's electrical rhythm

pages 98, 80

Explanation

pages 98, 80

10. What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis?

Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition while arteriosclerosis is acute

Arteriosclerosis describes an advanced stage of atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis affects arteries while arteriosclerosis affects arterioles

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are two names for the same condition

page 96

Explanation

page 96

11. Which type of anemia is incorrectly matched with its cause?

Sickle-cell anemia--exposure to radiation

Pernicious anemia--B12 deficiency

Thalassemia--hereditary factors

Immunohemolytic anemia--autoimmune reaction to own blood cells

page 114

Explanation

page 114

12. Which of the following statements about congestive heart failure is FALSE?

Heart transplant may be considered in severe cases of CHF

Death rarely results from complications of CHF

Patients with CHF often succumb to pneumonia

Patients with CHF often tend to develop progressive multiorgan and heart failure

page 100

Explanation

page 100

13. Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is

Atherosclerosis of the carotid artery or in the arteries of the brain

A major cause of stroke

Mainly a disease of older people

All of the above

page 108

Explanation

page 108

14. Stroke is the ____ leading cause of death in the US, with over ________ Americans affected per year.

3rd; 795,000

1st; 900,000

5th; 125,000

9th; 15,000

page 108

Explanation

page 108

15. Peripheral edema is also known as dependent edema because

It is not seen alone, but only when another form of edema is present

Patients suffering from this condition often need considerable assistance with daily activities

It is caused when the legs are in a dependent (hanging down) position

There is no consistent presentation of symptoms; it depends on the patient

page 100

Explanation

page 100

16. All types of anemia are disorders of ______________.

Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Chondrocytes

page 113

Explanation

page 113

17. Which statement regarding types of cardiomyopathy is TRUE?

Dilated cardiomyopathy refers to cardiac muscle that is thinner than usual

In restrictive cardiomyopathy, the heart is unable to expand

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy refers to cardiac muscle that is thicker than usual

All of the above are true in regards to cardiomyopathy

page 99

Explanation

page 99

18. According to the CDC, hypertension is described as systolic blood pressure _____mmHg or higher.

120

130

140

150

page 102

Explanation

page 102

19. What is the difference between lymphangitis and lymphadenitis?

Lymphangitis affects lymph vessels, while lymphadenitis affects lymph nodes

Lymphangitis is caused by acute infection, while lymphadenitis is caused by chronic inflammation

Lymphangitis is benign, while lymphadenitis is malignant

They are two names for the same condition

page 115

Explanation

page 115

20. Left-sided congestive heart failure results in ____________edema, and right-sided results in __________edema.

Pulmonary; lymphatic

Primary; secondary

Ipsilateral;contralateral

Pulmonary; peripheral

page 100

Explanation

page 100

21. Which of the following statements regarding peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is FALSE?

PVD is a term used for atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries, mainly those of the lower extremities

In many cases, PVD can be controlled and improved through lifestyle changes

PVD is always a result of trauma

PVD affecting the renal vessels is one of the factors leading to end-stage renal failure

page 109

Explanation

page 109

22. As a general rule, cardiac failure/shock develops when more than _____% of cardiac muscle is infarcted.

90

40

25

10

page 99

Explanation

page 99

23. Which of the following statements regarding cardiac tissue following an MI is FALSE?

The rest of the heart hypertrophies to make up for lost tissue function

Collateral circulation develops to supply the area of cardiac muscle around the necrotic area

The area recovers more rapidly if there has been a large area of ischemia

Dead cardiac muscle is replaced with fibrous scar tissue

page 99

Explanation

page 99

24. Primary hypertension (not caused by a specific disease process) accounts for approximately _____% of cases, while secondary hypertension (the result of a specific disease process) accounts for approximately _____%.

50; 50

60; 40

10; 90

90; 10

page 102

Explanation

page 102

25. Which of the following statements about angina pectoris is TRUE?

Angina pectoris is often a direct cause of death

Severe cases of angina pectoris may require surgery

Most cases of MI occur in people with a prior history of angina pectoris

If a patient suffers an angina attack during treatment, the PT or PTA should administer nitroglycerin

page 95

Explanation

page 95

26. What is the difference between cardiac shock and cardiac failure?

Cardiac shock is generally treatable, while cardiac failure tends to be fatal

Cardiac shock is an acute condition, while cardiac failure is chronic

There is no difference; both are terms for the same condition

Cardiac shock is caused by trauma, while cardiac failure is caused by illness

page 99

Explanation

page 99

27. Which of the following statements about MI is FALSE?

Predisposition to MI includes factors such as obesity, smoking, and hypertension

All incidences of MI are accompanied by pain

Irreversible brain damage occurs after the first 3 minutes of an MI

The average age of onset for an MI is higher in women

pages 98, 99

Explanation

pages 98, 99

28. Which of the following is a treatment for lymphangitis/lymphadenitis?

Chemotherapy

ACE inhibitors

Antibiotics

All of the above

page 115

Explanation

page 115

29. A PTA is treating a patient who suffers from PVD. Which of the following interventions are contraindicated?

Soft tissue massage

Superficial heat therapy to the affected area

Cool whirlpool treatment for arterial ulcers

A and B

B and C

pages 109, 110

Explanation

pages 109, 110

30. Which of the following is NOT an acquired risk factor for atherosclerosis/arteriosclerosis?

High cholesterol intake

Cigarette smoking

Familial hypercholesterolemia

All of the above are acquired risk factors

pages 96,97

Explanation

pages 96,97

31. Which of the following statements about malignant hypertension is FALSE?

It is a rare form of hypertension

It does not respond well to any form of treatment

It is classified as secondary hypertension

Its onset is generally sudden

page 102

Explanation

page 102