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The F1 offspring of Mendel's classic pea cross always looked like one of the two parental varieties because one phenotype was completely dominant over another. This means that the dominant allele would always be expressed in the offspring, masking the presence of the recessive allele. As a result, the offspring would exhibit the same phenotype as the parent with the dominant allele.

When crossing an organism that is homozygous recessive for a single trait with a heterozygote, there is a 50% chance of producing an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype. This is because the heterozygote has one dominant allele and one recessive allele, and when crossed with a homozygous recessive organism, there is a 50% chance that the offspring will inherit the recessive allele from both parents, resulting in a homozygous recessive phenotype.

Pleiotropy refers to a phenomenon where a single gene affects multiple traits. In this picture, it is likely that a single gene is responsible for the expression of different characteristics or features. This is evident as the picture represents a situation where one gene has multiple effects, which aligns with the concept of pleiotropy.

The son's blood type is B negative, which means he must have the genotype IBi. The mother has blood type A positive, so she must have the genotype IAIA or IAi. Since the son inherited the B allele from his father, his genotype must be IBi.

The genotype GgTtLL indicates that the person has two heterozygous gene pairs (Gg and Tt) and one homozygous gene pair (LL). Each heterozygous gene pair can produce two different gametes, one with the dominant allele (G or T) and one with the recessive allele (g or t). The homozygous gene pair (LL) can only produce one type of gamete (L). Therefore, the number of possibilities for the person's gametes is the product of the possibilities for each gene pair, which is 2 x 2 x 1 = 4.

Epistasis refers to the phenomenon where the expression of one gene at a specific locus affects or masks the expression of another gene at a different locus. In this case, the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus is altered by the presence or interaction of a gene at the first locus. This interaction between genes can lead to a variety of outcomes, such as the suppression or modification of the phenotypic effects of the second gene.

The individual has 2 different alleles for each gene, resulting in 2^4 = 16 different combinations. However, since the question asks for unique gametes, we need to consider that two of the genes (C and E) are homozygous (CC and EE). Therefore, the individual can produce 2^2 = 4 different combinations for these genes. For the remaining genes (A, B, and D), the individual can produce 2^1 = 2 different combinations for each gene. Multiplying these combinations together, we get 4 * 2 * 2 * 2 = 32 different combinations. However, we need to divide this number by 2, since the individual can produce the same gamete through different combinations. Therefore, the correct answer is 32/2 = 16/2 = 8 unique gametes.

The genotype of the organism is HhTt, which means it has one dominant allele for head shape (H) and one recessive allele for tail length (T). In a gamete, only one allele from each gene pair is passed on. Therefore, it is possible for the gamete to have the combination of one allele for head shape (H) and one allele for tail length (T), resulting in the genotype HT.

Mendel proposed that traits can be dominant or recessive, and in the F1 generation, the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones. This means that even though the recessive traits were present in the F1 generation, they were not visible because the dominant traits were expressed. However, in the F2 generation, the recessive traits reappeared as they were able to be expressed when both alleles for the trait were present. This explanation aligns with Mendel's laws of inheritance and his observations on the inheritance patterns of traits.

The law of independent assortment refers to the random distribution of different genes during gamete formation. It states that the alleles for different traits segregate independently of each other. In other words, the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait. This is in contrast to the law of segregation, which states that alleles for a single trait segregate during gamete formation. Therefore, the correct answer is that the law of independent assortment requires describing two or more genes relative to one another.

When doubly heterozygous SsNn cactuses self-pollinate, the F2 generation would segregate in a ratio of 9 sharp-spined : 3 dull-spined : 4 spineless. This is because the sharp-spined trait is controlled by the dominant allele S, the dull-spined trait is controlled by the recessive allele s, the spineless trait is controlled by the dominant allele N, and the non-spineless trait is controlled by the recessive allele n. The ratio of 9:3:4 indicates that the sharp-spined trait is dominant over the dull-spined trait, and the spineless trait is dominant over the non-spineless trait.

During anaphase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This segregation of alleles, or different versions of genes, occurs during this phase. Mendel observed this segregation in his experiments with pea plants, where he observed that traits were inherited independently from each other. This observation led to the development of Mendel's laws of inheritance and the understanding of how alleles are passed on to offspring.

In this system, skin color in the fish species is determined by a single gene with four different alleles. Each allele represents a different version of the gene that can be inherited. Since each gamete (sperm or egg) carries only one allele, the number of different types of gametes would be equal to the number of alleles. Therefore, there would be four different types of gametes possible in this system.

When an organism has 2 identical alleles for a specific character, it is considered homozygous for that character. Homozygous means that both alleles for a particular gene are the same. Therefore, the organism is homozygous for that character. Additionally, true breeding can also be considered correct as it refers to a homozygous organism that, when self-fertilized or crossed with another true-breeding organism, will always produce offspring with the same traits.

The woman has the genotype GgTt, which means she has one dominant allele for black hair (G) and one recessive allele for blonde hair (g). The man is heterozygous for the black eyes phenotype, meaning he has one dominant allele for black eyes and one recessive allele for another eye color. Since black hair and black eyes are both dominant traits, there is a 1/4 probability that their child will inherit both dominant alleles and have black hair and black eyes.

When breeding two birds with the genotype Ww, there are two possible genotypes that can be passed on to the offspring: WW and Ww. However, since white feathered birds turn pink when they eat crabs, only birds with the genotype WW will have white feathers in this environment. Therefore, all of the offspring will have the genotype Ww and will turn pink, resulting in a ratio of 1:0 for pink:white feathered birds in the F1 generation.

Based on the given results of the cross, the genotype aabb must result in yellow. This is because the genotype aabb represents a homozygous recessive individual for both black and brown alleles. Since the cross resulted in 9/16 black, 4/16 yellow, and 3/16 brown, it indicates that the yellow phenotype is present. Therefore, the genotype aabb must result in yellow.

Individual II-5 is unaffected by the dominant trait, W. Since the trait is dominant, an individual with the genotype "ww" would not exhibit the trait. Therefore, the genotype of individual II-5 is ww.