Biology Quiz: Infection Control

Bacteria and viruses can enter the body through broken skin because when the skin is broken, it creates an opening that allows these microorganisms to directly access the bloodstream or underlying tissues. This can occur through cuts, wounds, or any other form of injury that disrupts the integrity of the skin barrier. In contrast, dry, oily, or moist skin alone does not provide a direct entry point for bacteria and viruses, as they primarily rely on broken skin to invade the body.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV weakens the immune system over time, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. It is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. The herpes virus, contaminated food, and poor personal hygiene are not direct causes of AIDS.

HIV is not transmitted through kissing or hugging because the virus is not present in saliva or sweat. HIV is primarily transmitted through specific body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It can be transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles among intravenous drug users, and transmission of infected blood through cuts or sores. However, casual contact like kissing or hugging does not pose a risk of HIV transmission.

Disinfectants are too strong to use on skin, hair, or nails because they can cause irritation, dryness, and damage to these delicate areas. Disinfectants are specifically designed to kill germs and bacteria on hard surfaces, such as shampoo bowls and manicure implements, but they are not suitable for direct contact with the skin, hair, or nails. Using disinfectants on these areas can strip away natural oils, disrupt the pH balance, and lead to various skin and hair problems. It is important to use products specifically formulated for skin, hair, and nail care to maintain their health and integrity.

Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that are commonly known as germs or microbes. They are single-celled organisms that can be found almost everywhere, including in soil, water, and inside the human body. Bacteria can be both harmful and beneficial to humans. Some bacteria can cause diseases, while others play important roles in processes such as digestion and nutrient recycling. They are distinct from viruses and fungi, which are also microorganisms but have different characteristics and structures.

Bacteria that cause disease are called pathogenic because they have the ability to invade and harm the host organism, leading to the development of various illnesses and infections. Unlike nonpathogenic bacteria, which do not cause disease, pathogenic bacteria possess specific virulence factors that allow them to colonize and multiply within the host, evade the immune system, and produce toxins that damage tissues. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms and not bacteria. Saprophytes, on the other hand, are bacteria that obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter and do not cause disease.

A disease that is transmitted from one person to another by contact is said to be communicable. This means that the disease can be spread through direct or indirect contact with an infected individual, such as through physical touch, respiratory droplets, or contaminated surfaces. Examples of communicable diseases include the common cold, influenza, and sexually transmitted infections.

Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced as a response to bacterial infection. It is composed of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. The presence of pus is a clear indication of the body's immune response to fight off bacterial infection. Bleeding, a cold, and parasites are not specific signs of bacterial infection, making pus the correct answer.

Hepatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the liver. It is caused by a bloodborne virus, which means it is transmitted through contact with infected blood. The virus attacks the liver cells, leading to inflammation and potential damage to the organ. Symptoms of hepatitis can include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and nausea. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of hepatitis, but they often involve antiviral medications, rest, and supportive care.

Cotton balls or wipes used in cleaning up a blood spill should be double-bagged before disposing. This is because blood can contain pathogens or infectious agents, and double-bagging helps to prevent any potential contamination or spread of these pathogens. By double-bagging the cotton balls or wipes, it adds an extra layer of protection and reduces the risk of exposure to others who may come into contact with the trash.

Bar soaps should be avoided in the salon because they can grow bacteria. Unlike liquid soaps that have airtight containers, bar soaps are exposed to air and moisture, creating a favorable environment for bacteria to thrive. Bacteria can accumulate on the surface of the soap, transferring onto the skin of salon clients and potentially causing infections or skin irritations. Therefore, it is important to use alternative options such as liquid soaps or individually packaged soaps to maintain a hygienic environment in the salon.

In the salon, it is important to maintain proper hygiene and cleanliness. Washing hands before and after each service helps to prevent the spread of germs and infections. While plain water may help to rinse off some dirt, it is not sufficient for killing bacteria and viruses. Disinfectants and EPA-registered cleansers are effective in killing germs, but they may be harsh on the skin and not suitable for frequent handwashing. On the other hand, soap and warm water are recommended as they effectively remove dirt, oils, and microorganisms from the hands without causing excessive dryness or irritation.

AIDS is the correct answer because it is a disease that weakens and destroys the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to various infections and diseases. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and can be transmitted through various means such as unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. AIDS is a global health concern and there is currently no cure for the disease.

