Biology Chapter 11 Test
Questions and Answers
- 1.
What was the year that DNA was isolated from the white blood cell?
- A.
1945
- B.
1952
- C.
1892
- D.
1869
Correct Answer
D. 1869 -
- 2.
What year was the Griffith experiment conducted?
- A.
1928
- B.
1952
- C.
1953
- D.
1935
Correct Answer
A. 1928Explanation
The Griffith experiment was conducted in 1928. This experiment, performed by Frederick Griffith, demonstrated the phenomenon of bacterial transformation. Griffith's experiment involved injecting mice with different strains of bacteria, and he observed that a harmless strain of bacteria could be transformed into a disease-causing strain when it was exposed to heat-killed disease-causing bacteria. This groundbreaking experiment laid the foundation for the discovery of DNA as the genetic material and the understanding of how genetic information is transferred between organisms.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What year was the Hershey Chase Blender experiment conducted?
- A.
1966
- B.
1952
- C.
1928
- D.
1953
Correct Answer
B. 1952Explanation
The correct answer is 1952. The Hershey Chase Blender experiment was conducted in 1952. This experiment provided evidence that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material of viruses. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase used a blender to separate the viral DNA from the protein coat, confirming that DNA is responsible for the transmission of genetic information.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What were the names of the two people who received the Nobel prize in 1953 for creating a model of DNA?
- A.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
- B.
Fred Griffith and Ivan Chargoff
- C.
Francis Crick and James Watson
- D.
Marshall Nirenberg and Severa Ochoa
Correct Answer
C. Francis Crick and James WatsonExplanation
Francis Crick and James Watson received the Nobel prize in 1953 for creating a model of DNA. Their model, known as the double helix structure, provided a groundbreaking understanding of the molecular structure of DNA and its role in genetic information. This discovery laid the foundation for modern genetics and revolutionized the field of molecular biology. Their work was instrumental in unlocking the secrets of DNA and has had a profound impact on scientific research and advancements in the field of genetics.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
- A.
Adenine
- B.
Uracil
- C.
Guanine
- D.
Cytosine
- E.
Helicase
- F.
Thymine
Correct Answer(s)
A. Adenine
C. Guanine
D. Cytosine
F. ThymineExplanation
The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. These bases are the building blocks of DNA and are responsible for carrying the genetic information. Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the base pairs that make up the DNA double helix structure. Uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not DNA. Helicase is an enzyme involved in DNA replication, but it is not one of the nitrogenous bases.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following is true?
- A.
Nucleotides are made up of four nitrogenous bases and hydrogen.
- B.
Nucleotides are not the basic unit of DNA.
- C.
Nucleotides are held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
- D.
Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Correct Answer
D. Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.Explanation
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA molecules. They consist of three components: a phosphate group, a sugar (either deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine in DNA, or uracil in RNA). These components are joined together to form a nucleotide. Therefore, the statement "Nucleotides are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base" is true.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What two words describe the structure of DNA?
Correct Answer
double helixExplanation
The structure of DNA is described as a double helix. The term "double" refers to the two strands of DNA that are intertwined with each other, forming a twisted ladder-like structure. The term "helix" describes the spiral shape of the DNA molecule. This structure allows DNA to store and transmit genetic information in a stable and efficient manner.Rate this question:
- 8.
The outside strands of DNA are made of alternating __________ and _______________.
Correct Answer
phosphate and sugar, phosphate and deoxyriboseExplanation
The outside strands of DNA are made of alternating phosphate and sugar molecules. The sugar molecule in DNA is called deoxyribose. Therefore, the correct answer is phosphate and sugar, phosphate and deoxyribose.Rate this question:
- 9.
The bases are held together by a _____ ________ bond.
Correct Answer
weak hydrogenExplanation
The bases in DNA are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. These bonds form between the nitrogenous bases, specifically adenine (A) with thymine (T), and guanine (G) with cytosine (C). These hydrogen bonds are relatively weak, allowing the DNA double helix to unzip during processes like replication and transcription. However, they are strong enough to maintain the stability and integrity of the DNA molecule.Rate this question:
- 10.
Name the enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds.
