Psychology Quiz: Identity And Personality Chapter

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the perspective or theory that suggests that personality is the result of unconscious urges and desires is the Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic perspective. This perspective, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in shaping personality. According to this theory, personality is influenced by unconscious desires, conflicts, and childhood experiences, which can manifest in various ways in an individual's behavior and thoughts.

The correct answer orders Freud's stages of development as oral, anal, Oedipal, latency, genital. This is the correct sequence according to Freud's psychosexual theory of development. In this theory, Freud proposed that individuals go through different stages of development, each characterized by a focus on a different erogenous zone. The oral stage occurs in infancy and is focused on pleasure from sucking and oral stimulation. The anal stage occurs in early childhood and is focused on pleasure from bowel movements and control. The Oedipal stage occurs in the phallic stage of development and involves the child's sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent. The latency stage occurs during middle childhood and is a period of relative calm and sexual repression. Finally, the genital stage occurs in adolescence and adulthood and is focused on mature sexual relationships.

Self-concept refers to how we perceive and understand ourselves. It encompasses our thoughts, beliefs, and feelings about who we used to be, who we are currently, and who we will become in the future. It includes our self-identity, which is how we define ourselves based on various characteristics and roles. Self-concept also involves our self-schema, which are the mental frameworks we develop to organize and interpret information about ourselves. Self-satisfied, on the other hand, refers to feeling content or pleased with oneself, but it does not capture the comprehensive understanding of our past, present, and future selves like self-concept does.

The social cognitive theory suggests that personality is formed through interactions between an individual and their environment. This means that a person's personality is not solely determined by their innate qualities or conscious feelings about themselves, but rather by the way they interact with and are influenced by the people, situations, and experiences in their surroundings. This theory emphasizes the role of observational learning, socialization, and environmental factors in shaping one's personality.

According to Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development, the stage that corresponds to the age of 29 is the intimacy vs. isolation stage. During this stage, individuals are focused on forming close, intimate relationships with others. Therefore, it would be very important for a woman who just turned 29 to prioritize forming an intimate relationship with a significant other. This stage is characterized by a desire for companionship, love, and the establishment of a long-term commitment with a partner. It is a crucial stage for developing a sense of intimacy and connection with others.

The self-determination theory suggests that the increase in the number of endurance athletes can be attributed to the fact that participation in endurance sports helps individuals develop competence, relatedness, and autonomy. These factors contribute to a healthy state as individuals feel more capable, connected to others, and in control of their own actions and decisions. This theory emphasizes the importance of intrinsic motivation and personal growth in promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Identity refers to the individual components of our self-concept that are based on the groups to which we belong. It encompasses various aspects such as our beliefs, values, interests, and roles that define who we are as individuals. Our identity is shaped by our cultural background, nationality, and other social groups we are a part of. It influences how we perceive ourselves and how others perceive us.

The passage states that runners may experience both pain and a sense of accomplishment through running. This suggests that the stressors associated with running a marathon can be both positive and negative in nature. Therefore, the stressors are likely to be eustressing (positive stress) and distressing (negative stress) in nature.

The sense of belonging, achievement, and control satisfy the level of self-esteem, love, and belonging in Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This level focuses on the need for interpersonal relationships, feeling accepted and valued by others, and having a sense of belonging to a group or community. It also includes the need for self-esteem, which involves feeling confident, competent, and respected by others. The sense of achievement and control contributes to fulfilling these needs by providing a sense of accomplishment and empowerment in one's relationships and social interactions.

The behaviorist theory, closely associated with operant conditioning, focuses on how behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning involves the use of rewards and punishments to reinforce or discourage certain behaviors. This theory suggests that individuals learn through trial and error, and that behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it. Therefore, operant conditioning is the most closely related concept to the behaviorist theory.

The woman's actions were initially extrinsically motivated because she started training for the marathon to lose weight. However, after the race, she continued to run for the enjoyment of the sport and to win medals at races, indicating a shift towards both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the libido is not largely sublimated in the phallic stage. Instead, the phallic stage is characterized by the development of the Oedipus complex, where the child's libido is focused on the opposite-sex parent and they experience feelings of jealousy towards the same-sex parent. Sublimation, which is the redirection of sexual desires into more socially acceptable activities, occurs in later stages of psychosexual development.

The given answer, "Preconventional and Conventional," describes the phases of moral dilemma according to Kohlberg. In the preconventional stage, individuals make decisions based on self-interest and avoiding punishment, which aligns with Matt's reason for not speeding to avoid tickets and fines. In the conventional stage, individuals make decisions based on societal norms and the desire to maintain social order, which aligns with Katy's reason for not speeding because she believes it is dangerous and could harm others if everyone went faster than they are supposed to.

The zone of proximal development refers to the range of tasks or skills that a person can perform with the assistance or guidance of a more knowledgeable individual. This concept emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in learning. It suggests that learning is most effective when individuals are supported and guided by someone who has a higher level of understanding or expertise in a particular area. In the context of biosocial skills, the influence of knowledgeable others would play a crucial role in facilitating the acquisition and development of these skills.