After implements have been disinfected, it is important to store them in a disinfected and covered container. This helps to maintain the cleanliness and prevent contamination of the implements. Storing them in an open container at the station or in a wet sanitizer may expose them to bacteria or other contaminants, while storing them in a station drawer may not provide adequate protection. Therefore, a disinfected and covered container is the most appropriate option for storing disinfected implements.

Spirilla are bacteria that have a corkscrew or spiral shape. Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that occur in clusters, diplococci are bacteria that occur in pairs, and bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. Therefore, the correct answer is spirilla.

OSHA, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, is the government agency responsible for regulating and enforcing safety and health standards in the workplace. They ensure that employers provide a safe and healthy working environment for employees by setting and enforcing regulations, conducting inspections, and providing training and education. OSHA plays a crucial role in preventing workplace accidents, injuries, and illnesses, and promoting the overall well-being of workers.

Following the manufacturer's instructions is the most important rule when mixing disinfectants because the manufacturer knows the specific formulation and concentration of the disinfectant, as well as any potential hazards or precautions. Deviating from the instructions could result in an ineffective disinfection or even pose a risk to health and safety. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully read and adhere to the instructions provided by the manufacturer to ensure proper and safe use of the disinfectant.

The correct answer is round shape because cocci bacteria are spherical or round in shape. This shape allows them to easily divide and multiply. The term "cocci" is derived from the Greek word for "berry," which accurately describes the appearance of these bacteria. Their round shape enables them to form colonies and adhere to surfaces, making them common causes of infections.

Streptococci are pus-forming bacteria that can cause strep throat and blood poisoning. These bacteria are known for their ability to form chains or clusters and are commonly found in the throat and on the skin. Strep throat is a common infection caused by streptococci, while blood poisoning, or sepsis, can occur when these bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. Therefore, streptococci are the correct answer for the given question.

Disinfection is a process that involves killing or inactivating microorganisms on surfaces to prevent the spread of infections. Nonporous surfaces are those that do not have any pores or openings, making it difficult for microorganisms to penetrate and survive. Therefore, disinfection is commonly used on nonporous surfaces to effectively eliminate any potential pathogens present.

Mitosis is the process by which bacteria divide. During mitosis, the bacterial cell replicates its DNA and then divides into two identical daughter cells. This is an essential process for bacteria to reproduce and increase their population. Through division, bacteria can multiply and colonize different environments, contributing to their survival and adaptation. Therefore, the correct answer is "divide."

Clients showing signs of a contagious disease or condition should be referred to a physician because a physician is a medical professional who is trained to diagnose and treat diseases. By referring the client to a physician, they can receive proper medical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment for their condition. This ensures that they receive the appropriate care and prevent the spread of the contagious disease or condition to others. Sanitizing and disinfecting, giving medications, or attempting to diagnose and treat the client without medical expertise may not be sufficient or effective in addressing their condition.

OSHA requires the use of an EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant or one that kills the HVB and HIV virus for implements that come into contact with blood or body fluids. This is because blood and body fluids can potentially contain infectious pathogens, including the Hepatitis B virus (HVB) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Using a disinfectant that is effective against these viruses helps to prevent the spread of infections in the salon or spa setting.

Surfaces such as tables, walls, doorknobs, or hands can appear clean but still be contaminated with various microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. These microorganisms can be transferred from one surface to another or from person to person through contact, leading to potential infections. Therefore, the correct answer is "contaminated."

The correct answer is "sterilization, disinfection, sanitation." Sterilization is the highest level of decontamination, as it completely eliminates or destroys all forms of microbial life. Disinfection is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms to a level that is considered safe for public health. Sanitation refers to the cleaning and maintenance of an environment to prevent the growth and spread of microorganisms. These three levels of decontamination are essential in various settings, such as healthcare facilities, food processing plants, and public spaces, to ensure a safe and clean environment.

Surgeons and dentists are required to practice sterilization with their tools to ensure that they are free from any microorganisms or pathogens that could potentially cause infections or diseases. Sterilization involves using various techniques such as heat, chemicals, or radiation to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This process is crucial in maintaining a safe and hygienic environment for patients and preventing the transmission of infections during medical procedures.