Correct Answer
HelicaseExplanation
Helicase is an enzyme that is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds between the two DNA strands during DNA replication. It unwinds the double helix structure of DNA, creating a replication fork where new nucleotides can be added. By breaking the hydrogen bonds, helicase allows the DNA strands to separate and exposes the template strand for replication. This process is essential for DNA replication to occur accurately and efficiently.Rate this question:
- 11.
Name the enzyme that helps put DNA nucleotides in the correct place during replication.
Correct Answer
DNA polymeraseExplanation
DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the synthesis of DNA during replication. It helps put DNA nucleotides in the correct place by adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand, according to the complementary base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G). DNA polymerase also proofreads the newly synthesized DNA strand, correcting any errors that may have occurred during replication. Overall, DNA polymerase plays a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and fidelity of DNA replication.Rate this question:
- 12.
Where is DNA found in a cell?
- A.
The nucleus
- B.
Ribosomes
- C.
The cytoplasm
- D.
Microtubules
Correct Answer
A. The nucleusExplanation
DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell. The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains the cell's genetic material, which is DNA. DNA carries the instructions for the cell's functions and characteristics. It is stored and protected within the nucleus, where it can be accessed and utilized for various cellular processes such as replication and protein synthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is the nucleus.Rate this question:
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- 13.
DNA replication occurs during what phase of mitosis and meiosis?
- A.
Prophase
- B.
Interphase
- C.
Metaphase
- D.
Anaphase
Correct Answer
B. InterphaseExplanation
During interphase, which is the longest phase of the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs. This is the phase where the cell prepares for cell division by growing in size, replicating its DNA, and producing more organelles. It is divided into three stages: G1 (growth and preparation), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (further growth and preparation). Replication of DNA is vital for the accurate transmission of genetic information to daughter cells during mitosis and meiosis. Therefore, interphase is the correct answer as DNA replication occurs during this phase.Rate this question:
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- 14.
Where does translation occur?
- A.
In the cytoplasm at ribosome
- B.
In the nucleus
- C.
At the mitochondria
- D.
In the centrioles
Correct Answer
A. In the cytoplasm at ribosomeExplanation
Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. This process occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. The ribosomes act as the site where the mRNA is read and the corresponding amino acids are assembled to form a protein chain. Therefore, the correct answer is "In the cytoplasm at ribosome."Rate this question:
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- 15.
What is the end product of translation?
- A.
An RNA strand
- B.
A new DNA molecule
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
A protein
Correct Answer
D. A proteinExplanation
Translation is the process in which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is used to synthesize a protein. During translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence and assembles a chain of amino acids according to the codons on the mRNA. This chain of amino acids, known as a polypeptide, then folds into a specific three-dimensional structure to form a functional protein. Therefore, the end product of translation is a protein.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Triplet is a reference to three nucleotides in a sequence in tRNA.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Triplet is a reference to three nucleotides in a sequence in DNA, while anticodon is a reference to three nucleotides in a sequence in tRNA.Rate this question:
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- 17.
DNA replication uses:
- A.
RNA
- B.
Enzymes
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
Nucleotides
- E.
ATP
Correct Answer(s)
B. Enzymes
D. Nucleotides
E. ATPExplanation
DNA replication is a complex process that involves the synthesis of a new DNA strand using an existing template strand. Enzymes play a crucial role in this process by facilitating the unwinding of the DNA double helix, the separation of the two strands, and the assembly of new complementary nucleotides onto each template strand. Nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA, are required for the synthesis of the new DNA strand. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, provides the energy necessary for the replication process to occur. Therefore, enzymes, nucleotides, and ATP are all essential components of DNA replication.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Proteins are made up of:
- A.
ATP
- B.
Nitrogenous bases
- C.
Amino acids
- D.
TRNA
Correct Answer
C. Amino acidsExplanation
Proteins are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together through peptide bonds to form long chains. These chains fold and interact with each other to create the unique three-dimensional structure and function of each protein. ATP is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes, nitrogenous bases are components of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, and tRNA is a type of RNA molecule involved in protein synthesis. However, none of these are the main components of proteins themselves.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The process of making RNA from DNA is called:
- A.
Transcription
- B.
Translation
- C.
RNA processing
- D.
