General Medicine Boosters Quiz! Trivia

The correct answer is respiratory because changes in carbon dioxide levels (CO2) are primarily regulated by the respiratory system. When CO2 levels increase, the respiratory system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing to remove excess CO2 from the body. Similarly, when CO2 levels decrease, the respiratory system decreases the rate and depth of breathing. Therefore, if the primary change in CO2 is in keeping with the change in pH, it suggests that the respiratory system is responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body.

Clubbing is a condition characterized by the enlargement of the fingertips and nails, resulting in a bulbous appearance. It is commonly seen in various medical conditions, including ulcerative colitis, bronchiogenic carcinoma, and Pancost tumor. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the colon and rectum. Bronchiogenic carcinoma refers to lung cancer originating from the bronchi, and Pancost tumor is a type of lung tumor that affects the upper part of the lungs. Clubbing can occur in all of these conditions due to chronic hypoxia and inflammation.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition characterized by abnormal blood clotting throughout the body. PML (Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy) is a rare viral infection that affects the central nervous system, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. While DIC can occur in various conditions, it is more commonly associated with infections, sepsis, trauma, and certain types of cancer. Therefore, it is likely that patients with PML, who already have compromised immune systems, are at a higher risk of developing DIC compared to patients with AML, CLL, or CML.

Insulin causes hypokalemia. Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into cells, which in turn stimulates the uptake of potassium into the cells as well. This leads to a decrease in the concentration of potassium in the blood, resulting in hypokalemia.

In diabetic ketoacidosis, there is an excess production of ketones in the body due to a lack of insulin. This leads to an increase in the acidity of the blood. HCO3 (bicarbonate) is an important buffer that helps maintain the pH balance in the body. In diabetic ketoacidosis, the HCO3 levels are reduced as it is used up in an attempt to neutralize the excess acid. Therefore, the correct answer is "Less than 15 meq/l" as it reflects the decreased levels of HCO3 in diabetic ketoacidosis.

A ventricular septal defect is a congenital heart defect where there is an abnormal opening between the ventricles of the heart. In this condition, blood flows from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, causing an increase in blood volume and pressure in the right side of the heart. This abnormal flow of blood can lead to symptoms such as heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. However, unlike the other conditions listed, a ventricular septal defect does not typically cause sudden death. Therefore, the patient does not die suddenly in the presence of a ventricular septal defect.

Tabes dorsalis is a condition caused by neurosyphilis, which is the infection of the central nervous system by the bacteria Treponema pallidum. It primarily affects the posterior columns of the spinal cord, including the dorsal spinothalamic tracts. These tracts are responsible for transmitting sensory information related to touch, pressure, and vibration from the body to the brain. In tabes dorsalis, the degeneration of these tracts leads to symptoms such as sensory loss, impaired proprioception, and ataxia. Therefore, the correct answer is dorsal spinothalamic tracts.

In obstructive lung disease, forced expiratory volume (FEV) is reduced. This is because obstruction in the airways, such as from inflammation or mucus buildup, makes it difficult for air to flow out of the lungs during expiration. As a result, the lungs are not able to fully empty, leading to a decrease in the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second (FEV1). This reduction in FEV is a characteristic feature of obstructive lung diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

An increase in pCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) in the blood is known as hypercapnia. This condition leads to a decrease in blood pH, resulting in acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is acidosis.

Cavitation lesions in the lung are commonly seen in Staphylococcal pneumonia. This type of pneumonia is caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause the formation of abscesses in the lung tissue. These abscesses can then cavitate, leading to the development of cavitation lesions. Sarcoidosis, Mycoplasma infection, and H. Influenza are not typically associated with the formation of cavitation lesions in the lung.

Beck's triad is a set of three classic clinical signs that are indicative of cardiac tamponade, a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, leading to compression of the heart. The triad consists of hypotension (low blood pressure), muffled heart sounds, and jugular venous distension (enlarged neck veins). These signs are caused by the increased pressure on the heart, which impairs its ability to pump blood effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is "Cardiac tamponade."

The C wave in jugular venous pressure is due to the bulging of the tricuspid valve into the atrium. During ventricular systole, the tricuspid valve closes, causing a slight bulging of the valve into the atrium. This bulging creates a small increase in pressure, known as the C wave, in the jugular veins. This can be observed as a small upward deflection on the jugular venous pulse waveform. Atrial filling and atrial contraction do not directly cause the C wave in jugular venous pressure.

Tricuspid regurgitation is the correct answer because it can lead to hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen) due to increased venous pressure in the liver. The regurgitation of blood from the right ventricle back into the right atrium causes a backflow of blood, leading to congestion in the liver and spleen. This increased pressure can also cause pulsations in the liver. Aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation do not typically cause hepatosplenomegaly or liver pulsations.

Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood. It can affect the electrical activity of the heart and lead to various abnormalities in the ECG. Prolonged PR interval, prolonged QRS interval, and none of the above are all potential effects of hyperkalemia on the ECG. However, a prolonged QT interval is not typically associated with hyperkalemia. Instead, a shortened QT interval is more commonly seen in this condition.

Eisenmenger's syndrome is a condition characterized by a reversal of the normal blood flow pattern in the heart, known as a shunt. Specifically, it involves a left to right shunt, where blood flows from the left side of the heart to the right side. This occurs due to a defect in the heart, such as a ventricular septal defect (VSD) or atrial septal defect (ASD), which allows blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygenated blood. Over time, this can lead to increased pressure in the lungs and eventually cause the shunt to reverse, resulting in a right to left shunt. However, initially, Eisenmenger's syndrome is characterized by a left to right shunt.

Cycloxygenase inhibition causes all of the listed effects. Cycloxygenase is an enzyme responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which play a role in platelet aggregation, thromboxane synthesis, and prostacyclin production. Inhibiting cycloxygenase can therefore lead to the inhibition of platelet aggression, thromboxane synthesis, and prostacyclin production, resulting in various physiological effects.

Coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. A bicuspid aortic valve refers to a valve in the heart that has two instead of the normal three leaflets. It is the most common congenital heart defect and is often associated with other cardiovascular abnormalities, including coarctation of the aorta. Therefore, the correct answer is bicuspid aortic valve.

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition characterized by numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm. It occurs when the median nerve, which runs through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, becomes compressed. Acromegaly, a hormonal disorder that causes excessive growth, can lead to the enlargement of tissues in the hand and wrist, potentially compressing the median nerve. Hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, can cause fluid retention and swelling, which can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome. Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder, can also increase the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome due to nerve damage. Therefore, all of these conditions are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome.

B cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys red blood cells. While all immune cells, including T cells and natural killer cells, are involved in the immune response, B cells are specifically responsible for producing antibodies that can recognize and attack self-antigens. Therefore, the presence of B cells suggests an association between autoimmune hemolytic anemia and malignancy.

Lytic bone lesions are not a major criteria to diagnose multiple myeloma. While they are commonly seen in multiple myeloma, they can also occur in other conditions such as metastatic cancer or osteoporosis. Therefore, the presence of lytic bone lesions alone is not sufficient to diagnose multiple myeloma. Other criteria such as M spike greater than 3g% for IgG, bone marrow plasma cytosis greater than 30%, and plasmacytoma on biopsy are more important in diagnosing multiple myeloma.