Any item used to perform a salon service on a client must be disinfected or discarded. This is because proper sanitation is crucial in a salon setting to prevent the spread of infections and diseases. Disinfecting the item ensures that any harmful bacteria or viruses are killed, making it safe for future use. However, if the item cannot be effectively disinfected or is damaged, it should be discarded to avoid any potential risks to the client's health. Keeping the item or giving it to another client without proper disinfection would be unhygienic and could lead to cross-contamination.

To be considered "Formulated for Hospitals and Health Care Facilities," a disinfectant must not only be pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal, but it must also be virucidal. This means that it is effective in killing viruses. This is important in healthcare settings where there is a high risk of viral infections spreading. Inexpensiveness and ease of dilution are not necessarily criteria for a disinfectant to be considered suitable for hospitals and healthcare facilities. Pneumonicidal, on the other hand, is not a recognized term in the context of disinfectants and does not provide any relevant information for the question.

Fungi, specifically vegetable parasites, can cause contagious diseases such as ringworm. Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects the skin, scalp, and nails. It is highly contagious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or animal, or by touching contaminated objects. The infection causes a red, circular rash that is often itchy and can spread to other parts of the body. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications to eliminate the infection.

An MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) is a document that provides detailed information about a product, including its storage requirements. This information is crucial for ensuring the safe handling and storage of the product to prevent accidents, spills, or other hazards. It outlines the specific conditions, such as temperature, ventilation, and containment, that are necessary for storing the product safely. By following the storage requirements mentioned in the MSDS, users can minimize the risk of accidents and maintain the product's effectiveness and quality. The other options listed, such as other uses of the product, other suppliers, and resale value, are not typically included in an MSDS.

Flagella are hair-like extensions that certain bacteria use for movement. They are long, whip-like structures that rotate in a corkscrew motion, propelling the bacteria forward. These flagella allow bacteria to navigate through their environment, seeking out nutrients or avoiding harmful substances. They are essential for the motility of many bacteria and play a crucial role in their survival and ability to colonize different environments.

Cocci rarely show self-movement because they are typically spherical bacteria that lack flagella or other structures for locomotion. Instead, they often rely on external factors such as air or liquid flow to move.

Immunity refers to the body's ability to resist or fight against infections. When the body is exposed to pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, the immune system recognizes and responds to eliminate them. This response can involve various mechanisms, including the production of antibodies, activation of immune cells, and the release of chemical signals. Therefore, immunity is closely related to the body's defense against infections.

The spirilla bacteria Trepnema pallida is responsible for causing syphilis. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that can lead to various complications if left untreated. The bacteria is typically transmitted through sexual contact, but it can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth. Syphilis can progress through different stages, each with distinct symptoms. Early symptoms may include painless sores or rashes, while later stages can lead to severe health issues such as damage to the heart, brain, and other organs. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications and further transmission of the disease.

Sodium hypochlorite is more commonly known as bleach. Bleach is a chemical compound used for disinfection, cleaning, and laundry purposes. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is effective in removing stains and killing bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Sodium hypochlorite is the active ingredient in bleach and is responsible for its whitening and disinfecting properties. It is commonly used in households, industries, and healthcare settings for its versatile cleaning abilities.

To ensure proper hygiene and prevent cross-contamination, it is important to use tongs, gloved hands, or a draining basket to remove implements from disinfectants. Disinfectants are used to kill bacteria and other harmful microorganisms, and using these tools helps to maintain the cleanliness and effectiveness of the disinfectant solution. Using clean towels may introduce contaminants, storage containers may not provide a secure grip on the implements, and using soapy water may not effectively remove all the disinfectant residue. Therefore, it is best to use the specified tools for removing implements from disinfectants.

The guidelines and controls for infection control published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are called Universal Precautions. These precautions are a set of guidelines designed to prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens and other infectious diseases in healthcare settings. They require healthcare workers to treat all blood and certain body fluids as if they are infectious, using specific precautions such as wearing gloves, masks, and gowns, and following proper hand hygiene practices. Universal Precautions are essential in protecting both healthcare workers and patients from the spread of infections.

Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism and obtain nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. While parasites can include various types of organisms such as viruses and bacteria, the correct answer in this case is pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria refers to bacteria that can cause disease in their host organism. These bacteria can invade tissues, release toxins, and disrupt normal bodily functions, leading to illness or infection. Therefore, parasites can be classified as pathogenic bacteria when they cause harm to their host.