DNA replication
Correct Answer
A. TranscriptionExplanation
Transcription is the process of making RNA from DNA. During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule using the DNA template. This process is essential for gene expression and allows the genetic information encoded in DNA to be used for protein synthesis. Translation, RNA processing, and DNA replication are all different processes that occur in the cell, but they are not specifically involved in the synthesis of RNA from DNA.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What replaces thymine in RNA?
- A.
Adenine
- B.
Uracil
- C.
Guanine
- D.
Cytosine
Correct Answer
B. UracilExplanation
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. Thymine is one of the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA, but it is not present in RNA. Instead, RNA contains uracil, which pairs with adenine during RNA synthesis. This substitution is important because it allows RNA to perform its various functions, such as coding for proteins and participating in gene expression.Rate this question:
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- 21.
RNA polymerase
- A.
Provides energy for the cell
- B.
Is a protein
- C.
Is a nitrogenous base
- D.
Helps RNA nucleotides bond with a strand of DNA
Correct Answer
D. Helps RNA nucleotides bond with a strand of DNAExplanation
RNA polymerase is an enzyme that helps RNA nucleotides bond with a strand of DNA during the process of transcription. It unwinds the DNA double helix and adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the exposed DNA template strand, creating an RNA molecule that is complementary to the original DNA sequence. This process is essential for the synthesis of RNA molecules, which play crucial roles in protein synthesis and gene expression.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Thymine and cytosine are also known as:
- A.
Pyrimidines
- B.
Proteins
- C.
Purines
- D.
Exons
Correct Answer
A. PyrimidinesExplanation
Thymine and cytosine are nucleotide bases found in DNA and RNA. They belong to a group of nitrogenous bases called pyrimidines. Pyrimidines are characterized by their single-ring structure, in contrast to purines which have a double-ring structure. Thymine and cytosine play essential roles in genetic coding and are involved in the formation of base pairs with adenine and guanine, respectively. Therefore, the correct answer is pyrimidines.Rate this question:
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- 23.
The following sequence describes how DNA is copied:
- A.
Separation of strands -- bonding of bases -- replication -- base pairing
- B.
Replication -- bonding of bases -- separation of strands -- base pairing
- C.
Replication -- bonding of bases -- base pairing -- separation of strands
- D.
Separation of strands -- base pairing -- bonding of bases -- replication
Correct Answer
D. Separation of strands -- base pairing -- bonding of bases -- replicationExplanation
The correct sequence of how DNA is copied starts with the separation of strands, where the two strands of the DNA molecule are separated. Then, base pairing occurs, where new nucleotides are added to each separated strand, following the complementary base pairing rule (A with T, and G with C). After base pairing, bonding of bases occurs, where the new nucleotides are bonded to the original strand, creating a new complete DNA molecule. Finally, replication takes place, where the two new DNA molecules are formed, each consisting of one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which of these DNA strands would the DNA strand A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T match to?
- A.
T-T-G-C-C-G-T-A
- B.
C-G-T-A-A-T-G-G
- C.
G-C-A-T-T-A-C-C
- D.
T-A-C-G-G-C-A
Correct Answer
D. T-A-C-G-G-C-AExplanation
The DNA strand A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T would match to the DNA strand T-A-C-G-G-C-A. In DNA, the bases always pair up in a specific way: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G). Therefore, the complementary strand to A-T-G-C-C-G-T-T would have T-A-C-G-G-C-A.Rate this question:
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- 25.
____________ is a long, noncoding nucleotide sequence in genes.
- A.
Intron
- B.
Anticodon
- C.
Codon
- D.
Exon
Correct Answer
A. IntronExplanation
An intron is a long, noncoding nucleotide sequence in genes. Introns are found within the DNA sequence of genes and are transcribed into RNA but are later removed during the process of RNA splicing. This removal of introns allows for the production of mature messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that can be translated into proteins. In contrast, exons are the coding regions of genes that are expressed and retained in the final mRNA molecule. Anticodons and codons, on the other hand, are sequences of nucleotides involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins.Rate this question:
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- 26.
A DNA molecule is composed of:
- A.
Two strands of nucleotides with sugars and phosphates on the outside
- B.
Bases paired by hydrogen bonding on the inside
- C.
Nitrogenous bases
- D.