Bacilli are a type of bacteria that have a rod shape. They are characterized by their elongated cylindrical form, which distinguishes them from other types of bacteria such as diplococci (which are round and appear in pairs), staphylococci (which are round and appear in clusters), and spirilla (which are spiral-shaped). Bacilli can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and the human body, and some species of bacilli can cause diseases such as tuberculosis and anthrax.

Certain bacteria have the ability to form outer coverings called spores during their inactive stage. These spores help the bacteria survive in unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures or lack of nutrients. The spore's tough outer coating protects the bacteria's genetic material and other essential components, allowing them to remain dormant until conditions become more favorable for growth and reproduction. Once conditions improve, the spores can germinate and give rise to active bacterial cells again.

Pathogenic bacteria are responsible for causing diseases in plant or animal tissues. These bacteria have the ability to invade and infect the tissues, leading to various symptoms and health issues. Unlike nonpathogenic bacteria, which do not cause harm, pathogenic bacteria have specific mechanisms and virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage the host tissues. Acidophilus and saprophytes are not typically associated with causing diseases in plant or animal tissues, making pathogenic bacteria the correct answer.

Phenols in a 5 percent solution are safe and effective disinfectants for metal implements because they have strong antimicrobial properties that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of the metal. This makes them suitable for disinfecting tools and equipment used in medical or laboratory settings, where preventing the spread of infections is crucial. Phenols may not be as suitable for skin sanitization or cleaning up blood spills, as they can be irritating to the skin and may not be as effective against certain types of pathogens. Additionally, phenols may have a negative effect on rubber and plastic materials, causing them to degrade or become damaged.

To ensure proper hygiene and prevent the spread of infections, it is important to disinfect foot spas after each client. Using an EPA-registered disinfectant with bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and tuberculocidal efficacy will effectively kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, and even tuberculosis-causing organisms that may be present on the surfaces of the foot spa. By disinfecting after each client, the risk of cross-contamination and the spread of infections is significantly reduced, maintaining a safe and clean environment for subsequent clients.

Antiseptics are products used in the salon that are considered sanitizers. Antiseptics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the skin or other living tissues. They are commonly used to clean and disinfect the skin before performing salon services. Alcohols, phenols, and cotton balls are not specifically mentioned as sanitizers in the question, so they are not the correct answer.

The correct answer is measles and hepatitis. Measles is caused by the measles virus, while hepatitis can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. These viruses infect the liver and can cause inflammation and damage to the organ.

The requirement of having a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) on every product used in the cosmetology school indicates that it is mandated by federal law. State laws and school regulations may also require MSDS, but the fact that federal law is mentioned suggests that it is the primary authority governing this requirement. The mention of "most instructors" does not provide any indication of a legal requirement.

Implements must be thoroughly cleaned before they are soaked in disinfectant because disinfectants are most effective on surfaces that are free of dirt, debris, and organic matter. Cleaning the implements removes visible dirt and debris, allowing the disinfectant to penetrate and kill any remaining bacteria, viruses, or fungi on the surface. This ensures that the implements are properly disinfected and safe to use on clients, minimizing the risk of infection or cross-contamination.

An immersion time of 10 to 15 minutes is sufficient when disinfecting with quats because quats, also known as quaternary ammonium compounds, are effective disinfectants that can kill a wide range of microorganisms. They work by disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria and viruses, leading to their destruction. The recommended immersion time allows enough contact time for the quats to effectively kill the pathogens present on the surfaces being disinfected.

Proper disinfection procedure requires changing the solution in a wet sanitizer once a day. This is necessary to maintain the effectiveness of the sanitizer and ensure that it is able to kill bacteria and viruses effectively. Changing the solution daily helps to prevent the buildup of dirt, debris, and contaminants that may reduce the sanitizer's ability to disinfect properly. Regularly replacing the solution ensures that a fresh and effective disinfectant is used each day, promoting a clean and hygienic environment.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating and approving disinfectants in the United States. This federal agency ensures that disinfectants meet safety and efficacy standards before they can be used. Therefore, it is necessary for both individual states and the EPA to approve all disinfectants to ensure their effectiveness and safety. The other options, OSHA, FDA, and MSDS, are not directly involved in the approval process of disinfectants.