Pyrimidines and purines
Correct Answer(s)
A. Two strands of nucleotides with sugars and phosphates on the outside
B. Bases paired by hydrogen bonding on the inside
C. Nitrogenous bases
D. Pyrimidines and purinesExplanation
A DNA molecule is composed of two strands of nucleotides with sugars and phosphates on the outside. This is because the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the outer structure of the DNA molecule, providing stability and protection to the genetic material inside. The bases are paired by hydrogen bonding on the inside, forming the double helix structure of DNA. The nitrogenous bases, which include pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine) and purines (adenine and guanine), are responsible for carrying the genetic information in the form of a code.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Genes are...
Correct Answer(s)
small sections of DNAExplanation
Genes are small sections of DNA that contain the instructions for building proteins, which are essential for the functioning and development of organisms. These sections of DNA are responsible for transmitting hereditary traits from parents to offspring, determining characteristics such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to certain diseases. Genes are composed of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA, and they are arranged in a specific sequence that codes for specific proteins. Through the process of gene expression, the instructions contained in genes are used by cells to produce the proteins needed for various biological processes.Rate this question:
- 28.
___________ is a process through which the order of bases in messenger RNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein.
Correct Answer(s)
translationExplanation
Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize a specific protein. During translation, the ribosome reads the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA and translates it into a sequence of amino acids, according to the genetic code. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is essential for protein synthesis, as it determines the order and arrangement of amino acids, ultimately leading to the formation of functional proteins.Rate this question:
- 29.
In a DNA molecule, the nitrogen bases of one strand attach to the nitrogen bases of the other. This is called ______ _________.
Correct Answer(s)
base pairingExplanation
Base pairing refers to the specific bonding between nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). This complementary base pairing is crucial for DNA replication and transcription, as it ensures the accurate copying and transmission of genetic information.Rate this question:
- 30.
In 1944 the ____________________________________________ experiment took Griffith's idea and said DNA was the 'transforming' substance.
- A.
A.S. Hershey
- B.
O.T. Avery
- C.
F.E. Crick
- D.
J.C. Watson
Correct Answer
B. O.T. AveryExplanation
The correct answer is O.T. Avery because in 1944, Oswald Avery conducted an experiment that built upon Griffith's idea and demonstrated that DNA is the substance responsible for transformation. Avery's experiment involved extracting different components from a heat-killed bacteria and showing that only the DNA component was capable of transforming non-virulent bacteria into a virulent form. This experiment provided strong evidence that DNA is the genetic material and can transfer genetic information between organisms.Rate this question:
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- 31.
In _______, scientists studied bacteriophages that contained DNA.
- A.
1945
- B.
1952
- C.
1954
- D.
1953
Correct Answer
A. 1945 -
- 32.
In 1966, M. Nirenberg and S. Ochoa determine
- A.
DNA makes genes.
- B.
Bacteriophages contain DNA.
- C.
Nucleotide sequence determines amino acids in a protein.
- D.
DNA is the 'transforming' substance.
Correct Answer
C. Nucleotide sequence determines amino acids in a protein.Explanation
The correct answer is that the nucleotide sequence determines amino acids in a protein. This is based on the work of M. Nirenberg and S. Ochoa in 1966, who conducted experiments that showed how the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is responsible for determining the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This discovery was a significant breakthrough in understanding the relationship between DNA and protein synthesis.Rate this question:
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- 33.
DNA takes place during _______ of interphase
- A.
G1
- B.
G2
- C.
S
Correct Answer
C. SExplanation
During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication takes place. This is the phase where the cell's DNA is duplicated in preparation for cell division. The S phase stands for synthesis phase, and it is characterized by the replication of the genetic material. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the DNA during cell division. The G1 and G2 phases are also part of interphase, but they do not involve DNA replication.Rate this question:
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- 34.
After translation, proteins can be:
- A.
Nucleotides
- B.
Hormones
- C.
Ribosomes
- D.
Amino acids
- E.
Enzymes
- F.
Structural proteins
Correct Answer(s)
B. Hormones
E. Enzymes
F. Structural proteinsExplanation
After translation, proteins can be hormones, enzymes, or structural proteins. Proteins are synthesized from amino acids during the process of translation. Hormones are signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes in the body. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Structural proteins provide support and structure to cells and tissues. Therefore, after translation, proteins can serve as hormones, enzymes, or structural proteins.Rate this question:
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